Unyanzvi hwegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica, sezvinotaurwa naJames Madison muFederalist No. 51, iri mumukana wayo wamaune wesimba. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, iyi paradzano inoparira mativi akawanda okuwana. Kunzwisisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana zvepesvedzero inowanika muwirirano, mukuru, mukuru, uye mapazu edare zvinochinja muvhoti akakanganisika kuva mutsigiri ane simba. "Kutsamira pavanhu ndiko, pasina panikiro, udzori hukuru pahurumende," Madison akanyora, "asi ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwadzidzisa rudzi rwomunhu kudikanwa rwedziviriro dzebetsero dzinowanika mumitemo, kutungamirira." Nheveredzo dzebetsero nedzidzo dzebetsero dzinoshanda muvakidzarwo.) Nhamba idzodzo dzezvikamu nedzidzodzo dzomunhu anogara pasi pebazu rimwe nerimwe.

Kugadzirwa Kwesimba: Nei Zvichikosha Kuronga Zvinhu

Kubata mapazu ose ehurumende sokunge anoshanda nenzira imwe cheteyo igadziriro yokusashanda kwechikwata. Tsamba kumutongi inotakura uremu hwakasiana kupfuura tsamba kumuiti wemitemo. Tsinhiro yavose kusangano rinoraira inotevera muitiro wakasiana wemitemo kupfuura vhoti muCongress. Sisitemu inogadzirwa nenzira iyi kudzivisa sangano ripi neripi kuti risadzore zviri nyore chishandiso chose. Kumugari wemo akapikirwa, inoreva kuziva mitemo chaiyo yebazu rimwe nerimwe kuti riomeredze. Muitiro unozivikanwa unoremekedza basa rakasiyana rebazu rimwe nerimwe neripo rinenge richidzora kubatanidzwa zviri nyore.

Bazi Repamutemo: Dare Rezvido Zvoruzhinji

Bazu remitemo rakagadzirwa mubumbiro remitemo kuva rinogamuchira zvikurusa chido chakakurumbira. House of Declarations, nenhambo dzaro dzamakore maviri okusarudza, rakaitirwa kuva rinotapurwa zvikuru nemirangariro yavose. Dare, rakasarudzwa pakuvamba namatare ehurumende, rakagadzirwa sedare rinopa rusununguko zvikuru, asi Remendment yechi 17 rakaiita kuti rizvidavirire zvakananga kuvavhotiwo. Chishandiso chako chikuru pano isangano rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kurumbidza Senheyo, Kwete Chinodzikisirwa

Nepo kuvhota nokuda kwomumiriri wako chiri chiito chinokosha zvikurusa, inongova bedzi nzvimbo yokupinda. Sarudzo yeMidter, uko kuderera kwenhau ne 30-40% kana kuenzaniswa namakore oupurezidhendi, ndiko uko kudzorwa kweDare reCongress kunowanzosarudzwa. Kunzwisisa migove yedare romumiriri wako kwakakomba. Mutezo weHouse Agriculture Committee unoita chimwe chinhu zvikuru kunhau dzepurazi kupfuura uyo anogara padare reMakurukota. Miteo, zvinetso zvikuru, uye kuvimbisa kwomunzvimbomo ndiwo mitoo inoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvigaro pakati pezvivhotaro.

Kubatanidzwa Kwakananga Nevamiririri Navabatiri

Mukusafanana nechitendero chakakurumbira, mahofisi esangano anonyora onano imwe neimwe inobva kumunhu mumwe. Tsamba kana kuti runhare inosanonzi ine musoro mukuru kupfuura kadhidhi rakagadzirwa neboka revamiririri. Mitezo yeStaff, zvikurukuru Legislative Director and Counser, inyanzvi dzinopfupikisa nhengo panhau dzakaoma. Kuvaka ukama hunokudzwa, hunogara nevashandi ava kunogona kukugovera mutsetse wakananga mumuitiro wemitemo. Misangano yehoro yeTown inoramba iri nzvimbo ine simba yokuzvidavirira, zvikurukuru apo mibvunzo inosanoongororwa naanosanotendiswa.

