Table of Contents

Dare reUnited States rakaumbwa pasi peChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo kuti rishandise ruramisiro nenzira yakaenzana uye isina rusaruro, mukati moudzori hwakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo neCongress. Idzi matare anoumba musimboti wegadziriro yekutonga yehurumende, kubata nhau dzinotapura mamirioni eAmerica zuva riri rose. Kubva pakudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kusvikira kupedza gakava remitemo rakaoma, matare ehurumende anobatira savachengeti vanokosha veruramisiro uye mutemo muUnited States.

Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei, marudzii enhau dzaanobata, uye nei nhau dzawo dzichigona kukubetsera kunzwisisa zviri nani basa redare muhurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Kana ukabatanidzwa munhau yepamutemo, unofarira nhau dzomubatanidzwa wehurumende, kana kuti kungoda kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoshanda sei pamwero wenyika, kudzidza pamusoro pematare ehurumende kunogovera nzwisiso inokosha mune rimwe ramapazu matatu ehurumende.

Tsika Yebumbiro Remitemo Rematare Ehurumende

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga serimwe ramapazu matatu akaparadzana uye akasiyana ehurumende yehurumende.

Mapazu matatu aya — anotonga, anotonga, anotonga — anoshanda mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo ye "checks nedzinodzikama". Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange zvazvo bazu rimwe nerimwe rakaparadzana nenzira yapamutemo namamwe maviri, Bumbiro reMitemo rinowanzoda batira pamwe pakati pamapazu. Somuenzaniso, nepo Congress inopa mitemo naPurezidhendi anoaratidzira, bazi rinotongawo, rine chiremera chokusarudza kuva kwemitemo yehurumende ndokupedza dzimwe nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende.

Simba rematare ehurumende rakarondedzerwa neBumbiro reMitemo, mirau, uye zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States. Ikoku kunoreva kuti matare ehurumende haana simba risina kuganhurirwa rokunzwa nhau ipi neipi.

Nyaya III Chirango

Chikamu III chinogovera kuti simba rinotonga "richatambanudzira" kumarudzi mapfumbamwe e "mitumbi" uye "masangano" zviitiko zvose mumutemo uye kuwirirana kuripo pasi peBumbiro remitemo, mitemo, uye zvibvumirano zveUnited States; nhau dzose dzinotapura nhume, vamwe vashumiri voruzhinji navanodzorwa; nhau dzose dzekudzorwa kwemibato yegungwa; nharo pakati peUnited States ibato; gakava pakati pehurumende navagari veimwe nyika; gakava pakati pevagari vemo venyika dzakasiyana- siyana; gakavadzano pakati pevagari vemo venyika imwe cheteyo dzinoti nyika dzinoti nyika; uye gakavadzano pakati pehurumende kana kuti vagari vemo vayo vanobva munyika dzakasiana - siyana; uye rwisano pakati pehurumende kana kuti vagari vemo vomunyika dzayo vokumwe nyika;

Matare eFederal Court ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa chokunzwa nhau idzo dziri muchimiro chose chiri zviviri chinorondedzerwa muChikamu III cheMitemo yeU.S. nemitemo yeChession neCongregationational, dzinodzitsauranisa nematare ehurumende, ayo kazhinji kazhinji ane chiremera chakafara.

Zvirongwa Zvitatu Zvematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende ine mwero mikuru mitatu: matare oruwa (dare rinotonga), matare edunhu ari mwero wokutanga wekukwirira, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, mwero wokupedzisira wekwidza mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unobatira donzo rakasiana mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro yomubatanidzwa.

Matare Oruwa eU.S.: Dare Rokutonga

Dare reruwa 94 kana kuti redare reruwa reUnited States rinobatira senzvimbo yokupinda nokuda kwenhau dzakawanda dzehurumende, richishanda sematare anotonga apo ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu zvinopupurira, uye madare anobetsera kupa zvisarudzo.

