Kutanga: Cornerstone Yeruramisiro

Bazu redare rehurumende yeUnited States rinobatira somuturikiri nomuchengeti womutemo. Yakatangwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, inoshanda nenzira yakazvimirira kubva kumapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka, makakatanwa anopedzwa norugare, uye maruramiro emitemo evagari vemo vose anodzivirirwa. Pasina iyi dare rakasununguka, mutemo waizova mungozi, uye dzikamo yesimba rinorondedzera hurumende yeAmerica ichaputsika. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kweinoita bazi rokutonga, kuti inorongwa sei, uye nei iri nhau kuvagari vemo vose.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro Romutemo Rebazu Rokutonga

Madzibaba akawanikwa akagadzira bazi rokutonga sebazu rehurumende rakaenzana.Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinoisa simba rokutonga muDare Rapamusorosoro uye matare akaderera akadaro seCongress angatanga. Iyi gadziriro inoumba gadziriro yedare rehurumende yakaparadzana nemapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Kuzvimirira kwedare rinotonga kunodzivirirwazve noupenyu hwevatongi vehurumende, avo vanogona kubviswa bedzi kupfurikidza nokusabhadharwa, uye kupfurikidza nevimbiso yokuti mari yavo haigoni kuderedzwa mukati mebasa ravo.

Bumbiro reMitemo harina kusimbisa udzame huri hwose hwebasa rematare. Congress ine chiremera chokuumba matare ehurumende akaderera, kugadza mativi adzo, uye kusarudza nhamba yevatongi paDare Gurusa. Nokufamba kwenguva, dare redare redare ramatongo rakachinja kupfurikidza nemutemo wetsika wakadai seChitatiso cheJudiary che 1789, icho chakatanga chirongwa chematare ehurumende, uye mabasa akatevera akaumba matare edunhu okukwirira nematare eruwa. Hwaro hwemitemo hunovimbisa kuti bazi ringashanda secherekedzo pane mamwe mapazu, pfungwa inoreverwa yakakurumbira mu [FLT:]. Madisonson [FLT:] [F1]

Mabasa eCore uye Mabasa

Bazu redare rinoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka anokosha kukuita kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Basa guru redare nderokududzira revo yemitemo ndokusarudza kana iwirirano neBumbiro remitemo. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuhwirudzura zviito zvebazu guru uye mitemo inopfuudzirwa neCongress. Apo mutemo unowanwa kuva unoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, matare ane simba rokuiparadza, nokudaro achigumisa tapuro yayo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa chedare. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, matare edare akashandiswa mumhaka dzisingaverengeki kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, kuganhurira hurumende, uye kuchengeta kuparadza kwamasimba ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mu Brown. Dare redzidzo yedzidzo yeSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reProper Soucial. [[FLT]] [1954]], Dare rakashandisa kuzivisa nzanga yerudzi muzvikoro zvisingaverengeki

Chisarudzo Chegakava

Rimwe basa rinokosha ichisarudzo chemagakava pakati pemapato. Dare rinoteerera nyaya dzinobatanidza vanhu, mabhizimisi, uye masangano ehurumende. Idzi nharo dzinogona kuva dzehurumende (zvikurukuru, kusawirirana, kutemwa kwezvinhu, kuvadziko yomunhu oga) kana kuti utsotsi (zvichirevo, kukwikwidziridza kutyora mitemo). Bazu redare rinogovera kusava nedivi raro apo ufakazi hunopiwa, nharo dzinoitwa, uye chisarudzo chinotonga chinogona kupiwa. Pasina matare, kusawirirana kunofanira kupedzwa kupfurikidza nokuzvibetsera kana kuti kurwisana, kuputsa nhevedzano yenzanga.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Bazu redare igweta rinopa miuyo yokupedzisira yekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko. Bhishopi yekodzero dzavanhu negadziridzo dzinotevera inovimbisa rusununguko rwakadai sekutaura, rudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana. Vagari vanogona kuunza matare kuti atsigire idzi maruramiro, uye matare ane chiremera chokuraira mishonga, kubatanidza mirango, uye kusunungurwa kwavanhu vakachengetwa zvisina kururama. Matare akadai se [FLT: 0] Maranda v. Arizona (1966) uye [[FLT:] Grede] v. Wanighty[FLT][FLT] [12] [12]

Kuvakwa Kwegadziriro Yokutonga yeUnited States

Gadziriro yokutonga muUnited States yakakamurwa kuva gadziriro mbiri dzakafanana: matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende. Gadziriro imwe neimwe ine simba rayo, marongerwo, uye mitemo. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro mbiri kunokosha kuvagari vemo vangada kushandisa matare.