Simba Rouzivi Hwakarongwa

Pane musiano mukuru pakati pokutaura murangariro nokuunganidza mutsigiri. Masangano eGrassoots anoratidzira kufara, tsigiro yehasha muruwa anogona kubvisa chimiro chomumiriri parutivi rwemitemo. Chinzwano chavakadzi Voters, somuenzaniso, chinogovera maturusi asingatsigiri kunzwisiswa kwemitemo, nepo mapoka enhau (seACLU kana kuti NRA) achigovera unyanzvi hukuru nenhamburiko dzinobatanidzwa. Sangano ndiro: boka ravagari vemo 50 vanosangana nguva dzose uye vanotsinhirana nokusagona kudzora kupfurikidza nokushanda kwavo nguva dzose kupfurikidza navanhu 500 vari vogariranwa.

Kutora Rutivi Nenzira Yakananga

Vagari vemo vazhinjisa havazivi kuti vanogona kutora rutivi mumuitiro wemitemo imene. Matare anoita dare ravose pamutemo unokarakadzwa (bills). Uku kunzwa kunobvumira chipupuriro chenyanzvi netsinhiro dzavose. Kupa rugwaro kuchinyorwa chedare kunovimbisa nzvimbo yako kuva rutivi rwenhau yemitemo yehurumende. Mumitemo mizhinji yehurumende, unogona kunyoresa nzvimbo yako papepa remitemo paIndaneti. Raibhurari yeCongress inochengeta nhungamiro yakakwana kumuitiro wewirirano, uye Conforfer.Gov

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chapamusoro: Injini Yeutarisiri

Apo bazi remitemo rinonyora mitemo, bazu guru rinofemera upenyu mariri kupfurikidza nokudzikamisa uye murairo. Gurukota rehurumende, rinoumba madhipatimendi akadai seHealth neHuman Services (HHS), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), uye Department of Education, rinobudisa zviuru zvemiraudzo gore rimwe nerimwe. Iyi mirau ine simba romutemo. Pesvedzero yoga yoga yoga yega yega yega inoumbwa nehurumende, panzvimbo yepamutemo.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vatungamiriri

Sarudzo yaPurezidhendi neyomubatanidzwa dzinosarudza utungamiriri hwenzvimbo yapamusoro hwamasangano anotungamirira. Purezidhendi mutsva anogadza vasarudzo navakuru vesangano vanogadza zvokutanga zvokutanga. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei sarudzo nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vachikwikwidzwa zvikuru kwazvo, ivo vanosarudza kana mutemo uchimanikidzirwa nenzira youdzori, isingashandisi, kana kuti kwete. Zvisinei, vazhinjisa vabatiri vebasa vebasa rehurumende vanoramba vari munzvimbo dzinoteverwa, vachigovera kupfuurira nounyanzvi. Kushanda nesangano kunoda kunzwisisa ikoku simba.

Muitiro wokupa mashoko netsinhiro" Kudzika mitemo

Iyi sezvinooneka ndiyo chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa, bva chakaderedzwa zvikurusa, chepesvedzero yavagari vemo muhurumende yose yehurumende. Administrative Procedire Act (APA) inoda masangano ehurumende kubudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa muFederal Register ndokugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose pamberi pokuipedzisa. Iyi haisati iri bhokisi rokukarakadza; chinodikanwa chapamutemo. Dare rinofanira kurava ndokupindura kutsinhiro dzapazasipo. Tsinhiro yemite yedata-drensigno inogona kumanikidza chiteshinanisiro kurangarirazve mutemo kana kuti kuzviisa mungozi nokuda kwokuva "yerrary ne"."

Purogiramu .gov ndiyo nzvimbo yepakati yebasa iri. Unogona kutsvaga mitemo inokarakadzwa pamisoro yakadai sekusatora rutivi kwemambure kusvikira kukotsekano yemishonga inouraya zvipembenene. Kunyora tsinhiro inoshanda kunobatanidza kududza zvikamu zvakati zvomutemo unokarakadzwa, kugovera ufakazi, uye kutsanangura kushanda kwemitemo. Iyi idemocracy akananga mubato, yakanangurirwa negadziriro yemitemo yepamutemo.

Zvikumbiro, FOIA, uye Kubvunza Pachena

Kupa chikumbiro kukambani kunenge kuri chikumbiro chepamutemo chokuti chitevedzero. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inobvumira vagari vemo kukumbira magwaro kubva kubazi guru, kujekesa kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei. Kushandisa FOIA nenzira inoshanda kunogona kubudisa mashoko nekurukurirano zvomukati zvinotsigira zvinangwa zvako zvokuva mudariro.