Dare reruwa rinopedza nharo kupfurikidza nokusarudza maidi nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi iwayo. Basa iri reidi rakakomba nemhaka yokuti matare anotora mhaka anowanzofuratira chisarudzo chedare roruwa cheicho chakaitika chaizvoizvo mumhaka, panzvimbo pezvo kuisa ngwariro pakuti mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama here.

Mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa neCongress neBumbiro reMitemo, matare oruwa ane chiremera chokunzwa anenge mapoka ose enhau dzehurumende, kubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi. Uku kudzora kwakafara kunoreva matare oruwa anotonga chinhu chiri chose kubva kumhosva dzoutsotsi dzehurumende kusvikira kumhosva dzehurumende dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, uye gakava pakati pavagari venyika dzakasiana - siana.

Dare reruwa rimwe nerimwe rine anenge Mutongi mumwe weRuwa weUnited States, akagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare nokuda kwenhambo youpenyu.uku kugadzwa kwoupenyu hwose, kuchiva nomufambiro wakanaka, kunobetsera kuvimbisa kuzvimirira kwokutonga kupfurikidza nokudzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dare reruwa rinoshandisawo vatongi vemajaji vanobetsera vatongi voruwa munzira dzakasiyana - siyana. Chinopesana nechisarudzo choupenyu hwose ndechevatongi vemajaji, avo vakasarudzwa navatongi voruwa ndokubatira shoko rakajeka. Vatongi vanogona kubata nhau dzokutanga, kuitisa mhaka, uye kunyange kutungamirira marudzi akati emiedzo nemvumo yebato.

Matare Okukwirira eU.S.: Dare Repasumo reInternamete Appellate

Dare rehurumende rinoita basa rinokosha mugadziriro yokutonga yehurumende, richiongorora zvisarudzo zvabva kumatare eruwa nemasangano anotarisira ehurumende.

Maruwa 94 edare reUnited States akarongwa kuva matunhu 12 ematunhu eruwa, rimwe nerimwe rine dare rezvokukwirira reUnited States. Dunhu rimwe nerimwe rinofukidza nyika dzakawanda, kuchitanga kupesana kwenzvimbo dzinodzorwa neappelte. Somuenzaniso, The Finth Tturt, semuenzaniso, rinobatanidza nyika dzeTexas, Louisiana, uye Mississippi.

Iri basa remativi maviri rinoreva kuti matare edare rokukwirira haangohwirudzuri chete zvisarudzo zvedare asiwo zviito zvakaitwa nemasangano ehurumende akadai seSocial Security Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, uye mimwe mitumbi yakawanda inoita zvokudzorwa.

Mukuwedzera, Dare Rezvikumbiro reFederal Ganhuriro rine chiremera murudzi rwose chokunzwa zvikumbiro munhau chaidzo, zvakadai seidzo dzinobatanidza mitemo ine chiremera uye nhau dzakasarudzwa neDare reInternational Trade neDare reFederal Anties. Iri dunhu regumi namatatu rinosiana namatunhu enharaunda kupfurikidza nokunangidzira ngwariro panhau yenhau panzvimbo pemugariro wenzvimbo.

Kushanda Kunoita Matare

Kusiyana nematare okutonga, matare anotonga haarambi mhosva kana kunzwa uchapupu hutsva; haanzwi zvapupu zvichipupurira; uye hapana dare rinobetsera vatongi.

Basa redare redare rinotonga nderokusarudza kana mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama mudare rokutonga kana kuti sangano rinotarisira rehurumende. Iyi mirariro pamibvunzo yapamutemo panzvimbo penharo dzeidi inosiyanisa kuhwirudzurwa kwokutongwa kwedare.

Zvikwiriso kumatare edunhu zvinotanga kunzwiwa neboka, rina vatongi vatatu vedare redunhu. Iri boka revatongi rinohwirudzura mipfupi, rinonzwa nharo dzinotaurwa kubva kugweta, uye rinopa pfungwa yakanyorwa inotsanangura chisarudzo charo. Chisarudzo cheboka rinova muenzaniso unowirirana wematare eruwa mukati medunhu iroro.

