Kunzwisisa Kushanda Kwehurumende: Simba reBumbiro reMitemo

Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo rutivi runorondedzera rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeUnited States. Yakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo, iyi boka resimba rinozivikanwa sehurumende. Framers yakaronga gadziriro umo hurumende yenyika inopa masimba apo nyika dzinochengeta masimba ose asina kupiwa zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti kurambwa. Iyi purogiramu inosimbiswa mugadziriro huru dzemitemo: Chikamu Inoronga masimba eChervement; Chikamu VI chine Suprecy Clause, chinogadza mutemo wehurumende somutemo mukurusa wenyika; uye Shemuspital inoparment inochengeta masimba ose asina kuiswa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Kunzwisisa iyi inodikanwa nokuda kwokunzwisisa ganhuriro yemitemo yepamutemo neyapamutemo pamusoro pehurumende nehurumende.

Simba reHurumende Inotonga Nyika

Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa chiremera mumapoka matatu amasimba: anorongwa, anorehwa, uye anowirirana. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinorondedzera ukuru neganhuriro zvepesvedzero yehurumende panzvimbo nenzvimbo.

Masimba Akavapo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa pachena chirongwa chamasimba anodudzwa mu Article I, Chikamu 8. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza simba rokutera mutero, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nedzimwe nyika, mari, kutanga mahofisi epashure nemigwagwa, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, uye kugovera garikano yose. Chinonyanya ichochi Ndicho Chitendero cheChambe Claus, chinopa chiremera kudzora kutengeserana "pakati pezvikamu zvinoverengeka zvenyika." Nokufamba kwenguva, chirevo ichi chave chinoturikirwa zvikuru, chichibvumira hurumende kudzora mabasa makuru ezvemari anodzokororo kana kuti anotapura zvikuru kutengeserana.

Masimba Akashandiswa Nezvakafanira uye Zvakafanira

Chikamu 8(18)Garams Congress chinodikanirwa neFather Claus(Ndomar shood)wo muChikamu I, Chikamu 8(grants Congress simba rokuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa neyakafanira" nokuda kwokuita masimba ayo akadudzwa. Iyi gadziriro yakanga iri hwaro hwamasimba anorehwa, kutanga yasimbiswa neDare Gurusarudzo mu Mcloch v. Maryland [1819] [FLL:1]. Dare raidavira kuti Congress yaigona kuisa bhangi renyika kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro remitemo rakanga risina kuribvumira zvakajeka, nemhaka yokuti bhangi rakanga riri mutoo wakakodzera wokutakura nawo mibato yeDare reHurumende nerevo. Mariay neFather Calace chifo chakashandiswa kururamisa zvikamu chikuru chamasangano enyika, kubva kumasangano ehurumende kuumba kutengeserana.

Masimba Achiripo uye Claus Ane Simba

Masimba akabatana ndiwo ayo anogoverwa nedzose dziri mbiri hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Idzodzi dzinobatanidza simba rokutera mutero, kukwereta mari, kuumba matare, kuvaka migwagwa, uye kumanikidzira mitemo. Apo rwisano yehurumende nehurumende inopesana. Apo Supremacy Claus inoraira kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hadzigoni kupa mutemo uyo unobvumiranisa zvakananga mitemo yehurumende kana kuti mirau, kunyange kana nhau iri imwe yechiremera chinogoverwa. Dzidziso yeparadziro (*) inoratidzira kana kuti inorehwa nouyu mutevedzo womutemo kuganhurira chiito chehurumende munharaunda umo Dare rakasarudzwa kuti rigare munda.