Mapazi Anotungamirira Hurumende

Magavhuna ehurumende namasangano ehurumende (kuguma kwedzidzo, zvokufambisa, kunaka kwemhoteredzo) kazhinji kazhinji ane tapuro yakananga zvikuru paupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Miitiro yokuita mitemo yehurumende inomirira gadziriro yehurumende. Sangano rehurumende rinokurudzira mipimo mitsva yemvura inofanira kugamuchira tsinhiro dzavose. Kupinda pamwero wahurumende kunogona kuva kunoshanda zvikuru nemhaka yokuti kutora rutivi kwakaderera zvikuru, kureva kuti inzwi rako rinova gurusa.

Bazu Rokutonga: Gunhu reNheyo Dzemitemo

Bazu rokutonga, rinorondedzerwa naAlexander Hamilton se "bazu remhuka rine ngozi" nemhaka yokuti haridzori chikwama kana kuti munondo, rine simba guru kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yorutongeso — mano okuputsa mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Pesvedzero yorudzi pano yakananga zvishoma asi inokosha zvakaenzana. Bazu rinotonga rakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kubva muhukuru hwezvematongerwe enyika husingachinjiki, unoreva kuva avana mukurumbira uye nguva refu.

Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu Kunokonzerwa Nezvatinoronga uye Zvatinoudza Vamwe

Nemhaka yokuti vatongi vehurumende vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, muitiro wokusarudza irwisano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi avatongi vanodzorwa vanogoverana uzivi hwavo hwapamutemo, uye Dare rinovasimbisa. Iyi ndiyo nzira huru yemubato wevagari vemo padare redare. Kutumira nokuda kwapurezidhendi akavakirwa pakugadzwa kwavo kwedare, uye kumanikidza vasande kusimbisa kana kuti kuvhara varwi, chimiro chakatindivara chepesvedzero refu yenguva. Vatongi vehurumende vanowanzosarudzwa zvakananga, vachibvumira kuti vadzorerwe nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwavo kwapakare.

Kutora Rutivi Chakananga: Juries, Amicus Mipfupi, uye Kumira

Vagari vanotora rutivi zvikurukuru mubazu redare zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi. Machinda matanhatu neSecond Amendments anovimbisa maruramiro okutonga mumitongo youtsotsi neyavagari vemo. Pashure pematare edare, "shamwari yedare" (amecuscuriae) inobvumira vanhu, mapoka ezvikoro, uye nyanzvi kupa nharo kudare pamusoro penhau yausiri mubato. Somuenzaniso, kutsigira kusiri kwemifungo yekodzero dzemunhu oga kunogona kuisa mhaka pfupi muruzivo rukuru rworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kuunza dare, mugari wemo anofanira kuva ne akamira `kukuvara kwekongiri uko dare rinogona kurapa. Mapoka emhoteredzo, somuenzaniso, anowanzoshandisa gadziriro dzakakodzera mumitemo yakadai seCease Mvura Act kukwidza vasvibisi kana kuti EPA zvakananga.

Kunyengera, Mafungiro Evanhu, uye Matambudziko Aiitwa Nemutemo

Vatongi pavanenge vakazvimirira, havashandi munzanga. Nemhaka dzekodzero dzevagari vemo (se Brown v. Board of Education kana ... Obergefell v. Hodges) dzakatangira namakumi amakore ekodzero dzevoruzhinji, rondedzero, uye mipimo yenzanga yakachinja. Masangano akaita seNACPLC Legal Defense Fund neInnocence Project anoshandisa projects requects kuti achinjedzei retation re rekostimulation. Shaking aia hurukuro yavose kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau uye mapepa.

Kushandisa Mapazi Ose Pamwe Chete

Mapazi ose ari matatu anonyanya kushanda pakudzidzira vanhu mashoko epabonde.