Munhau dzisingawanzoitiki, dare rose redunhu ringarangarira zvikumbiro zvakati mumuitiro unonzi "en brac". mirangariro yeEn banc inowanzova inorema zvikuru uye inowanzosarudzwa bedzi pashure pokunge boka ratanga kunzwa nhau yacho. En branc inohwirudzura panoitika apo mhaka inobatanidza mubvunzo wapamutemo wakatokosha kana kuti apo kunenge kune dikanwo yokuyananisa zvisarudzo zvenzvimbo dzakarongwa dzinorwisana mukati medunhu.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Sedare rapamusoro zvikurusa mugadziriro yehurumende, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinobatira somupi wekupedzisira wedudziro yomutemo womubatanidzwa nemitemo yebumbiro remitemo.

Pachishandiswa mirayiridzo yaro, uye mune mimwe mirayiridzo yakatangwa neCongress, gore roga roga Dare Repamusorosoro rinonzwa nyaya dzakaganhurirwa padzinokumbirwa kusarudza.

Mapati angaisa "chirevo checertiorari" kudare, achikumbira kunzwa mhaka yacho. Kana dare rakapiwa, Dare Gurusa richatora kurukurirano pfupi uye mufambiro. Zvisinei, Certiorari haawanzobvumirwi; isingasviki 1% yezvikumbiro kudare rapamusoro inonzwiwa chaizvoizvo. Uku kusarudza kunobvumira Dare kuisa ngwariro panhau dzine chokuita nenhau dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pematunhu akasiana - siana.

Nhau idzodzo dzingavamba mumatare ehurumende kana kuti ehurumende, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro peBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvinogadza muenzaniso unobatira nokuda kwematare ose ehurumende nehurumende murudzi rwacho rwose, zvichiita kuti kutonga kwaro kuve kunopesvedzera zvikuru.

Kupomerwa Kwepakuvamba kweDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nepo vanhu vazhinjisa vachifunga nezveDare Rapamusoro zvikurukuru sedare rinotonga, rinewo simba rapakuvamba pamarudzi akati enhau.Apo Dare rinoshanda sedare rokutonga kunotaurwa kuva rine simba rapakuvamba, uye rinodaro mumigariro mishomanene inokosha, zvakadai seapo imwe hurumende inokwidza imwe nyika.

Zvisinei, nhau dzehurumende dzepakuvamba hadziwanzoitikiwo nemhaka yokuti, kunze kwesutu kana kuti makakatanwa pakati pehurumende mbiri, Dare rakabvumira nenzira inowedzera matare ehurumende akaderera kugoverana simba rawo rapakuvamba.Ikoku muitiro unobvumira Dare Rapamusoro Kuisa upfumi hwaro hwakaganhurirwa pabasa raro rekudzosera.

Matare Ehurumende Anokosha

Kupfuura chirongwa chine simba chematare oruwa, matare ezvikwiriso, uye Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa, gadziriro yokutonga yomubatanidzwa inobatanidza matare akazvipira chaiwo anoverengeka akagadzirirwa kubata marudzi akati emhaka.

Matare Okusabhadharwa Mari

Maruwa 94 ehurumende anotonga nyaya dzokubhuroka, uye munenge mumaruwa ose, nyaya dzokurasikirwa dzinoiswa mudare rinobhuroka.

Iyi hurumende yakaganhurirwa inoratidzira kupiwa kwesimba kwebumbiro remitemo kuCongress kugadza "Mitemo yeUniform panhau yeBankruptices muUnited States yose.

Mitemo yemari inobetsera vanhu vasingagoni kubhadhara vakweretesi vavo vanowana mavambo matsva kupfurikidza nokuparadza zvinhu zvavo kuti vabhadhare zvikwereti zvavo, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuita gadziriro yokubhadhara.

Nyaya I matare

Dare reHurumende rakagadzira chikamu chinoverengeka chisiri rutivi rweChikamu Chechitatu cheBazi.Chikamu I chinobatanidza: Dare Rokukwirira reUnited States nokuda kweVareterans, Dare Rokukwirira reUnited States nokuda kweMauto Ane Zvombo, Dare Remitero reUnited States nedzimwe dzinoverengeka.

