Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chebasa chinopfuura kungovawo zvako chiitiko chemutambo. Inguva yakakomba apo mukuru mukuru anouya anozvibatanidza amene nenzira yapamutemo kuBumbiro remitemo, achiratidzira kutsiviwa kune rugare kwesimba rinoparira hurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Kunyange zvakadaro pasi pechikamu chenhau iri pfundo guru rekurukurirano yepamutemo nemitemo. Kubva pakutaura kwakananga kwemhiko yacho yemigumisiro yetsika, kunzvera zvinetso zvinokosha, uye kurangarira kukosha kwayo mukutonga kweAmerica.

Mavambo Enhau Echikamu Chehurumende

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo havana kubatanidza mhiko yapashure pendangariro. Kuiisa mu Article II, Chikamu 1, Clause 8, vakaisa namaune mhiko sechinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo panzvimbo petsikawo zvayo. Manyorero apakuvamba. Manyoro apakuvamba . " ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndichasimbisa) ndichaita nokutendeka Hofisi yaProfesidhendi yeUnited States, uye kuchasimbisa donzo rakanakisisa resimba rangu, dzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States"[FLT] [FLT]] [i] [ichoseicho] zvinangwa kuva zvakajeka. Varambi vanoramba zvikarakadzo nokuda kwokuparwa kukuru, sokurumbidza kwapari pamutemo, nemhaka yechibvumirano chenyika, nemhaka yechisarudzo, chiteshiviso chakana pamutemo chakananga kupfurikidza nehurumende yomutemo. Chinototototo chapamutemo chinobva muhurumende chavanhu chapamutemo.

Chibvumirano chechi20, chakasimbiswa muna 1933, chakasunda musi wokutsaurirwa kuvambira pana March 4 kusvikira kuna January 20, asi chakachengeta rugwaro rwemhiko rusingachinji. Chinjo pamhiko yacho yakanga iri pamutemo, kwete muparidzi: yakajekesa kuti mhiko inofanira kutorwa pamusi mutsva, asi haina kuchinja mashoko acho amene. Zvisinei, kugadziriswa kwacho kwakapawo Congress simba rokugadza nhevedzano yapurezidhendi kana purezidhendi atadza kukwanirisa, izvo zvakamutsa nenzira isina kunanga pamutemo pamusoro peichinoumba "kuumbwa" pasi pemhiko.

Nenzira inofadza, kurukurirano dzavagadziri vemipindudzi dzinozivisa kuti vanorangarira mhiko kuva chishandiso chapamutemo, kwete mhiko yorudzidziso. Chisarudzo ku "Sving" panzvimbo pe "shambadza" chakatambira VaQuaker navamwe vairamba kuita mhiko pazvikonzero zvorudzidziso. Ichi chisarudzo chakashandiswa napurezidhendi vanoverengeka, kubatanidza Franklin Pierce naHerbert Hoover, avo vakasarudza kusimbisa. Dare Rapamusorosoro gare gare rakatsigira kusimbiswa kwemitemo yebvumirano mune mamwe mativi, kusimbisa nheyo yokuti mhiko chiito chorudzi.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwemagwaro uye Nharo Yokuti Zvakatendeka

Imwe yenharo dzapamutemo dzinopfuurira zvikurusa dzinoitira hanya kana purezidhendi achifanira kudzokorora shoko rechiito. Bumbiro remitemo harisati richidudza chirango nokuda kwokusiyana kuduku, uye nhau inoratidza kuti kutsauka kwakaitika kakawanda zvinoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, Franklin D. Roosevelt, mukati mokutsaurirwa kwake kwechitatu muna 1941, akakanganisa mashoko okuti "kudzivirira, dzivirira nokudzivirira" sezvo "chengeta, dzivirira" ipapo akazviruramisa. Chinoitika ichocho chakapfuudza pasina kudenha kwakakomba kwemitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, Purezidhendi Obama muna 2009 akagumburwa pamusoro pemhiko yemhiko yeChirevori chaMakuru Roberts, kuchitungamirira kuchiitwa kusingawanzoitiki pazuva rakatevera. Kunyange zvazvo kupfuudzira kwechipiri kwakarangarirwa pamutemo, vamwe vadzidzi vakarangarira kudzorwa kwedare kusvikira chikanganiso chakaitwa muteveri wemitemo.

