Table of Contents
Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rinomira serimwe ramasangano atongi ane simba zvikurusa munyika, richishandisa chiremera chokududzira Bumbiro remitemo ndokuumba maruramiro makuru avagari veAmerica. Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvechinyorwa zvinotora mazana maviri amakore, Dare rakataura mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pokuenzana, rusununguko rwehurumende, uye maruramiro omunhu oga. Iyi mhaka haina kupedza bedzi kakavadzano chaidzoidzo dzemitemo asi yakashandurawo chaunga cheAmerica, kuchipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva mudzidzo neruramisiro youtsotsi kukodzero dzomunhu oga.
Kunzwisisa iyi nhau hurusa yeDare Gurusa kunopa nzwisiso inokosha pamusoro penzira iyo gadziriro yeruramisiro yeAmerica inoshanda nayo, kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshandiswa sei kumigariro chaiyoiyo yenyika, uye kuti dzikamo yesimba pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende inochengetwa sei. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zveDare Rapamusorosoro izvo zvakarondedzera mutemo weAmerica uye zvinopfuurira kutapura upenyu hwedu nhasi.
The Foundation of Judicial Review: Marbury v. Madison (103)
Pana February 24, 1803, Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rakatanga kuzivisa chiito cheCongress isiri yezvematongerwe enyika, nokudaro richitanga dzidziso yokuhwirudzurwa kwedare munhau yakatanhamara yaMarbury v.Madison. iyi chisarudzo chakachinja zvikurukuru tsika yemitemo yeAmerica ndokutanga dare redare redare sebazu rehurumende rinoenzana raparutivi pebazu romutemo neroukuru.
Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemamiriro Ezvinhu
Nyaya yacho yakabva pamugariro wepomero yezvamatongerwe enyika mukati mokuchinja kwesimba rapurezidhendi. Purezidhendi John Adams ainzi William Marbury somumwe wevatongi vana makumi mana navaviri vorugare pana March 2, 1801, uye Dare rakasimbisa kudzorwa kwemashoko zuva rakatevera, March 3, iro rakanga riri zuva rakazara raAdhamas muhofisi. Zvisinei, kushanda kwoMunyori weHurumende John Marshall akakundikana kubudisa ina dzemirayiro, kubatanidza Marbury's, uye apo Thomas Jefferson akaraira kuti maonge asara mana aregedzerwe.
Marbury akakwidza nyaya yomunyori mutsva wehurumende, James Madison, kuti awane basa rake.
Mutongi Mukuru Marshall Anoshandisa Nzira Yokugadzira Zvinhu
Murangariro wedare wakanyorwa noMutongi Mukuru John Marshall, uyo akaronga murangariro wedare pamusoro penhevedzano yemibvunzo mitatu iyo yaipindurawo. Masvikiro aMarshall akanga akangwara nenzira yechienzi, achikurukura kana Marbury akanga ane maruramiro kumurairo wake, kana mutemo wakagovera mushonga, uye kana Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru raiva nechiremera chokubudisa mishonga iyoyo.
Dare rakarova chikamu 13 cheJeudiciary Act ya 1789, richizivisa kuti matare eAmerica ane simba rokushayisa simba mitemo yaanowana kuti iputse Bumbiro Remitemo (simba) zvino rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro yedare. Iyi nheyo yakava chinhu chinokosha chomutemo wemitemo weAmerica.
Tapuro Isingaperi Yehwirudzuro Yorutongeso
Chisarudzo muIchi Chengeta Chapamusorosa chakasimbisa maruramiro ematare okusarudza kumira kwebumbiro remitemo kwemamwe mapazu maviri ehurumende. Marbury v. Madison anokosha nemhaka yokuti yakasimbisa simba rokuhwirudzura kweDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States nematare ehurumende pamusoro peBumbiro remitemo, uye kushandiswa kwehwirudzuro yedare kwaizobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vanoramba vari bazi rinoenzana rehurumende pedyo nehurumende uye mapazu ehurumende.
Chitsama chakakurumbira chemashoko kubva muchisarudzo chacho, "Ibasa rakasimba reDhipatimendi Rokutonga kutaura icho mutemo uri," chakadzokororwa kupfurikidza nokutonga kweAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore. Kunyange zvazvo pasina mumwe mutemo wakaziviswa kuva usingabvumirani nemitemo kutozosvikira pachisarudzo chaDred Scott cha1857, basa reDare Rapamusoro rokuputsa mitemo yehurumende nehurumende zvisingatongodenhwi zvakakomba.