Dare iri rakasiyana nedare reI raitonga rapaChikamu I kazhinji kazhinji harina basa renduramo uye ringava nehurumende yakaganhurirwa zvikuru. Mukuwedzera, mamwe matare ane chiremera munyika yose nokuda kwenhau dzakadai semutero (United States Taxial Court of Federal Ponties), anorwisana nehurumende yeUnited States (Dare reUnited States reFederal Deties), uye bhizimisi ramarudzi ose (United States Court of International Trade).

Dare Rehurumende Kupomera Mhosva: Inhaui Dzinogona Kunzwiwa Nematare Anotonga Nyika?

Matare ehurumende ane simba rakaganhurirwa, uko kunoreva kuti anogona bedzi kunzwa nhau dzinobatanidza mitemo yomubatanidzwa chaiyo, nhau dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti gakava pakati pamativi akasiana - siana. Uku kuganhurirwa kunosiyanisa matare ehurumende nematare ehurumende, ayo ane chiremera chose chose pamusoro penhau zhinjisa dzapamutemo.

Kubvunzurudzwa Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Kubvunzurudza kunobvumira matare ehurumende kunzwa nyaya dzinoparirwa neBumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, kana kuti zvibvumirano.

Idzi mhaka dzinofanira kuunzwa mudare rehurumende nemhaka yokuti dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti hurumende yehurumende sebato.

Kusarudza Kwakasiyana - siyana

Mhaka dzakavakirwa chose chose pamutemo wehurumende dzingaunzwa mudare rehurumende muudzori hwedare "divivi renyika". Kutonga kwamarudzi akasiyana - siyana kunobvumira mutevedzeri wenyika imwe kuisa mhaka mudare rehurumende apo mukwirirwi anenge ari mumugariro wakasiana.

Kuunza kutaura kwomutemo wehurumende mudare rehurumende, vaparidzi vose vanofanira kuva munyika dzakasiana - siana kupfuura vose vakwirirwi, uye "kupinda mugakava" kunofanira kuva anopfuura $75 000. Ichi chinodikanwa chehurumende chinovimbisa kuti matare ehurumende anonzwa kakavadzano huru bedzi pakati pemapoka anobva munyika dzakasiana - siana.

Chisakiso chesimba remhatsa ndechokuti kugovera kusatora rutivi apo mativi anobva kunyika dzakasiana - siana angatarisana nefungira mano yakaipa mumatare enyika imwe neimwe. Zvisinei, mhaka dzoutsotsi dzingasadzorwa mumarudzi.

Concurrect Juriction

Mamwe marudzi enhau anogona bedzi kunzwiwa mudare romubatanidzwa (kudzora kunobatanidza), nepo mamwe achigona kunzwiwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti zvimwe rehurumende (kudzora kwenguva imwe).

Mukupesana, nhau dzakawanda dzinobatanidza mitemo yehurumende dzinogona kuunzwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti zvimwe rehurumende.

Muitiro Wokutonga Wamasangano

Vatongi veFederal (neDare Gurusa "ruramisiro") vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa "nezano nebvumirano" zveDare uye "vachabata mahofisi avo mukati momufambiro wakanaka". Vatongi vangachengeta nzvimbo yavo kwoupenyu hwavo hwose, asi vazhinji vanorega kana kuti vanorega basa pakuvamba.

Uyu muitiro wokugadza upenyu hwose, wakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo, unobatira madonzo anokosha anoverengeka. Anodzivisa vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pomufungo wakakurumbira kana kuti rangariro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Munhau yose, vatongi vomuhurumende gumi navashanu vakarashwa nemhaka yechakaipa chinofungidzirwa. Uyu muitiro wokupa zano unogovera nzvero pasimba rokutonga apo unochengeta kuzvimirira kwokutonga nokuda kwavatongi vanoita mabasa avo nenzira yokutendeka.