Matare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare romubatanidzwa ine nhurikidzwa nhatu huru:

  • Dare reruwa - Idzi imatare okutonga umo mhaka dzinovamba. Kune matare eruwa 94 munyika yose, rimwe nerimwe richifukidza nzvimbo yakati. Anobata mhaka dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzeutsotsi dzinobatanidza mutemo wenyika, nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, uye gakava pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana-- siyana.
  • Matare eNhengo eZvikumbiro - Kune matare 13 anoongorora zvisarudzo zvabva kumatare oruwa. Haaiti matare asi panzvimbo pezvo anonzvera zvinyorwa nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvepamutemo. Vari paboka rinorasikirwa pamwero woruwa rinogona kukwirira kudare redunhu kana vakadavira mhosho.
  • Dare repamusoro reUnited States - dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika, rine matare mapfumbamwe. Rinonzwa kukwirira kunobva kumatare edunhu uye kumatare makurusa ehurumende apo mubvunzo womubatanidzwa unobatanidzwa. Dare rapamusoro rinongosarudza bedzi chikamu chiduku chenhau dzinokumbirwa gore rimwe nerimwe, zvikurukuru izvo zvinobatanidza nhau dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematare akaderera.

Kuwedzera kumitsetse mitatu iyi, kune matare ehurumende chaiwo akadai seDare reInternational Trade reUnited States, Dare reFederal Rekuongorora, uye Dare Remitero reUnited States rinobata nhau dzakati sedzakarondedzerwa neCongress.

Matare Ehurumende

Hurumende imwe neimwe ine gadziriro yayo imene yokutonga, iyo inowanzoratidzira gadziriro yehurumende. matare ehurumende anobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau, kubatanidza kupiwa mhaka mumutemo wehurumende, nhau dzomutemo wemhuri, kukwikwidzanidza, kupesana, uye kuputswa kwemiitiro. Masangano edare ehurumende anowanzova nematare edare (anowanzonzi matare makuru kana kuti matare eruwa), uye dare rapakati rehurumende. Chirongwa namazita zvinosiana nehurumende, asi basa rinoramba richitsinhirana: kududzira mitemo yehurumende nemitemo yemitemo.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pechivako chematare ehurumende, shanyira website yeMatare eU.S.: [[FLT][1] Rove yeCURT ne.

Maitirwo Anoitwa Zvisarudzo: Kufunga Kwepamutemo uye Kukanganisa

Chisarudzo chedare chinotungamirirwa nemubatanidzwa womutemo wemitemo, nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye zvisarudzo zvedare zvisati zvaitwa. Dzidziso ye stares decis[ (chiLatin nokuda kwe “kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvasarudzwa”) inoda matare kuti atevere mienzaniso yakagadzwa muzvinoitika zvapakuvamba. Iyi nheyo inotsigira kusachinja, kudeya kutemwa, uye ruramisiro mumutemo. Kana dare rapamusoro ratonga panhau dzapamutemo, matare maduku anosungirwa kushandisa kutonga ikoko mumhaka dzakafanana.

Basa Remberi

Kutanga iko musimboti wemitemo yavose. Inovimbisa kuti mhaka dzakafanana dzinobatwa zvakafanana, iyo iri dare guru reruramisiro. Zvisinei, matare anogona kuchinja muenzaniso apo migariro inochinja kana kuti apo chisarudzo chapamberi chinorangarirwa kuva chisina kururama. Dare Rapamusoro rashandisa simba iri muzvinoitika zvinozivikanwa, zvakadai se . Dare reDzidzidzo , iro rakapidigura dzidziso ye asi yakaenzana. [18]]. Mano okudzoserazve muenzaniso anobvumira mutemo kushanduka - chinja nemipimo.