Denho Yokuzvitutumadza yeTrump

Gakava rakakwirira zvikurusa remitambo yeyeuko rakaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura paKutsaurirwa kwaPrezidenti Donald Trump 2017. Sezvaakataura mhiko parutivi poMutongi Mukuru John Roberts, Trump akasiya shoko rokuti kutendeseka" kubva pamashoko okuti "kutendeka Office. Roberts akanga aronga kutungamirira na"I, Donald John Trump, anopika zvakakomba kuti ndichauraya Hofisi yaProfesa yeUnited States," asi Trump akapfura bhita ji rake amene, uye chinyorwa chokupedzisira chinoratidzira kuti iye akati "I, Donald. Jrump, anoita nokupika kwapareji yeUnited States."

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakaparadzana zvikuru parevo. Dzimwe dzakataura kuti kusavapo kwe "kutendeka" kwakanga kuri kungorondedzera basa rebasa zvaro, kuwirirana nekomupinyi isina kutsarukana, uye hakuna kutapura kuva nekodzero kwepamutemo kwemhiko yacho. Zvisinei, vamwe vakanongedzera kunzwisiso yenhau yokuti mhiko chiito chimwe, chakabatana; kubvisa chinokosha chinorondedzera basa rebasa, munheyo, kupesana nenhau yose. Kutonga kwakaiswa nevoruzhinji vanoverengeka, kubatanidza mutongi wehurumende akarega basa, kutsvaka rutongeso rwokubvisa murairo wakaipa kushatisa baba. Mhaka yacho yakarambwa nokuda kwokushaiwa kumira, nedare kuti mubvunzo wacho wakanga usingaruramisirirwi munhau inosiya nhau yacho inodzongogara iripo. Kuramba uku kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa dare kwakajeka.

Kupfuura Trump, vamwe vapurezidhendi vakawedzera mashoko avo vamene. George Washington akawedzera nenzira yakakurumbira "Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari" pashure pemhiko yake yokutanga, chitsama chakashandiswa napurezidhendi vazhinjisa vakatevera asi hachisati chiri rutivi rworugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo. Dzimwe zviremera zvinoda kuti "Naizvozvo ndibetsere Mwari" nokuda kwemhiko dzavo vamene, asi chinodikanwa chehurumende chinoramba chikanyarara panhau yacho. Kuwedzera kwamashoko orudzidziso kwakashorwa sokuputswa kweChibvumirano chaClauscese, asi matare akarangarira nguva dzose kuti chiito chacho ndechomuitiro uye haisi kuisa muedzo worudzidziso. Kunyanguvezvo, muitiro unopfuurira kunyandura pamusoro pekurukurirano yechechi nechimiro nechimiro.

Mibvunzo yeMutemo Nokunyarara Kwokutonga

Dare rehurumende rakadzivisa zvikuru kutonga pamusoro petapuro yapamutemo yemhiko yapurezidhendi. Mubvunzo mukuru ndouyu: kana purezidhendi akapika asi gare gare akaonekwa kuva akaremara (kungava nemhaka yokushatiswa, kukundikana kuitora chose chose, kana kuti kuchinja kwamaune), ko kuremara ikoko kunoderedza utarisiri nokusashanda here?

Dare rapamusoro harina kutongotaura zvakananga iyi nhau. Munhau 1803 Marbury v. Madison, Mutongi mukuru Marshall akacherekedza kuti mhiko inobatanidza vakuru vakuru voruzhinji kutsigira Bumbiro reMitemo, asi mhaka iyoyo yakanga iri zvikurukuru pamusoro pehwirudzuro yedare, kwete pamusoro porumano rwapurezidhendi. Nemhaka dzapashure dzinobatanidza mhiko dzehurumende, dzakadai se [[[FLT:]] Torcaso v. Watkins [1961], yairangarira kuti kuiraira kuedzwa kworudzidziso kwebasa rehurumende kunoputsa Gadziro, asi haina kutaura mashoko akarurama emhiko. Dare rakaswedera pedyo rakauya mu [[FLD] United States [FFF]