Kutapura Kunoita Matare Anotonga Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Zvisarudzo zvawo zvinoumba pamutemo unoshanda nevanhu, mabhizimisi, uye hurumende.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Dare rehurumende ndiro rinonyanya kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Parinotongwa nehurumende, kana kuti hurumende, kana kuti nzvimbo yacho, sezvinonzi inoputsa Bumbiro Remitemo, matare ehurumende anogovera nzvimbo yokuitira mhindu. Izvi zvinosanganisira nyaya dzinobatanidza:

  • Rusununguko rwokutaura, chitendero, uye vanobudisa nhau muFirst Amendment
  • Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvaka kusina musoro uye kugwinha muMutemo Wechina
  • Muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana muMitemo yeMitemo Yechishanu neyechigumi Negumi
  • Kodzero Dzevaipomerwa Mhosva Pasi PeMitemo Yechitanhatu, uye Yechisere
  • Kutengesa kodzero uye kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu parusaruraganda runobva padzinza, unzenza, chitendero, kwakabva nyika, urema, uye mamwewo mavara akadzivirirwa

Iyi dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo inotapura munhu ari wose, kubva kuvadzidzi vanoshandisa maruramiro okutaura akasununguka kuchikoro kusvikira kuvanhu vamwe navamwe vanopomerwa mhaka dzoutsotsi kuvashandi vanosarurwa kubasa.

Kudzorwa Kwezvokutengeserana Nebhizimisi

Matare ehurumende anodudzira ndokushandisa mitemo yehurumende inodzora bhizimisi nokutengeserana, ichitapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kudziviriro yezvokutengeserana kusvikira kukuchengetwa kwokusavimbika kusvikira kumurairo wokusavimba.

Somuenzaniso, matare ehurumende anoteerera nyaya dzinobatanidza:

  • Mitemo yezvakatipoteredza inoita kuti mhepo ive yakanaka, mvura yakanaka, uye marudzi ari pangozi
  • Mitemo yevashandi inodzora mibhadharo, mamiriro ezvinhu okushanda, uye kuronga mubatanidzwa
  • Mitemo inodzivirira inochengetedza vanhu pavanoita zvechitsotsi, miitiro inonyengera, uye zvinhu zvinogadzirwa
  • Kuvimba nemitemo inodzivisa kudzorwa kwevasina vamwe uye kusimudzira makwikwi
  • Mitemo yezvivako inodzora misika yezvitoro uye kudzivirira vatengi vemari
  • Mitemo yezvinhu inodzivirira kodzero dzepamutemo, maruramiro okuita zvokuburitsa mashoko, uye zviratidzo

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinokanganisa mabhizimisi makuru nemaduku, uyewo vatengi vanobatsirwa nemisika yemakwikwi uye mirayiridzo yokudzivirira.

Kutamira Kune Imwe Nyika uye Kunzi Mugari Wemo

Dare rehurumende rine simba rakakwana pamusoro penhau dzokutama nokuchinja zvinhu.

Nyaya idzi dzinotapura zvakananga mamiriyoni evatami nemhuri dzavo, dzichisarudza kuti ndiani anogona kupinda muUnited States, ndiani anogona kuramba aripo, uye ndiani anogona kuva vagari vemo.

Kutonga Kwoutsotsi Kwechibharo

Nyika dzingangounza bedzi kuroverwa mhaka mumatare ehurumende, uye hurumende yehurumende ingaunza bedzi kuroverwa mhaka mudare rehurumende.

  • Kutengesa zvinodhaka uye kuparadzira
  • Mhosva dzemitengo michena dzakafanana nokubiridzira, kubhadharisa mari, uye kubhadharisa mari
  • Utsotsi hwakarongwa uye kubiridzira
  • Ugandanga nemhosva dzokuchengeteka kwenyika
  • Utsotsi hunoitirwa panzvimbo dzehurumende kana kuti kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende
  • Mhosva dzehurumende dzakadai sokubiwa kwavanhu uye kutakura zvinhu zvakabiwa
  • Utsotsi hwemakombiyuta uye kubiridzira

Kupa mhaka kwakakomba kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza mhaka dzakakomba zvikuru uye zvikurukuru kunoguma netongero refu kupfuura kurovererwa mhaka kwehurumende kwakaenzana.