Dismanling Secorvation: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Anopfuura makore 150 pashure peMarbury naMadison, Dare Rapamusorosa rakapa chimwe chisarudzo chaizobvisa dziviriro huru yeAmerica. Pana May 17, 1954, Dare Rapamusorosa reUnited States rakatonga nokubvumirana kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Dare reMineine Yemitemo, iro rinorambidza hurumende kuramba dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati mehurumende dzadzo.
Dzidziso Yakajeka Asi Yakaenzana
Chisarudzo chakaratidzira mugumo werusaruraganda rwedzinza runonyoreswa pamutemo muzvikoro zveUnited States, chichipfuura nheyo ye "yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana" yakaratidzwa mu 1896 Plesty v. Ferguson nhau. Kweanodokuva makumi matanhatu amakore, chisarudzo chePlesby chakagovera ruramiso yapamutemo nokuda kwerusarurano rwedzinza muUnited States, chichibvumira hurumende kuchengeta nzvimbo dzakaparadzana nokuda kwavagari vemo vachena navatema chero bedzi nzvimbo idzodzo dzakanga dzakaenzana sezvinotaurwa.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka chisarudzo chinokosha cheDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States chakatonga kuti mitemo yehurumende yeUnited States yaisimbisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose inoputsa Ecult Protection Clause ye 144th Amendment, kunyange kana zvivako zvine muganhu wakaenzana muukoshi.
Nzira Yaienda kuBrown
Nyaya yacho yakabatanidza chaizvoizvo mhaka shanu dzakasiana - siana munyika dzakasiyana, kuganhurana kwose kwechikoro kunodenha. VaBrown nedzimwe mhuri gumi nembiri dzavatema dzomunzvimbomo vakakwidza dare rekirasi muU.S. mudare rehurumende mukurwisana neTopeka Board of Education, vachizivisa muitiro waro wokutonga kwakanga kusingawirirani nemitemo. dare chairo redare rinotonga raitonga raitonga raitonga vaBrown, richitsamira pamuenzaniso waPlesty, asi vaBrown, vanomirirwa naNaACPP Gull Marshall, vakakwirira kutonga zvakananga kuDare Rapamusorosoro, iro muna May 1954 rakabudisa chisarudzo chinenge 9-10 mumutsarango.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa Kenneth naMamie Clark vakaongorora zvidhori zvino zvinozivikanwa zvikuru kuti zvakabudirira paLDF muBrown v. Board, sezvo kuongorora kwakaratidza simba rokuparadza vana vechitema nokuratidza kuti vana vechiBlack - Downe vaitungamirirwa kudavira kuti zvidhori zveBlack zvakanga zvakaderera kupfuura zvidhori zvichena.
Chisarudzo Chamambo chaWarren Chomutsa
Mutongi mukuru Warren akapa murangariro weDare, achitaura kuti "Tinogumisa kuti murutivi rwedzidzo yavose dzidziso yokuti ‘ yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana ’ haina nzvimbo. Zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzana hazvienzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo. Uku kutaura kune simba kwakaramba makumi amakore etsika uye muitiro wenzanga.
Chisarudzo cha 1954 chakazivisa kuti zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaparadzana nokuda kwavadzidzi veAmerica vechichena neveAfrica zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi nenzira yomuzvarirwo, uye Brown Board of Education inorangarirwa senhambo inokosha munhau yeAmerica yekodzero dzavagari vemo uye pakati pemitemo inokosha zvikurusa munhau yeDare Rapamusoro reUnited States.
Kushandisa Zvinetso uye Kushanda Kwave Kuchiitwa Kare
Apo chisarudzo chakanga chiri kuputsa, kupedza kwakaratidza kuva kwakaoma zvikuru. Chisarudzo chamapeji 14 hachina kuratidzira rudzi rupi norupi rwomutoo wokugumisa nawo rusaruro rwedzinza muzvikoro, uye chisarudzo chechipiri cheDare muBrown II (11955) bedzi chakaraira hurumende kubvisa "nekumhanya kwose kwamaune". Iyi nhungamiro isina kujeka yakatungamirira kumakumi amakore etsungiriro nefambiro mberi inononoka.
Kubvisa rusaruro muzvikoro zvehurumende zvenyika kwakagovera chisakiso chikuru chesangano ramaruramiro avagari vemo, kuita fambiro mberi dzinobvira mukubvisa dzimba, pokugara pavose, uye masangano edzidzo yakakwirira. chisarudzo chacho chakanyandura vatsigiri ndokuratidzira kuti Bumbiro remitemo ringagona kuva chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwechinjo yenzanga.