Mumhinganidzo huru yedzidziso yokutonga idzidziso yenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika. Muiyi dzidziso, matare anoramba kusarudza nhau idzo dzakapiwa mumutemo kune rimwe bazi kana kuti idzo dzisina mipimo inotarisirwa nenzira yokutonga. Nhau yokuti purezidhendi akatora mhiko nenzira yakafanira inogona kuonwa senhau yokuti Congress apo inotonga mavhoti akasarudzwa ndokusimbisa mutongi, kana kuti senhau yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanakisisa yakasiiwa mumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyoyi yakanga iri chaizvoizvo mufungo mumhaka yeTrump: dare reruwa rairangarira kuti vatengi vashai vasina kumira, uye D.C. transfer, anoramba kupinda muizvo yairangarira kuva mutongi mukuru wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Asi kunyarara kwedare redare redzimhosva kunosiya kujeka kune ngozi. Fungidzira chinoitika apo purezidhendi anoramba kutongotora mhiko yacho, zvichida sechipokanidzo. Bumbiro remitemo rinoda kuti mhiko ipinde pamberi papurezidhendi "achapinda pakuitwa kweHofisi yake. Kana pasina mhiko inoitwa, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi wacho anenge ava kuita purezidhendi pasi pePendementment yechi20, asi zvakadini kana mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi akarambawo? Kutevedzana kwacho kungava njodzi yemitemo. Kushayikwa kwenhungamiro yedare kunoreva kuti kutendeka kwemhiko yemhiko yacho kunotsamira zvikurukuru pakugamuchirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kugamuchirwa navanhu, kwete pakutendwa kwapamutemo.

Mutsipa Nekubudirira KwaPuerceria

Basa remhiko yacho mukutevedzana rakajekeswa ne 25 Pramendement, iyo yakagadza miitiro yehurema hwapurezidhendi nechinzvimbo. Pasi peChikamu 1, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anova purezidhendi kana purezidhendi akafa, akarega basa, kana kuti akabviswa. Chikamu 2 chinobvumira purezidhendi kuisa mutevedzeri kana hofisi isina kana hofisi isisina, uye kuti kana purezidhendi achifanira kusimbiswa nedzimba dzose. Zvikurukuru, apo muteveri wapurezidhendi anenge akwira kuHofisi yePrizidhea (apo aitika naGerald Ford muna 1974) vanofanira kutora mhiko youpurezidhendi asati ashandisa masimba ebasa racho. Kukundikana kuita kudaro kupfupikisa kwapamutemo: mutenzi mukuru wedare aizova muteshi wapurezidhendi, asi aisazova nechiremera chokushanda sapurezidhendi.

Ikoku kunomutsa revo yapamutemo inofadza. Kana purezidhendi akapikirwa nemhiko isina kururama, uye gare gare urema ihwohwo hunowanwa, zvinoreva chiito chiri chose chinoitwa napurezidhendi(_ chinobatanidza zvirango zvavakuru vakuru, kugadzwa, uye kukanganwirwa, here? Nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzinopikisa kuti [[ dictoro[[FLT]] dzidziso yavakuru vakuru vakuru [[FLT] ingadzivirira kuva nechinhu chakare, asi [[FLT]] jure kuva pamutemo [ingatootwanwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoshandiswa zvikuru.

Chimwe nhevedzano chinobatanidza "Chiito chaMwari" .Ko kana mutongi akafa asati aita mhiko? Amendment yechi20 inopa zvakajeka kuti mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi purofesa ave purezidhendi. Asi chii kana purezidhendi akasarudza akakuvadzwa uye asingakwanisi kuita mhiko paZuva rokusarura? Kugadziriswa kusingachinjiki. Naizvozvo, chibvumirano chinoti "kana Purezidhendi akasarudzwa akundikana kukwanirisa," ipapo mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anosarudza anoshanda sapurezidhendi kusvikira purezidhendi akwaniswa. "Failing" sezvingabvira anobatanidza kusaita mhiko, asi kutaura kwacho hakuna kutongosiitwa. Naizvozvo, ibasa guru iro purezidhendi "acrite" nokuda kwebasa.

Nharo Dzakafara Zvikuru Dzapamutemo: Zvirango Nemifungo Yenhema

Mhiko yapurezidhendi hachisingori chipikirwa chomutambo; chiito chapamutemo chinogona kuva netapuro kana chikaputswa.Chikamu II, Chikamu 4 chinogovera kupiwa nokubviswa kwapurezidhendi nokuda kwe "Kupa mhaka, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru neMishedemis". Kuputswa kwamaune kwemhiko (kokuti, somuenzaniso, kuita mhiko nevavariro yokuzvidza Bumbiro reMitemo) kunogona kunzi kuumba "kukanganisa kwakakwirira uye kubvisa mutungamiriri wehurumende Andrew Johnson, kana kuti kukanganisa chirevo chake, kunyange zvazvo mhosva idzodzo dzakanga dzisiri chinhu chikuru pakuzvisunungura kwake. Munhambo yazvino uno, vamwe vatsinhira pamutemo vakarangarira kuti purezidhendi anozviitira nenzira isati iri pamutemo, anozviputsa amene nokusafanira kuzviisa pasi pedare.