Kuchengeteka Kwenzanga uye Hurumende Zvinobatsira

Nyaya idzi dzinobatsira mamiriyoni evanhu vokuAmerica vanotsamira pakuchengeteka kwenzanga kuti vawane mari yakawanda.

Nenzira yakafanana, matare ehurumende anoteerera mhaka dzinobatanidza betsero dzavarwi, Medicare naMedicaid, zvirongwa zvebetsero yezvokudya, uye mamwe mapurogiramu ehurumende zvinobetsera. izvi zvisarudzo zvinosarudza kana vanhu vachigamuchira betsero dzavane maruramiro okuita pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Kubhangirwa Neyamuro Yechikwereti

Dare rehurumende rinoona nezvokubhuroka rinogovera vanhu uye mabhizimisi ane mutongo wepamutemo wokubata nechikwereti chikuru.

Zvisarudzo zvokusabhadhara mari hazvingoiti bedzi vane chikwereti vanotsvaka zororo asiwo vakweretesi vanotsvaka mari, vashandi vane mabasa angatsamira pakurongwazve kwebhizimisi, uye nzanga dzinotapurwa nokuvharwa kwebhizimisi kana kuti kugadziriswa.

Kukosha Kwezviito Zvechinyakare Mumatare Ehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinoshanda mudzidziso yokutarisisa, kureva kuti “kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvasarudzwa. ” Iyi nheyo inoda kuti matare atevere mienzaniso yakagadzwa nematare makurusa musimba rimwe chetero.

Nokuda kwematare oruwa, ikoku kunoreva mienzaniso yakatangwa nedare rezvikumbiro nokuda kwedunhu rawo uye neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa.

Gadziriro iyi yemuenzaniso inogovera betsero dzinoverengeka:

  • Kurambwa: Varapi namativi vanogona kufanotaura kuti matare angatonga sei pahwaro hwezvisarudzo zvakatangira, kuabvumira kuronga mufambiro wawo ndokuyera simba rezvinotaurwa nepamutemo.
  • Zvisachinja: zvinoitika zvakafanana zvinosarudzwa zvakafanana, zvichisimudzira ruramisiro uye kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo.
  • Kushanda: Dare harifaniri kurangarirazve mibvunzo yakagadziriswa yomutemo muchinoitika chiri chose, richiabvumira kunangidzira ngwariro panhau itsva nekakavadzano dzeidi.
  • REGITA: Kunamatira kumuenzaniso kunoratidzira kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pezvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvavatongi vamwe navamwe.

Kukamuraniswa Kwematunhu uye Kuhwirudzura Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Nepo mhaka imwe inogona bedzi kutongwa nedare rimwe redunhu, nheyo yapamutemo yapamutemo ingatongwa kupfurikidza nemhaka dzakawanda mumatare amatunhu akaparadzana, kuchitanga kusawirirana pakati pamativi akasiyana eUnited States.Izvi zvinoparira chisarudzo chakakamuraniswa pakati pematare edunhu. Kazhinji kazhinji, kana pane chisarudzo chakakamuraniswa pakati pamatunhu maviri kana kuti anopfuura, uye mhaka inowirirana ichakwidzwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richaita nhau iyoyo kupedza paradzano.

Zvikamu zvedunhu zvinoumba migariro umo mutemo mumwe chetewo womubatanidzwa unodudzirwa nenzira yakasiana mumativi akasiana enyika. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukusaruramisira nokusava nechokwadi. Basa reDare Rapamusorosoro mukupedza kukamuraniswa kwenharaunda rinobetsera kuchengeta kubatana mumutemo womubatanidzwa murudzi rwose.

Dare Rehurumende Rinorwisana Nematare Ehurumende: Kunzwisisa Dual System

Kunzwisisa misiyano iri pakati peiyi gadziriro miviri yematare ehurumende kunobetsera kujekesa apo matare ehurumende ane chiremera uye apo matare ehurumende akakodzera.