Kuitwa Kwechisarudzo

Munhau chaiyo, muitiro unotanga nokunyoreswa kwenhau kana kuti mhaka. Mubatanidzwa unopinda mukuwana, kutsinhana ufakazi, uye ungapa ufakazi. Pakutonga, ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu, uye mutongi anosarudza maidi. ipapo mutongi anoshandisa mutemo wakafanira kumaidi iwayo ndokupa chisarudzo. Mumatare edare, muitiro wacho wakasiana: magweta anopa mipfupikiso yakanyorwa uye kupa nharo dzamashoko, uye boka ravatongi (kana kuti dare rakazara) rinosarudza kana dare rokutonga richiita chikanganiso chapamutemo. Vatongi ipapo vanopa murangariro wakanyorwa vachitsanangura kurangarira kwavo.

Muitiro weDare Gurusa unoita chisarudzo wakaoma zvikuru. Pashure pokupa certiorari (chibvumidzo chokunzwa nhau), ruramisiro inohwirudzura mipfupi, kunzwa nharo, uye kuva nemusangano wakavanzika kuune. Murangariro ipapo unodzorwa, kazhinji kazhinji neruramisiro yakashanda senhungamiro mukurukurirano, uye inoparadzirwa nokuda kwokugadziridza. Murangariro wokupedzisira unova muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwematare ose akaderera.

Bazu Rokutonga Namaruramiro Avagari

Rimwe remabasa anokosha zvikurusa edare rinobetsera kutonga kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzavanhu vamwe navamwe. Dare rinobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana nehurumende inongwarira uye rinovimbisa kuti hakuna mutemo kana kuti chiito chinogona kuputsa rusununguko rukuru. Vagari vanogona kudenha mitemo yavanodavira kuti inoputsa maruramiro avo, uye matare ane simba rokuparadza mitemo iyoyo.

Mhaka Dzakagadzirwa Nekodzero Dzevanhu

Munhau yose yeAmerica, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakabudisa zvisarudzo zvakakudza ndokurondedzera maruramiro avagari vemo.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Yakaita rusaruro irworwo muzvikoro zvehurumende rwakaputsa Encime Expressial Clause, ichiputsa dzidziso ye “yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana".
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) - kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunodikanwa kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo dzokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva negweta pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – akavimbisa maruramiro okupa zano nokuda kwavakwirirwi mumhaka dzoutsotsi avo vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) - Yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo romukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri, kunyange zvazvo gare gare kwakadzorwa, nhau yacho inoratidzira basa redare mududzira maruramiro akavanzika.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) - Kusimbiswa ikoko varoorani vane maruramiro emitemo evatano okuroora muChiitiko chapamutemo naNhungamiro yakaenzana Claus.

Simba rokududzira Bumbiro Remitemo nenzira isingadzivisiki rinobatanidza kutonga kunokosha, uko kuri chikonzero nei kugadzwa kwavatongi kuri muitiro unopomerwa mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Vagari havafaniri kubatanidzwa mumhaka yakakwirira kuti vabetserwe nedziviriro yedare. Kana kutaura kwakasununguka kwomunhu kuchiganhurirwa nomutemo womunzvimbomo, vanogona kukwirira mudare rehurumende. Kana mutemo wehurumende ukasarura boka duku, matare anogona kugovera mushonga. Kodzero yemuitiro unoda kuparira kuti hurumende isati yatora upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma, kutongwa kwakarurama kunofanira kuitika.

Kupindira Kunoita Vagari Vemo Nebazu Rokutonga

Kunzwisisa kukurukurirana uku kunobatsira kuti matare arambe aripo uye kunokurudzira kuti vanhu vabatane.

Jury Duty

Dare reSixth Amendment rinovimbisa kodzero yokutongwa nedare risingasaruri munhau dzemhosva, uye Seventender Amendment inopa kodzero iyoyo kumhosva dzevagari vemo. Pavanoshevedzwa kuti vashandire basa redare redare redare, vagari vemo vanofanira kushanda kunze kwokunge vabvumirwa. Vanoteerera uchapupu, vaune dare, vozodzosera mutongo.