Pasinei zvapo nerevo yaro, kwakanga kune chishoro chikuru chokubvisa rusarurano, zvikurukuru munyika dzokumaodzanyemba, nokuramba kwamasimba masimba kwakatanga mune dzimwe nzvimbo, uye vamwe vachipindura kupfurikidza nokushandisa mapurogiramu e “chikoro chechikoro ” ayo akaronga kupinda kwavadzidzi vachena pachivande, mugwehe.
Kodzero Dzokubereka Nadzo Dzokuva Dzoga: Roe v. Wade (1973) uye Kudzorwa Kwadzo
Muna 1973, Dare Rapamusoro rakabudisa chimwe chezvisarudzo zvaro zvine nharo zvikurusa muRoe v. Wade, ichiziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okubvisa pamuviri akavakirwa pamaruramiro okuva woga. Mhaka yacho yakabvumikisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rakadzivirira maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri pasina ganhuriro yehurumende yakanyanyisa, zvikurukuru mukuganhurirwa kwokutanga kwenhumbu.
Chisarudzo Chapakuvamba
Chisarudzo cheDare cha 7-2 muRoe v. Wade chaidavira kuti Gwaro reBasa Clausse reMitemo ye 14th Amendment rakagovera maruramiro anokosha kuva voga ayo akadzivirira chisarudzo chomukadzi ane pamuviri chokubvisa pamuviri. Chisarudzo chacho chakaumba gadziriro yakaganhurira iyo yakadzikamisa fariro dzehurumende mukudzivirira upenyu hunobvira noutano hwaamai mukurwisana namaruramiro omukadzi kuva oga.
Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi mashanu, Roe aishanda senheyo yebumbiro remitemo yekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri muUnited States, kunyange zvazvo rakaramba richiitirana nharo zvikuru uye richisangana nezvinetso zvakawanda uye richirambidzwa kwemakore akawanda.
Chisarudzo Chamakondo Nechidzoro
Muna 2022, Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja nenzira inoshamisa kosi muDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, ichiputsa zvose zviri zviviri Roe v. Wade nechisarudzo chakatevera muPlanned Parenthood v. Casey. Dare rakarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haripi maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, richidzorera chiremera kudzora kubvisa mimba kunyika imwe neimwe.
Kuchinja uku kwaimiririra chimwe chezviitiko zvinokosha zvikuru zveDare Repamusorosoro rakabva raputsa muenzaniso waro ndokumutsa gakava guru renyika pamusoro pekodzero dzokuberekana, kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo, uye basa redare rokutonga mukudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga.
Kuzvidavirira kwaPrezidhendi: United States v. Nixon (19974)
Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chama 1970 chakabudisa imwe yenhau dzinokosha zvikurusa pamusoro pesimba ravakuru vakuru nokuzvidavirira kwapurezidhendi. United States kana kuti Nixon akataura kana Purezidhendi weUnited States aigona kutaura ropafadzo yapamusoro yokunyima ufakazi mukunzvera kwoutsotsi.
Mashoko Acho
Pashure pokuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee pawatergate nenhamburiko dzokufukidza dzakatevera, Muchuchisi Chaiwo Leon Jaworski akarekodha tapeti dzekurukurirano pakati paPurezidhendi Richard Nixon navatungamiriri vake. Nixon akaramba kubudisa tepi, achitaura ropafadzo youkuru.
Chisarudzo Chorupo Chedare
Muchisarudzo chakabatana che 8-0 (noMutongi William Rehnquist achizvipomera amene), Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti nepo ropafadzo yechiremera iripo, haisi yakakwana uye inofanira kutera kuzvinodikanwa zveruramisiro youtsotsi. Dare rakarangarira kuti Purezidhendi anofanira kuwirirana nemuduku ndokutendeudzira matepi.
Mutongi mukuru Warren Burger akanyora kuti nepo Purezidhendi ane fariro yapamutemo mukuvanza zvakavanzika, iyi fariro haigoni kukurira zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvomuitiro wakafanira womutemo mukutarisirwa kwakarurama kweruramisiro youtsotsi. chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti hakuna munhu, kunyange Purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo.
Revo yeBumbiro reMitemo
United States v. Nixon yakasimbisa nheyo yecheki nedzikamo ndokuratidzira kuti vatongi vaigona kunzvera nenzira inobudirira simba ravakuru vakuru kunyange munhau dzinobatanidza Purezidhendi. chisarudzo chakatungamirira zvakananga kukurega kwaNixon mavhiki mashomanene gare gare, sezvo matepi akabudiswa akazivisa kubatanidzwa kwake mubutiro.