Mukuwedzera, mhiko yave ichikumbirwa munharo pamusoro pechikwaniriso chapurezidhendi. Kana purezidhendi akataura kuti anodzivisa chose chose kusungwa kwamatare nokuda kwezviito zvapamutemo, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti purezidhendi aizoita kuti mhiko yakadaro ipedze kuva isina revo nemhaka yokuti purezidhendi aizova anozvidavirira kumunhu. Nixon naClinton vaishora kupika kwacho kwose kuri kunoreva semupimo womufambiro. MuClinton anodzivisa kubatwa kwemhosva, Dare reimba Judiary rakataura kuti purezidhendi akanga aputsa mhiko yake nokureva nhema mukuva mutsika kwechipomendero yehurumende, uko vakataura kuti, vakashora, kushatisa mhaka. Dare remhosva, asi kurukurirano yakasimbisa kuoma kwemhiko sechipikiso yomunhu oga uye miganhuro yepamutemo.

Kwakafanirawo kucherekedza kuti kune mitemo yehurumende inoita kuti kutaura kwenhema kuve kwenhema uye perjury /18 U.S.C. 76 1621 na 76 1001 (asi hakuna kujeka kana aya mirau ichishanda kumhiko yapurezidhendi. Mhiko yacho haisi kutaura kwokupika kwakaitwa mumutungamiriri; idikanwo yemitemo. Dare Rapamusoro redare rakarangarira kuti mhiko yehofisi haiiti kodzero yapachivande yebasa nokuda kwechiito chavagari vemo chokukwirira purezidhendi nokuda kwokuputswa kwemhiko (ona Klinton v. City of New York[FGLD:]], 1998, rinodudza nhau dzinomira). Naizvozvo, kusimbisa kwacho hakusimudzi wezvamatongerwe enyika (* bhokisi, uye bhokisi retsoro.

Mutsipa Sechiratidzo Chebumbiro reMitemo

Kupfuura kumanikidzirwa kwapamutemo, mhiko inobatira basa rinokosha rokufananidzira. Chiito chokusimudza ruoko rwomunhu nokudzokorora mashoko acho chinosimbisazve pachena chibvumirano chenzanga: chiremera chapurezidhendi chinobuda muBumbiro reMitemo, uye purezidhendi anobvuma kusungwa nokuganhurirwa kwayo. Uku kurema kwokufananidzira kunokosha zvikurukuru mukati menguva dzenjodzi yemitemo kana kuti apo kuva pamutemo kwechisarudzo kunokwikwikwidzwa. Somuenzaniso, mu 1876 shoo inokwikwikwidza, Rutherford B. Haye akapika mumutambo wapachivande musi waMarch 3, 1877, pamberi pokutsaurirwa kwapachena musi waMarch 5, nemhaka yokuti kupesana kwapachena kwakanga kusina kupedzwa zvizere. Chipikiso chapa pamutemo chakanga chakakwana pamutemo kumupa chiremera kuti aite sapurezidhendi, kuratidzira kuti rutivi rwokufananidzira harutsigiriki rutsigiri rutsigirirwo panzvimbo pezvapamutemo asi chinosimbisa.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti mhiko yacho inonyanyoonekwa sechishandiso chepamutemo. Vanoti mapurezidhendi akaita mhiko uye ipapo akapinda mumufambiro usina kubvumirwa. Asi muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, Lincoln anomisa habeas corpus, dare reFDR rinoongorora, chirongwa chechirongwa cheNixon's Watergate-up). Chipikiso chacho hachina kudzivisa izvi nokuti hachine simba rokuzvimiririra. Asi, muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, kutyora kwaidzwa kwemhiko kwakava pfundo rekushora uye, pakupedzisira, kunzvera simba rehurumende. Nokudaro, simba chairo reNixon ringava rezvamatongerwe enyika uye retsika, kwete pamutemo.