Kunyora Mutemo

Vanhu vamwe navamwe vakatadzirwa vanogona kuisa mhaka mudare ravagari vemo.Mienzaniso inowanzobatanidza kutaura kwokukuvara kwomunhu oga, kusabvumirana kwebvumirano, kusarura basa, uye kukakavadzana kwezvinhu. Gadziriro yedare inobvumira vatongi kutsvaka muripo, mirau, kana kuti rutongeso rwokubvisa. Nepo kupinza gweta kuri kwakafanira, matare maduku anotaura kuti anopa nzvimbo iri nyore apo vanhu vanogona kuzvimirira vamene.

Gadziriro Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Apo mumwe munhu anopomerwa mhaka, vanova mutori rutivi mugadziriro yedare. Muitiro unobatanidza kusungwa, kutongwa, kutongwa, uye kutongerwa. Mutongi anova nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzomukwiridziridzi dzinodzivirirwa, kuti muroveri wemhosva asvike mutoro wake woufakazi, uye kuti chirango chinobvumirwa nomutemo. Kunyange avo vasina kupomerwa vangabatana nedare sezvapupu, vanyajambwa, kana kuti mitezo yemhuri yavapomerwi.

Kusvika Kururamisiro

Nenzira isingafadzi, gadziriro yapamutemo inogona kuva inodhura uye yakaoma. Vagari vazhinji havagoni kubhadhara gweta, iro rinogona kutungamirira kumiuyo isina kururama. Bazu rinotonga rakatora nhano dzokuvandudza kusvika kururamisiro kupfurikidza neyamuro yapamutemo yakatenderwa yehurumende, probono, uye miitiro yakapfavisa mumatare akati. Zviwanikwa zvakadai se [FLT][1] American Bar Constitution’s Legal Service Division[]

Kukosha Kwebhuku Rinoongorora

Vatongi vanofanira kuva vakasununguka kusarudza nyaya dzinobva mumutemo uye muzvinhu zvinonzi nevakuru vakuru kana kuti vehurumende, vasingatyi kutsiva, uye vasingakurudzirwi nevoruzhinji kana kuti nevavariro dzavo. Mutemo unodzivirira kuzvitonga noupenyu uye mari inobhadharwa, asi tsika dzehurumende uye kuvimba nevanhu zvinokosha zvakafanana.

Kutyisidzira kuzvimirira kwokutonga kunogona kuuya muzvimiro zvakawanda. Kuedza kupa matare, kuderedza kutsigira nemari, kana kuti kutyisidzira vatongi kunosekesa gadziriro yacho. Vatongi vanotsamirawo pamamwe mapazu kuti vatsigire mirairo yayo. Apo bazu guru rinopa mirayiridzo yedare, chiremera chedare chedare chinoderedzwa. Vagari vanofanira kuva vanongwarira mukudzivirira kuzvimirira kwematare, sezvo kuri madikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro avo vamene.

Kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pebasa redare ramatongerwe enyika rakazvimirira, [[FLT] mapeji edare redare inogovera rondedzero yakadzikama yesangano nenhau yaro.

Mugumo: Bazu Rokutonga seshongwe Youtongi Hukuru

Bazu redare rinotonga rinopfuura zvikuru nzvimbo yokupedza nayo kakavadzano. ibasa rinoturikira reBumbiro remitemo, muchengeti wekodzero dzomunhu oga, uye bazi rakaenzana rehurumende rinonzvera simba ramamwe mapazu maviri. Kubva kudare duku romunzvimbomo kuDare Gurusa reUnited States, vatongi vanoshanda zuva nezuva kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro inodzorwa zvakanaka uye kuti mutemo ushande. Mugari ari wose anobetserwa negadziriro ino, uye mugari wemo ari wose ane basa mukuitsigira kupfurikidza nokubatira padare, pamusoro pezvisarudzo, kana kuti kutsigira nokuda kwedare rakarurama nerakazvimirira.

Kunzwisisa izvo bazu rokutonga rinoita hakusati kuri zivo yedzidzo bedzi; kunokosha nokuda kwougari hwemo hunoziva.