Nyaya yacho yakatanga mienzaniso inokosha pamusoro pemiganhu yeropafadzo yechiremera uye basa redare redare mukuvimbisa kuzvidavirira pamwero yakakwirira zvikurusa yehurumende. Inoramba iri nhau yehwaro yokunzwisisa kuparadzana kwamasimba uye kutonga kwomutemo muAmerica.
Mari Nematongerwe Enyika: Citizens United v. Federal Ecomment Commission (2010)
Mune chimwe chezvisarudzo zvenharo zvikurusa zvezana ramakore rechi 21, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro muCitizens United v. Federal Evolution Commission chakashandura zvikurukuru mutemo wezvemari wenhimbe uye ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States.
Mugariro Wacho Wenhau
Vagari vemo United, sangano risingachinji purofiti, rakabudisa firimu raitsoropodza Hillary Clinton mukati menhimbe huru yapurezidhendi ya2008. Federal Ecomtion Commission yakatonga kuti firimu yacho yaiumba "kukurukurirana kwokusasarura" uye kuti kutepfenyura kwayo kwaizoputsa Bipartisan Champaice Act (inozivikanwawo seMcCain-Fenold), iyo yairambidza makambani nemasangano kuti ashandise mari yemari yavo yokuchengetera mari nokuda kwekurukurirano dzakadaro pedyo nesarudzo.
Chisarudzo Cha5-4
Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti hurumende haigoni kuganhurira ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakazvimirira kupfurikidza namasangano evashandi, uye mamwe masangano. Murangariro woruzhinji, wakanyorwa naMutongi Anthony Kennedy, waidavira kuti kupambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika chimiro chehurukuro yakadzivirirwa muFirst Amendment, uye hurumende haingadzvinyiriri kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakavakirwa pazivikanwo yesangano romukurukuri.
Dare racho rakati kunyange zvazvo hurumende ichifarira kudzivirira uori kana kuti uori, mari inoshandiswa pachayo haiiti kuti uori hwakadaro huwedzere kana kuti hushati, ichihusiyanisa nezvinenge zvichiitwa nevanhu vacho.
Kutapura Zvematongerwe Enyika eAmerica
Chisarudzo cheVanizenzi United chakazarura suo kukushandiswa kusina muganhu kwemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kunoitwa namasangano, mibatanidzwa, uye mamwe masangano.
Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chisarudzo chacho chakabvumira vanhu vakapfuma namasangano kushandisa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi pamusoro pesarudzo nokuita miitiro, kunyudza nenzira inobudirira manzwi avagariwo zvavo.Vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti chinodzivirira maruramiro okutaura akasununguka uye chinobvumira hurukuro yakasimba zvikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika.
Chisarudzo chacho chinoramba chichimutsa nharo zvikuru uye chakamutsa nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pebasa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika, rudzi rwemasangano, uye kududzirwa kwakafanira kweFirst Amendment mumashoko emari yenhimbe.
Mitongo Yapamusorosa yeDare
Miranda muArizona (1966)
Miranda neArizona vakaratidza chinodikanwa chokuti vakuru vakuru vanoona nezvemitemo vanofanira kuzivisa vanofungira kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo vasati vabvunzurudzwa. "Miranda" inosanganisira kodzero yakakurumbira yokuramba vakanyarara, nyevero yokuti chinhu chipi nechipi chakataurwa chinogona kushandiswa pamunhu anopomerwa mudare, kodzero yegweta, uye kodzero yokupiwa gweta kana mutendi asingakwanisi kubhadhara.
Nyaya yacho yakamuka Ernesto Miranda paakasungwa ndokureurura kumhosva pasina kuudzwa kodzero dzake.Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga 5-4 kuti muchuchisi wacho aisagona kushandisa mashoko anobva mukubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero yekodzero yemwana kutoti akaratidzira kushandiswa kwedziviriro dzetsika dzinobudirira kudzivirira ropafadzo yokurwisa kuzvitonga.
Kunyevera kwakaitwa neMiranda zvino kwave kuri kuratidzwa mupurogiramu dzepaterevhizheni nemafirimu akawanda.
Wainwright (1963)
Mudare repamusorosoro rainzi Wainwright, rakabatana kubvumirana parakatonga kuti hurumende dzinodiwa pasi peSand Amendment kuti dzipe magweta kune vaipomerwa mhosva vasingagoni kubhadhara magweta avo.
Asingakwanisi kuwana gweta, akakumbira kuti dare rimugadze rimwe, asi chikumbiro chake chakarambwa.Gidheoni akazvimirira uye akawanwa ane mhaka.