Kuedza Kunoitwa Nechiremera Chehurumende

Kusunungurwa inzira iyo mutemo wehurumende unokunda nayo mamiriro ezvinhu kana kuti mutemo womunzvimbomo. Inogona kuitika zvakajeka kupfurikidza nomutauro wedare kana kuti chose chose apo murairo wehurumende unova wakazara kwazvo zvokuti unosiya pasina nzvimbo nokuda kwechiito chehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rinoziva zvimiro zvitatu zvikuru zvekusunungurwa: kudzvinyirirwa kwemifungo [, apo Congress inotaura zvakajeka vavariro yayo yokutsiva mutemo wehurumende; [[FLT:]] inoita kuti isave inopesana nemhingano yemitemo yehurumende, inomuka apo inopararira kwazvo dziviriro yehurumende; uye [FLT:], apo mutemo unoinoita kuti iwirirane migariro yomubatanidzwa.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama munzvero yeDare rapamusoro zvikurusa, nongedzera ku LGEal Information Institute yedzidziso yokusunungurwa[[FLT: 1].

Simba Rinoshandiswa Nehurumende Dzinorwira Mari

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa icho hurumende yehurumende yeUnited States inobata pamusoro penyika nenharaunda i inopa Clause, inopa Congress simba rokutera mutero ndokushandisa nokuda kwegarikano yose. Hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa chiremera ichi kupa mari kunzvimbo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji migariro inoda kuwirirana nemitemo yehurumende. Uyu muitiro, pane dzimwe nguva unonzi "fiscalism," unobvumira hurumende yomubatanidzwa kuumba mufambiro wehurumende munharaunda umo ingave isina chiremera chakananga.

Magirazi Anovharwa Nemifananidzo

Mipiro yemari inopa mari iri muzvimiro zviviri zvikuru. Mipiro yemari yakaganhurirwa kuzvinangwa zvakati, zvakadai segadziriro dzezvifambiso kana kuti dzidzo nokuda kwavadzidzi vanowana mari yakaderera. Izvozvi zvinopa hurumende yehurumende udzori hunokosha pamusoro penzira iyo mari inoshandiswa. inopa mari inopa [, kupfurikidza nokupesana, kupa masangano akasiana kuisa mari munharaunda yomuitiro, yakadai sokubudirira kwenzanga kana kuti mabasa enzanga. Nepo bhirit richipa kuchinjika kukuru, kazhinji kazhinji inouya nemitengo yemari yakaderera uye zvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Eyamuro Neganhuriro Dzesimba Renyika

Congress inowanzobatanidza migariro kukupa mari yehurumende yokukurudzira kuwirirana nenharidzano dzenyika. Somuenzaniso, mari yomumugwagwa mukuru yakarongwa pahurumende kukwidza zera rokunwa kusvikira ku 21 uye kuisa ganhuriro dzeropa dzechinwiwa chinodhakisa pa 0.0.08 muzana. Dare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji rakatsigira migariro iyi chero bedzi yainyatsojeka, ine chokuita nefariro yehurumende mupurogiramu, uye kwete kutsigira. NFIB v. Seberius (20) , Dare rakaita gadziriro yeAffordcable Carect yaizove yanyima mari yose yehurumende yeMidid kubva kunyika yairamba kufutunurwa. Dare rakatonga kuti izvi zviidzikire kuganhurira ganhurnyo yavo huru yemari inodzoro kuidzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzosa mitemo.

Claus Wezvokutengeserana: Chinyorwa Chenhau

Kududzira kwaro kwachinja zvinoshamisa nokufamba kwenguva, zvichiratidza kuchinja kwemaonero okudzikamisa kwakakodzera pakati pechiremera chenyika nechehurumende.

Kuwedzera Kutsva

Pamberi pama1930, Dare Gurusa raiwanzova nomurangariro wakaganhurirwa wesimba rezvokutengeserana reCongress, richiganhurira kufamba kwezvinhu mumitsetse yehurumende. Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi kwakaparira wedzero inoshamisa. Muzvinoitika zvakadai se Wickard v. Filburn (1942)[FL:1], Dare rakatonga kuti Congress ingagona kudzora kunyange basa renyika, risiri rekomhomberi dzemari (*) kufanana nomurimi wegorosi anokura nokuda kwokushandiswa kwomunhu oga (* kana basa iroro muaglegate yaigona kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana. Iyi rondedzero yakafara yakapa chiremera chehurumende chehurumende pedyo ne-plenary pamusoro pemari.