Mhiko yacho inoshandawo setsika, inoratidzira kuchinja kubva kuvagari vomunyika voga kuenda kumunhu anotarisira vanhu. Nemhaka yokuti mhiko inodikanwa purezidhendi asati agona kupedza hofisi, inoparira mutemo wakajeka: pamberi pemhiko, mutongi haana chiremera chapurezidhendi; pashure payo, vane chiremera chakazara. Uku kuvara kunokosha mukutamisirwa kwakarongwa kwesimba. Kunyange kudzokorora kwakaipa, chero bedzi kuchibvumwa namapoka, kunogona kuita basa iri rokuchinja, sezvinoratidzirwa neGreadlyF.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Mafungiro Kupota Nyika

Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwemhiko youpurezidhendi weU.S., kunobetsera kutarira kumamwe marudzi. United Kingdom haina bumbiro romutemo rakanyorwa, kunyange zvazvo mhiko yokugadzwa kwamambo iri mutambo worudzidziso. Mutungamiriri wehurumende haadikanirwi kuita mhiko yebumbiro remitemo; panzvimbo pezvo, ivo vanogadzwa namambo uye vanofanira kuita mhiko yokuvimbika kuHurumende. Kumwe kunosimbisa kuzvipira kweAmerica kubumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa samanyuko makurusa oururami.

Purezidhendi weFrance anopika pamberi peBumbiro reBumbiro reMitemo, anopika kuremekedza Bumbiro reMitemo ndokudzivirira rudzi. Mashoko chaiwo anogoverwa nomutemo, uye mutambo wacho unodzorwa asi hauna kudzokororwa nedare. Mukupesana, Mutemo weGermany waSicco unoda kuti Purezidhendi naPineralai vapike vanosanganisira "Kudaiwo kundibetsera Mwari" kutoti mubati mukuru wehofisi akasarudza kuusiya. matare eGermany akadavira kuti mhiko yacho inosungirwa asi haisati iri mamiriro okutora basa; kuramba kutora nzvimbo yacho kunoguma nokurasikirwa nechinzvimbo chacho.

Uku kuenzanisa kunoratidza kuti nepo hurumende dzakawanda dzinotonga dzinotonga nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzine mhiko, shanduro yeAmerica yakasungirwa nenzira yechienzi kuBumbiro reMitemo segwaro rakagadzwa. Shumo yeU.U.S. haisati iri mhiko kumambo kana kuti kuhurumende asi zvikurukuru kuBumbiro reMitemo. Ikoku kunoratidzira reAmerica remitemo yebumbiro remitemo, umo mutemo uri mukuru kumutongi upi noupi. Nharo dzekurukurirano pamusoro pemashoko nerevomhiko iri, pasi, kurukurirano pamusoro porudzi rwehurumende yemitemo yeAmerica.

Mugumisiro: Zvinoreva Kuvimbika Kunotevedzerwa neBumbiro reMitemo

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inoramba iri chitsama chakapfava chinonyengera icho chinopfuurira kuparira kurukurirano huru yapamutemo nebumbiro remitemo. Kubva pakusarudza kwamaune kwavanogadzira mashoko kunharo dzetsauriro dzazvino uno, mhiko inotigombedzera kunangana nemibvunzo mikuru: Kunorevei ku‘chengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira" Bumbiro remitemo? Mhiko yacho inofanira kuremekedzwa nenzira yakatendeka sei? Uye ndiani anosarudza apo mhiko dzakaputswa? matare akasiya iyi mibvunzo isina kupindurwa, uye mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika aingoikurukura bedzi kupfurikidza nokusatevedzerwa nemiitiro. Muuyo wacho muuyo wemitemo uyo uri zvose zviri zviviri unodikanwa nenzira yapamutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Sezvo United States inopfuurira kushanduka, denho itsva dzichaedza basa remhiko. Ko purezidhendi womunguva yemberi angagona kutora mhiko pakombiyuta here? Ko mutongi angagona kuramba kutora mhiko sechimiro chokuramba? Kokorodzano ingagona kuisa mupimo wekushanda kwemhiko kupfuura chinodikanwa chazvino uno cherugwaro? Zvimiro izvi, kunyange zvazvo zvisingabviri, zvinosimbisa kudikanwa kuripo kwokujeka. Chinoramba chiri chirevo chokufananidzira chemhiko: Ndiyo nguva apo simba rinochinjirwa norugare uye apo purezidhendi mutsva anogamuchira Bumbiro remitemo semutemo mukurusa. Kunzwisisa kurukurirano dzapamutemo nemitemo dzakapoteredza ichi chiito chakapfava chinobetsera vagari vemo.

[[[Nhamba: 0] Revospectal:[