Chisarudzo cheDare munyasha dzaGidheoni chakagadza nheyo yokuti kumirira kwapamutemo kunokosha kukutonga kwakarurama uye kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera magweta nokuda kwavapomerwi vanopomerwa mhaka dzoutsotsi. Iyi chisarudzo chakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwegadziriro dzavadziviriri voruzhinji muUnited States uye zvakawedzera zvikuru kusvika kururamisiro nokuda kwavapomeri varombo.
Rudo v. Virginia (1967)
Rudo Virginia yakaputsa mitemo yairambidza roorano yamadzinza, ichirangarira kuti mitemo yakadaro yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neGuerment Classias yeGumbi re14th Amendment. Nhau yacho yaibatanidza Richard naMildred Loving, varoorani vemadzinza akasiyana vakatongerwa kutorongo gore rimwe muVirginia nemhaka yokuputsa mutemo wairwisana nehurumende.
Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa chakazivisa kuti roorano ikodzero huru yavagari vemo uye kuti inoganhurira roorano yakavakirwa pamapoka orudzi inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "rusununguko rwokuroora rwave rwuchizivikanwa kwenguva refu seimwe yekodzero dzinokosha dzomunhu oga dzinokosha kurondwa kwakarongwa kwomufarwa navanhu vakasununguka.
Chisarudzo ichi chakakanganisa mitemo yakafanana muhurumende 16 uye chakagadzirira nzira remangwana rinoita kuti kodzero dzevakaroorana dziwedzere, kusanganisira chisarudzo chakaitwa muna 2015 muObergefell neHodges, chairatidza kuti kuroorana kwevarume nevakadzi kwaibvumirwa nemitemo.
New York Times Co. Sullivan (1964)
Iyi nhau inokosha yeFirst Amendment yakatanga mupimo we‘utsinye hwechiito" nokuda kwenhau dzinozvidza dzinobatanidza vanhu. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende havagoni kuwana zvirango zvenhema dzinopomerwa pamusoro pomufambiro wavo wehurumende kutoti vabvumikisa kuti kutaura kwacho kwakaitwa nezvakaipa chaizvoizvo — ndiko kuti, nezivo kuti kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuzvidza kwokusangwarira kuti kwaiva kwenhema here kana kuti kwete.
Nyaya yacho yakamuka kubva mukushambadzira kwakaitika muThe New York Times kwaiva nezvikanganiso zvechokwadi pamusoro pezviito zvemapurisa pairwiswa kodzero dzevanhu muMontgomery, Alabama Sullivan, mumwe mukuru weguta, akakwirira mhosva yemurwi mumatare eAlabama.
Dare Rapamusoro Rakachinja, richitaura kuti First Amendment inoda mupimo wakakwirira woufakazi munhau dzokuzvidza dzinobatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vave nechokwadi chekurukurirano yakasimba panhau dzavose.ichi chisarudzo chave chichikosha mukudzivirira rusununguko rwenhau uye kuchigonesa hurukuro yavose yakasimba pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende uye vanhu vose.
Des Moines Independent School District (1 969)
Des Moines akazivisa kuti vadzidzi havasati vachi‘bvisa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo reimba yechikoro. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza vadzidzi vaipfeka zvibayiso zvitema kuchikoro kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam uye vaiturikwa nokuda kwokuita saizvozvo.
Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga 7-2 kuti ruwa rwechikoro rwakaputsa kodzero dzeFirst Amendment. Mutongi Abe Fortas akanyora kuti kuti vakuru vakuru vechikoro varuramise kunzvera kutaura kwavadzidzi, vanofanira kuratidza kuti mufambiro wacho waizo "muzvinhu zvokunyama uye zvikurukuru waizodzongonyedza" nokushanda kwechikoro.
Chisarudzo ichi chave chiri chinokosha mukuzivisa kukura kwekodzero dzevadzidzi muzvikoro zvehurumende uye chinopfuurira kududzwa muzviitiko zvinobatanidza mapfekero evadzidzi, kubva pamitemo yezvipfeko kusvika panzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau.
Kunzwisisa Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Muhurumende Yechidhori yeAmerica
Simba Rokududzira Kutonga
Simba reDare Gurusa rokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo rinoripa pesvedzero huru pamutemo weAmerica nenzanga. Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvaro, Dare rinosarudza icho Bumbiro reMitemo rinoreva mukushandiswa, richishandisa nheyo dza 18 dzechiri pakati pezvinetso zva 21. Uku kududzira kunobvumira Dare kuchinjira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kumigariro inochinja nepo richichengeta kupfuurira nenheyo huru.