Kumukira Kwedare

Kuvambira muma 1990, Dare reRehnquist rakavamba kuganhurira ganhuriro paChongedzero yaClaus. Mu United States v. Lopez (1995), Dare rakarova Gun-Free School Zoners Act, rakabata kuti kutakura pfuti pedyo nechikoro kwakanga kusati kuri mubato wemari uye hakuna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. United States v. Morrison [2000] yakatevera sututi, isati iri mativi eRwirirano Alphilial Act Act Act. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakaratidzirwa pachinjo inokosha, zvinodzorera kuti pakanga pane miganhuro yemitemo yemasangano kudzo yomunzvimbomo, mibato yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo.

Dzidziso yaClaus Yokutengeserana Yazvino Uno

Chivako chapashure peLopez chinoda kuti kuti Dare ridzore mubato muMakambani eChommerce Claus, kuti mubato unofanira kubatanidza mikoto yokutengeserana kwenyika, zvishandiso zvokutengeserana kwenyika, kana kuti mibato ine ukama hwakasimba nezvokutengeserana kwenyika. Nepo hurumende inochengeta chiremera chakafara panhau dzemari, Dare rakairatidza kuti ichatonga muganhu apo Congress inosvika munzvimbo dzegamuchidzanwa dzinodzorwa nehurumende, zvakadai somutemo weutsotsi, dzidzo, uye ukama hwemhuri. Kunzvera nhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzeChoma Clausleascias, kubatanidza [[FLT:] Gonzas v. Raich (2005][FL.1]]])

Masimba Ehurumende Ne Amendedzero Yegumi

Dare reThine Remisi yeMitemo rinobatira sechinotangira pamutemo chouchangamire hwehurumende, richigovera kuti "masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu." Kugoverwa uku kwamasimba kwakadudzirwa kudzivirira chiremera chehurumende panhau dzomunzvimbomo.

Masimba Emapurisa Nedzidziso Yakachengetwa

Masimba eroorano ichiremera chomuzvarirwo chehurumende chokudzora utano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzavagari vemo vavo. Ikoku kunobatanidza nharaunda huru: mirau youtano hwavose, kugarwa kwenzvimbo uye kushandiswa kwenyika, kudzorwa kwavanachiremba, mitemo yeroorano, utsotsi, uye dzidzo. Hurumende yehurumende inowanzoremekedza iyi hurumende yegamuchidzanwa, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kuvapesvedzera kupfurikidza nokushandisa kana kuti kurasikirwa. CHOVID yakasimbisa mwero wamasimba ehurumende, sezvo vatongi vakabudisa kugara panzvimbo inogarwa, mirayiro yemirayiro yemifungo yeroorano, murairo yemifungo yemabhaisiko, uye mirairo yebhizimisi muchiremera chavo chekurumidziro.

Dzidziso Inorwisana Nemirayiro

Chidziviriro chakakomba nokuda kwouchangamire hwehurumende i dzidziso inoraira yeUnited States , iyo inorambidza hurumende yehurumende kuraira masangano ehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru kuti vapedzise gadziriro dzehurumende. Iyi nheyo yakatangwa mu New York v. United States [FLT] [FLT] [3], apo Dare rakarova , uko Dare rakarova mutemo wehurumende uyo waida kuti zita ritore zita rokuisa musero kutsvina ine mubatanidzwa wehurumende. [FLT: 4.] . v. United States (1997) [FLT] [FLT:], iro raingasagona kuraira kuti vakuru vakuru vemutemo vasaidze kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu enguva yakapfuura mushure cheBrame. Chiratiokero chinodzivisa kusimbisa kubatira pamutemo mu [Genearati Acty Act]