Misiyano Yamagamuchidzanwa

Dare rehurumende rine simba rakaganhurirwa, rinogona bedzi kunzwa mhaka dzinobvumidzwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo kana kuti mitemo yehurumende. Dzinobata mhaka dzehurumende, mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, gakava pakati pehurumende, uye mhaka dzinobatanidza mutemo womubatanidzwa.

Izvi zvinosanganisira kurovererwa kwemhosva kwemhosva dzakawanda, nyaya dzemhuri, nyaya dzokupa mhosva, kupara mhosva, kupara mhosva, kubvumirana pabvumirano, uye dzimwe nyaya dzinozivikanwa nemutemo.

Misiyano Inooneka

Miitiro yedare rehurumende yakarongwa zvikuru uye yakarongwa, uye inoita kuti mitemo youfakazi iteererwe zvakasimba. miitiro yedare rehurumende ingasiana zvikuru yakavakirwa pamitemo yehurumende imwe neimwe, kuiita kuti ive inochinjika zvikuru uye inochinjika kuzvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo.

Matare eFederal Anotevera Federal Mitemo yeCivil Procediture, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedecture, uye Federal Mitemo Youfakazi. iyi mitemo yakafanana inoshanda mumatare ose omubatanidzwa murudzi rwacho rwose, ichisimudzira tsinhirano mukurondedzerwa kwomubatanidzwa.

Matare ehurumende, mukupesana, anotevera mitemo yawo amene yetsika, iyo inogona kusiana zvikuru muhurumende nehurumende.

Zvirongwa Zvokuda Kupedza Kudzidza

Nyaya idzi dzinogonawo kumira pamberi peDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, dare repamusorosoro munyika yacho.

Mumiitiro yedare rehurumende, zvikumbiro zvinoendeswa kumatare ehurumende uye zvingasafambira mberi kudare repamusorosoro rehurumende, rinosiyana kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuhurumende. matare makuru ehurumende (kana kuti akaenzana nawo) ndiwo anopedzisira kudzosa mutemo wenyika, kunyange zvazvo mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende yeUnited States ichigona kukwidzwa kuDare Rapamusoro reU.S.

Nzira Yokuwana Nayo Matare Anoshandira Kumwe

Kunzwisisa nzira yokupinda nayo matare ehurumende kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi angada kunyora mhaka, kudzivirira kupomerwa, kana kuti kutora rutivi mukutonga kwedare rehurumende.

Kutonga Mudare Rehurumende

Kunyora nhau mudare rehurumende, unofanira kutanga kusarudza kana ganhuriro yehurumende iripo.Ikoku kunoda kuziva mubvunzo womubatanidzwa (nhau inomuka pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo) kana kuti chiremera chemhatsa (nhau pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana - siana inobatanidza inopfuura $75 000).

Nyaya dzinoiswa muDare Roruwa rakakodzera reU.S., iro rinowanzova ruwa rwunogara mukwirirwi kana kuti umo zvinoitika zvinopa kupomerwa kwacho zvakaitika. Dare rimwe nerimwe roruwa rine hofisi yomunyori inogamuchira mapepa uye rinogovera mashoko pamusoro pemiitiro yedare.

Matare akawanda ava kushandisa makombiyuta okuisa zvinhu paIndaneti, achibvumira magweta nenhengo kuti vasarudze magwaro paIndaneti.

Kudzivira Murwi Wacho

Nepo vanhu vane maruramiro okuzvimirira vamene mudare rehurumende (proceding "se"), kurongeka kwehurumende kwakaoma uye kunoumbwa. Miitiro yakarongwa, mitemo yorumano youfakazi, uye zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zviduku zvinoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuvasiri vatevedzeri vemitemo kutungamirira dare rehurumende nenzira inobudirira.

Nokuda kwenhau zhinjisa dzehurumende, kupinza basa gweta rine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kunopiwa mufungo. Varapi vedare reFederal vanofanira kubvumwa kuti vashandise muruwa rwakati umo ivo vari kuoneka, uye ivo chaizvoizvo vane zivo chaiyo yemuitiro womubatanidzwa nomutemo wehurumende.