Vatongi vakasiana - siana vanosvika kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo munzira dzakasiyana. Vazivi vemavambo vanotsvaka kududzira Bumbiro remitemo rakavakirwa parevo yaro yapakuvamba yavanhu panguva yarakagamuchirwa. Vanyori vebumbiro remitemo vanotaura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa nemhaka yemipimo inochinja uye mipimo yenguva ino. Uku kunzvera kwakasiana kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kumhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro peizvo Bumbiro remitemo rinoda.
Matanho Okugadza Nezvakunoreva
Vatongi veDare guru vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi uye vanofanira kusimbiswa neDare nemhaka yokuti ruramisiro dzinobatira nokuda kwoupenyu (kana kuti kutozosvikira vasarudza kurega), kugadza kumwe nokumwe kunogona kuumba mutemo weAmerica kwamakumi amakore. Muitiro wokugadza wazova unokakavara zvikuru, nokunzvera kwakakomba uzivi hwamatare evamine uye kufanotaura mitoo yokuvhota panhau huru.
Dare rinoona nezvenyaya dzepabonde ringasarudza zvakasiyana pane rimwewo dare rinoona nezvekodzero dzevamwe vanhu pakubvisa pamuviri, dzimwe nyaya dzinobva pakodzero dzavo dzokushandisa pfuti kusvika pakudzora mhoteredzo.
Kunyengera Kwokutanga Nekwenyeredzi
Nheyo yokutarira nokutarira − chiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa""___nochengeta kuti matare anofanira kutevera muenzaniso uye kusadzongonyedza nhau. Iyi nheyo inosimudzira dzikamo, kufanodeya kujeka, uye kusachinja mumutemo. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinogona kukurira mipimo yaro rimene apo rinogumisa kuti chisarudzo chakapfuura chakasarudzwa nenzira yakaipa kana kuti hachichasashandiswi.
Chisarudzo chokutonga muenzaniso mukuru uye chinomutsa nharo. Nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti kururamisa mhosho dzebumbiro remitemo kunokosha, vamwe vanotaura kuti kazhinji kazhinji kuputsa miganhu yomutemo nechivimbo chavose mudare. Kuchinja kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kweRoe v. Wade muchisarudzo cheDobbs kwakanyandura nharo pamusoro pokuti apo, kana kuchitongovapo, Dare rinofanira kuputsa mienzaniso mirefu.
Kutapura Kwezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa Paupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nomutemo
Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvinotapura zvikuru kuti kushanda kwomutemo kunoshanda sei uye kuti vapomerwi vanobatwa sei. Misa neArizona naGideon vanotsigira kudzivirira kukuru nokuda kwavanhu vanopomerwa mhaka. Zvimwe zvisarudzo zvakakurukura nhau dzakadai sokutsvaka nokukwikwidza, chirango chorufu, uye maruramiro avasungwa.
Zvisarudzo izvi zvinodzikamisa kufarira kunokwikwidzana: kudiwa kwokuchengetwa kwemitemo uye kuchengeteka kwevanhu kune rumwe rutivi, uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kudzivirirwa kwehurumende kune rumwe rutivi. Zvisarudzo zvedare zveutsotsi zvinotapura mamiriyoni evaAmerica anoshandira pamwe nemitemo yeutsotsi gore rimwe nerimwe.
Dzidzo Nebanza Rakaenzana
Kubva paBrown v. Board of Education kusvikira kunhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru pamusoro pokubvuma chiito nechisarudzo chechikoro, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakaita rutivi rukuru mukuumba dzidzo yeAmerica.izvisarudzo zvinotapura uko vana vanoenda kuchikoro, zviwanikwa kwavari, uye mikanai yavanayo yokufambira mberi.
Dare rakataura mibvunzo pamusoro pemari yokushandisa chikoro, kuratidzirwa kworudzidziso muzvikoro, maruramiro avadzidzi, uye kusakwanisa kwemitemo yokubvuma dzinza. chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira gakava guru pamusoro pokuenzana, banza, uye basa rehurumende mukusimudzira kana kuti kurambidza kurangarirwa kwedzinza namamwe mavara.
Kutaura Kwakasununguka uye Kutaura
Kudzivirira kweFirst Amendment kwokutaura norusununguko kwakadudzirwa ndokushandiswa neDare Rapamusorosoro munhau dzisingaverengeki.