Kutonga kwaDillon Nechiremera cheHurumende yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo (matongo, maguta, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo) hazvidudzwi muBumbiro remitemo. Munsi , hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine masimba iwayo bedzi anopiwa nenzira yakananga nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, uye masimba anorehwa kubva pamipiro iyoyo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti maguta namapoka zvisikwa zvehurumende, zvinodzorwa nomutemo kutoti bumbiro remitemo rinogovera utongi hwenzvimbo kutoti . Mukutonga kwemusha, nzvimbo dzine chiremera chikuru zvikuru chokuita mitongo nokutarisira zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo pasina kutsvaka mvumo yakananga. Ukama pakati pehurumende nehurumende inopesana zvikuru munyika, nedzimwe nyika dzinopa dzimwe simba rakafara uye dzinodzorwa zvikuru.

Hondo Dzomubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzazvino Uno

Nharo dzinoverengeka dzemitemo dzinoitika dzinoratidzira hondo inopfuurira pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende.

Kunyoreswa Kwemitemo uye Mutemo Wehurumende

Pasinei zvapo nokurambidzwa kwehurumende kwembanje pasi peGuefed Substances Act, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa chikwata chemuchina kuti chishandiswe mune zvokurapa kana kuti zvenhandaro. Izvi zvinoparira kusawirirana kwakananga pakati pomutemo wehurumende nehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende yave ichida kutora nzira yemaoko kupfurikidza nenhungamiro yokusimbisa yakabudiswa neBato reSahlulero, asi kunetseka kwepamutemo kunoramba. Kushanda kwezvipatara zvehurumende zvinobhadharwa, mabhangi anoshanda kumabhizimisi echimbibi, uye vashandi vanoshandisa mbanje zvose zvinopesana nomutemo wehurumende. Rohraker-Farmeter Amendhendhedger inorambidza Dhipatimendi reSangano reSangano reSangano rezvokuradzo-kuradzo kudzosanwa renziyo yemumumumumumusvoko, asi iyi inofanira kudzorerwa gore negore uye kusashandiswa pakuzvivaraidza.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika

Gadziriro yokubatanidza itsika yehurumende yagara iripo, asi Hurumende dzave dzichishingaira zvikuru munharaunda iyi. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoda kuti mutemo ushande nezviremera zvokupinda munyika, nepo dzimwe dzakashandisa "yamakurukuru" mitemo inoganhurira kubatira pamwe. Dare Gurusa raparadza mitemo yehurumende inoedza kudzora zvakananga kubuda kwavanhu, semu Arizona v. United States (202), iyo yakabvisa gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzeS.B. 1070. Zvisinei, inochengeta chiremera chinokosha pabasa ravatami vanobva munyika, kuwana betsero dzavose, uye kuiswa kwerezinesimu reraisenzi rehurumende, kutungamirira kunzvimbo yemitemo yomubatanidzwa yokutama.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo Nechiremera Chehurumende

Mutemo wemhoteredzo ndiimwe nzvimbo umo chiremera chehurumende nechehurumende chinobatana. Cease Air Act, Clean Water Act, uye mimwe mitemo mikuru yemhoteredzo inogadza mipimo yehurumende asi kazhinji kazhinji inopa mibato yokutonga kupfurikidza nemutezo wehurumende unobatira pamwe. Nyika dzinogonawo kuisa mitemo yakawanda inodzorwa kupfuura mitengo yehurumende, sezvo California yaita nemipimo yemotokari pasi peCheac Air Act. Ichi chiremera cheraver chazova nzvimbo inokatyamadza, nehurumende yehurumende inotsvaka kubvisa chitsauko cheCalifornia neCalifornia inosimbisa maruramiro ayo okuisa kudzora kushatisa tsvina. Kuoma kwemotokari pakati pekugadzirwa kwemotokari nehurumende muboka repetro yemhepo pasi pedecureact nereal rehurumende sezvingabvira kwakaramba kuripo somuitiro wemiitiro yemamiriro okunze enzvimbo yenzvimbo.