  • [ Dare: Vagari vanomanikidzira nokuda kwomutemo wehurumende wakavanzika wakakwana. Vanopa vamiriri vavo, vanopupurira pakutonga kwedare, uye vanoronga vavhoti panhau yacho.
  • Bazu rePuregial: Apo Congress inoita maune, vagari vemo vanomanikidzira Federal Trade Commission (FTC) kushandisa chiremera chayo chiripo kudzora miitiro yemiitiro yemitoo yemashoko isina kururama kana kuti inonyengera. Vanopa tsinhiro dzakadzama kuFTC pamitemo yakavanzika inokarakadzwa.
  • Jodicial Bazu:[[FT:1] Pashure pokunge FTC yapa mutemo, indasitiri inoidzivisa. Mafaira eVagari anotsigira mutemo. Kana Congress ikapa mutemo wakakanganiswa, vagari vanotsigira denho yapamutemo inopesana namaruramiro eFirst Amendment.

Uku kusvika kune zvakawanda kunoparira kudzorwa. Kana bazu rimwe risingagamuchiri, unogona kuchinja murangariro kumumwe. Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri mhinganidzo yechiito; igadziriro yakarongwa yokuvimbisana kunopfuurira.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvazvino Uno Zvokuvawo Nezvaunogara Mumo

Kungava kusachenjera kukurukura pesvedzero yevagari vemo pasina kubvuma denho. Kuparadzana mumari yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunotevera zvisarudzo zvakadai se Citimans United v. FEC, kukudza manzwi evapfumi namasangano. Gerrymering inoparira "kuchengeteka" nzvimbo umo vamiririri vanotya zvikuru denho kubva kuruvava rukuru rwebato ravo kupfuura chivhotera, kuchideredza kugamuchira kwavo kuvhota. Pakupedzisira, kuoma kwemarisa yebhajeti rehurumende nebumbiro remitemo zvinogona kuodza mwoyo zvikuru.

Kukurira idzi mhinganidzo dzinoda musengwa kudzidzo yehurumende nesangano. Kunoreva kutsigira masangano anorwira kodzero dzokuvhota nokumirira zvakanaka. Kunoreva kuziva kuti hurumende yomunzvimbomo / mapuranga okuvhota, matare echikoro, matare eguta, dare reguta (jena renhau) kazhinji kazhinji inhandare inowanika zvikurusa neinotapura mugariwo zvake. Inzwi rimwe pamusangano wedare rechikoro rinogona kuchinja muitiro.

Hurumende Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo: Masangano Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Noruzhinji

Hurumende inowanzova mutungamiriri mukuru weinishuwarenzi, dzidzo, kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, uye kusarudza. matare ehurumende anodudzira mitemo yehurumende, inogona kudzivirira zvakakura kupfuura mutemo wehurumende.

Hurumende yemo ndiyo inosangana nerondedzero. Zvisarudzo zvemabhajeti, mari yemapurisa, zvikoro zvepashure pechikoro zvinosarudzwa nematare eguta, masangano eruwa, uye masangano ezvikoro. iyi mitumbi inoungana nguva dzose, uye tsinhiro dzavose dzinobvumirwa nguva dzose. Mhinganidzo yokupinda iri pasi. Kumhanyira hofisi yomunzvimbomo kana kuti kungopinda musangano wedare reguta ndeimwe yenzira dzakananga zvikurusa dzokushandisa nadzo inzwi rako.

Mugumo: Utariri Hunoshanda Hwegadziriro Yakaoma

James Madison akapikisana muFederal N. 51 kuti "unofanira kutanga ugonesa hurumende kudzora vanodzorwa; uye munzvimbo inotevera inoigombedzera kuzvidzora imene. Kuparadzana kwamasimba inzira yokuzvidzora. Asi iyi nzira inoda kuvimbisana uye kuziviswa kwevagari vemo kushanda zvakanaka. Inzwi rako harisi pepa rimwe chete muhoro inorebesa. Ibasa rinochinja kugadziriro ine simba, inokurukura.

Kuva mugari wemo kunobudirira mugadziriro yakaparadzana yamasimba kunoreva kuziva [ apo [FLT] kuvhota, apo kuisa tsinhiro yavose, [ how[[FLT]] kukurudzira sangano, uye [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[[FLT]] [ nhau dzokutonga. Kunoda nzira, kupfuurira, uye kudisa kudzidza mitemo yemapazi rimwe nerimwe. Muitiro wakagadzirirwa kuva unononoka uye unodzivirira rusununguko. Kukwira kukugovera simba uye kunokuita kuti ugoda kupfurikidza nemasimba anogamuchirwa. Chipo hachitongo chinodzongofanira kuva chinhu chapamutemo.