Zvisarudzo izvi zvine chokuita nezvavanogona kutaura, kwavanogona kuzviita, uye kuti vangasangana nemigumisiro ipi yavanozowana kana vataura zvavanofunga, zvinodzikamisa kutaurirana kwavo nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadai sokuchengeteka kwerudzi, kurongeka kwevanhu, uye kudzivirirwa pakuzvidzwa kana kuti pakunetswa.
Kuva Woga Nokuzvipinza Muropa
Kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti "privracy" risingaonekwi muBumbiro reMitemo, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva maruramiro akasiana - siana akawanwa mugadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzebumbiro remitemo. Aya maruramiro akashandiswa kunhau dzinovambira pakudzivisa kubata pamuviri nokubvisa mimba kusvikira kuukama hwevatano neroorano.
Nyaya dzemunhu oga dzinowanzosanganisira zvisarudzo zvikuru zvemhuri, ukama, uye kuzvitonga. Zvisarudzo zveDare panhau iyi zvinoratidza kuti zvinochinja tsika dzenzanga uye nharo dzinoramba dzichiitwa pamusoro pesimba rehurumende pazvisarudzo zvomunhu oga.
Kutsoropodza Nekupokana
Kutonga Kunopesana.
Vatsoropodzi mumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika vakapomera Dare Rapamusorosarendi rokutonga − kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pazvisarudzo zvomunhu oga kana kuti zvezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo penheyo dzapamutemo dzisingatori rutivi. Avo vanotsigira kudzorwa kwemitemo vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kuzviisa pasi pamapazu akasarudzwa ehurumende ndokudzivisa kuita maruramiro matsva kana kuti miitiro zvisina kutsamira zvakajeka murugwaro rweBumbiro remitemo.
Vatsigiri vebasa rokutonga rinoshingaira zvikuru vanotaura kuti matare anofanira kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange apo kuita kudaro kusingafarirwi, uye kuti mutauro wakafara weBumbiro reMitemo unoda kududzirwa nokushandiswa kumigariro mitsva. iyi kurukurirano inoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rematare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
Kururamisira uye Chivimbo Chavanhu Vose
Chiremera cheDare Gurusa chinotsamira pakupedzisira pakugamuchirwa kwavose kwezvisarudzo zvaro. Kusafanana nebazu rinotonga, Dare harina uto rokumanikidzira mirau yaro. Kusafanana nebazu remitemo, harina mutoro wakananga kuvavhoti. Ruramisiro yeDare inotsamira pamurangariro wokuti rinosarudza mhaka dzakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pezvamatongerwe enyika.
Magakava emisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kubatanidza hondo dzegakava nezvisarudzo zvinokurira zvisarudzo zvagara kwenguva refu, zvakamutsa itiro hanya pamusoro pokuderera kwechivimbo choruzhinji muDare.
Zvikarakadzo Zvokuchinja
Zvikarakadzo zvakasiana - siana zvakaitwa zvokuchinja Dare Rapamusorosoro, kubatanidza miganhu yenhambo nokuda kweruramisiro, kufutunura nhamba yeruramisiro, uye kuchinja muitiro wokugadza. vatsigiri vanotaura kuti chinjo dziri madikanwa kuderedza ngozi dzokugadzwa kwomunhu oga, kuvimbisa kuti kutendeuka kwenguva dzose, uye kudzorera chivimbo chavose. Vashori vanotaura kuti chinjo dzakadaro dzingawedzera uye dzinosekesa kuzvimirira kwedare.
Nzira Yokuramba Nayo Tichiziva Nezvezvisarudzo Zvedare Repamusorosoro
Pashure Pebasa reDare
Dare repamusorosoro rinotonga kubvira muna October kusvika muna June kana kuti kutanga kwaJuly gore rimwe nerimwe. Dare rinotonga nyaya dzinotaurwa mumitongo yakasarudzwa uye zvinyorwa zvinotsanangura zvarinenge rasarudza. Pfungwa idzi dzinowanika pachena uye dzinopa tsananguro dzakadzama dzezvisarudzo zveDare.
Zviwanikwa zvinoverengeka zvinogona kubatsira vagari vemo kuramba vachiziva nezvebasa reDare. Website yeDare repamusorosoro inobudisa pfungwa, mashoko anotaurwa, uye karenda yeDare. Mawebsite enhau epamutemo uye masangano enhau emitemo anogovera kuongororwa uye kutsinhira panhau dziri kutevera uye zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Zvikoro zvemitemo zvakawanda uye mabhukwana enhau dzinofunga zvinopa tsananguro dzinoda kuteererwa dzenhau dzepamutemo dzevateereri vose zvavo.