Kutarisira Utano Nechiito Chokutarisira Chisingatani Kushatiswa

AFfordIble Care Act yakaita kuti pave negadziriro apo zvirongwa zvine nhevedzano yehurumende yazvo youtano, zvikurukuru mu NFIB v. Sebelius. Kupfuura chinyorwa chewedzero yeMedicaid, ACA yakaita gadziriro apo masangano ane zvisarudzo: vanogona kushandisa kurukurirano dzavo vamene dzeinishuwarenzi youtano kana kuti kuvimba netsinga dzehurumende; vanogona kuwedzera Mdhicaid kana kuti kuderera kuita saizvozvo (se zvaita migariro mizhinji yapakuvamba). Iyi "chisarudzo chapamutemo" inoratidzira muitiro mukuita kuti pave nomutemo unopa mamiriro ezvinhu anobvumiranisa nyika. Kuedza kwepamutemo uye kugadziridza utano kupfuurira kuedza miganhuro yehurumende.

Kudzikama Kwesimba Mugadziriro Yesimba

Dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende haisati iri yakarevesa. Inochinja mukupindura chinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuronga kwokutonga, masangano enzanga, uye katyamadzo dzokunze dzakadai sedenda kana kuti njodzi dzemari.

Masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika anoita basa guru. Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri Congress neupurezidhendi, simba rehurumende rinokombamira kufutunuka sezvo mativi makuru enyika anoratidzira mitemo yakafara. Chishoro chakakamuraniswa kana kuti chenzvimbo yehurumende chinogona kutungamirira kukudzoreswa kwechiremera chehurumende. Kugadza kwoRugare, zvikurukuru kuDare Gurusa, kunogona kuchinja maruramiro ehurumende kwamakumi amakore. Kugadzwa kwevatongi avo vanofarira uchangamire kana kuti simba rehurumende kunogona kuderedza dzikamo muzvinoitika zvinokosha.

Masangano enzanga anoparirawo chinjo. Musangano wekodzero dzavagari vemo wema 1960 wakavimba nesimba rehurumende rokukurira kubviswa kwehurumende. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, masangano okunyoresa marijuana, roorano, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo zvakashandisa zvose zviri zviviri mikana yehurumende nehurumende kuti zviwane nharidzano dzawo. Mano enyika okubatira se "Masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" anobvumira kuedza uko kunogona gare gare gare kuzivisa muitiro wenyika.

Nokuda kwenzwisiso yakakwana yemhindumupindu yehurumende, National Conference of State Legislatures inogovera FAQ ine udzame pahurumende yehurumende iyo inoshandisa zvinoitika zvazvino muukama hwehurumende.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nenharaunda nenzvimbo rutivi rukuru uye runogara rwechidzoreso cheAmerica. Hurumende yehurumende ine simba rinokosha kupfurikidza nokurongwa kwayo, kuratidzwa, uye masimba enzvimbo imwe, zvinoshandiswa nesimba guru zvikurusa kupfurikidza neChemmerce Claus, Pellace, naSupremacy Claus. Bva dzidziso yeTendimendence neMitemo inorwisana nemirairo inodzivirira utongi hunodzivirira udyira, zvikurukuru masimba amapurisa nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Kutaurirana kunopfuurira pakati paaya mauto (* anoumbwa nomutemo, kupfumisa migariro, uye chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika chenyika.) zvakaisvonaka mamiriro ezvinhu eAmerica echinjo. Sezvicho rudzi runotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, kubva pakuchinja kwemamiriro okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuti chinjo dzoutano, kugadziridza mamiriro ehurumende pakati penyika neachakabatana nechinjo yomutemo unodzongedzerwa.