Kunzwisisa Kuongorora Kwepamutemo
Kuverenga pfungwa dzeDare Repamusorosoro kunogona kunetsa vaya vasina kudzidziswa zviri pamutemo, asi kunzwisisa pfungwa dzinokosha dzemitemo kunogona kuita kuti vanyatsonzwisisana.
Mifungo isingabvumirani, yakanyorwa navatongi vasingabvumirani nevoruzhinji, kazhinji kazhinji inogovera mirangariro inokosha inotsiva uye ingapesvedzera nhau dzomunguva yemberi.
Nguva Yemberi Yomutemo Webumbiro remitemo
Nhau Dzinotanga
Nyaya dzokutanga dzenyaya dzeupfumi dzinosanganisira zvinhu zvepakombiyuta uye kuongorora zviri kuitika pachishandiswa purogiramu yehurumende, mutemo wezvikamu zvemagariro evanhu, kodzero dzepfuti, kodzero dzokuvhota uye mutemo wokusarudza, mitemo yezvakatipoteredza uye mamiriro okunze, uye miganhu yerusununguko rwechitendero.
Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi inopa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti ingashandiswa sei nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakagamuchirwa mazana emakore akapfuura mumamiriro ezvinhu aisagona kufungidzirwa nevavambi vacho.
Kukosha Kwokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Chokuberekana
Kunyange zvazvo matare eDare Gurusa asingasarudzwi, vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera nhungamiro yeDare kuburikidza negadziriro yezvematongerwe enyika. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi inosarudza kuti ndiani achatonga mukutonga kwomunguva yemberi, uye sarudzo yeDare inosarudza kuti ndiani achavatsigira. Kunzwisisa kukosha kwokugadzwa kwedare kunogona kuzivisa zvisarudzo zvokuvhota.
Kubva pane kusarudza, vagari vemo vanogona kubatanidzwa nenhau dzebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende okudzora, dzidzo yavose, uye kurukurirano yavose.
Vanobva Kumwe: Chikonzero Nei Zvinetso Izvi Zvichikosha
Mitongo yeSupreme Court inokurukurwa munyaya ino inomirira nguva dzinokosha munhau yemitemo yeAmerica. Kuvambira paMarbury v. Kusimudzirwa kwaMadison kwehwirudzuro yedare kuna Brown v. Board of Education’s direction direction, kubva kuMiranda v. Kudzivirirwa kwevapomerwi vemhosva kuChirungu cheProvice United, izvi zvisarudzo zvakaumba kodzero dzatinadzo nenzanga yatinorarama mazviri.
Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoitika kunotibetsera kunzwisisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoshanda sei segadziriro mhenyu yokutonga, kuti mutongi anobatira sei senzvero pasimba rehurumende, uye kuti nheyo dzapamutemo dzinochinja sei kupedza denho itsva. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hadzisi mirangariro isinganzwisisiki asi dziviriro dzinoshanda dzinotapura upenyu chaihwoihwo hwavanhu.
Basa reDare Gurusa rinopfuurira kuparira gakava nekurukurirano, rinoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, basa rematare muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye dzikamo pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nefariro dzavose. kupfurikidza nokufunda nhau dzechiratidzo uye kunzwisisa nheyo dzadzinogadza, vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi zviri nani muidzi nharo dzinokosha uye kubetsera kuumba nguva yemberi yomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica.
Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa netapuro dzazvo, pfuma yakadai se [[FLT: 0] .S. Recurecurences, project[ paChicago-Kent College of Law, uye [[FLT] Act] Actutituted , [[FLT] .S. Relagences Relationss [[FLT:]] inogovera mashoko anowanika pamusoro penhau, zvibvumikiso, uye mutoo wokutonga. [[FLT] Applitiotion Ainttion [FLD]] Aintiveticive progreads cong for congsting profiles of congmentation profiles offormation. [FUptic]
Gadziriro yeruramisiro ingaratidzika kuva yakaoma uye iri kure noupenyu hwezuva riri rose, asi zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvinobata anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwenzanga yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa idzi nhau dzinooneka, tinowana nzwisiso mukurondedzerwa kwekodzero dzedu, kuti simba redu rehurumende rakaganhurirwa sei, uye kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinopfuurira sei kuumba rudzi rwedu anopfuura mazana maviri amakore pashure pokugamuchirwa kwaro. Iyi zivo inotipa simba rokuva vagari vemo vakaziviswa, vanokwanisa kubatanidzwa nenzira ine repamutemo nenhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvinotapura nzanga dzedu nenyika yedu.