Kune vaya vasingakwanisi kuwana gweta, panogona kuwanikwa zvisarudzo zvakawanda:

  • Zano rakagadzwa nedare mumhaka dzoutsotsi nokuda kwavakwirirwi vanopokanidza
  • Masangano eyamuro yepamutemo anogovera mabasa epamutemo pachena kuvanhu vakaderera vanouya
  • Purogiramu dzeprobono uko magweta anozvipira kuita mabasa awo
  • Makiriniki emitemo ezvikoro ayo anogovera betsero yapamutemo pasi petarisiro yavakuru vakuru

Kuwana Ruzivo Rwavose Kumatare Anoongorora

Kutongwa kwedare kwavose kazhinji kazhinji kunozarukira vanhu, kuchiratidzira nheyo yokuti ruramisiro inofanira kuva inoratidzirwa uye inozvidavirira. Munhu upi noupi anogona kupinda kutonga kwedare kwakawanda zvikurusa kwehurumende uye matare, akaiswa pasi pesimba redare nezvinodikanwa zvokuchengeteka.

Zvinyorwa zvedare zvinowanikawo kuvanhu kupfurikidza nePACIR, kunyange zvazvo kune mubhadharo muduku wokuwana magwaro. mamwe magwaro angaiswa chisimbiso kana kuti kugadziridzwa kudzivirira zvakavanzika, zvakavanzika zvokutengesa, kana kuti mashoko okuchengetedza nyika.

Website yeU.S. pa www.ustourts.gov inogovera mashoko makuru pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, kubatanidza zviwanikwa zvedzidzo, nzvimbo dzedare, zvirongwa, uye mirayiridzo yemiitiro.

Zviitiko Zvemazuva Achangobva Kuitika Nezvinetso Zviri Kuitika

Zvirongwa zvedare zviri kuramba zvichichinja zvichichinja maitiro epamutemo, enzanga, uye okugadzira zvinhu.

Kuoma Kwehosha Nemanyuko

Dare rehurumende rinotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzine chokuita nokutarisirwa kwemhosva uye ganhuriro dzezvikwereti. Nepo chiverengero chavatongi vehurumende chawedzera nokufamba kwenguva, hachina kuchengeta fambiro mberi nokukura kwechiverengero chavagari vemo nokukura kwomutemo womubatanidzwa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukunonotsa muchisarudzo mumhaka nedzvinyiriro yakawedzerwa pavatongi navashandi vedare.

Panhambo nenhambo Dare rinotanga zvibvumirano zvitsva zvokutonga kupedza zvinetso izvi, asi muitiro wokugadza unogona kuva unononoka, uye nzvimbo dzingaramba dzisina kuzara kwenhambo dzakareba.

Ruzivo Nefivha Yemagetsi

Makombiyuta, mavhidhiyo anoshandiswa kuti anzwisiswe nyaya, uye kuti mapepa ematare edare aende kudare ashande paIndaneti zvakachinja mashandiro anoita matare ehurumende.

Denda reCOVID-19 rakawedzera kushandiswa kwenhau dziri kure, matare akawanda achiitisa mhaka uye kunyange kutongwa kupfurikidza nemusangano wevhidhiyo. Nepo nhau mudare repepuko dzakatangazve, matare akawanda anopfuurira kupa zvisarudzo zviri kure nokuda kwemarudzi akati okutonga, kuvandudza kusvika kwamapoka namagweta ayo angatarisana nemitoro yenzendo.

Misiyano Nemifananidzo

Kunoitira hanya mhatsa mumatare edare, kubatanidza mhatsa yakavakirwa padzinza, chirume kana kuti chirume, mamiriro ezvinhu ounyanzvi, uye mavambo enzvimbo. Vatongi vakasiyana - siyana vanogona kuunza mirangariro nezvinoitika zvakasiyana - siyana kukuita rutongeso rwedare uye kuwedzera chivimbo chavanhu mumatare.

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona mhatsa yakawedzera mukugadzwa kwedare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo vatongi vachigere kuratidzira zvizere kuumbwa kwechiverengero chavagari veAmerica.

Basa Rematare Ehurumende Mukudzivirira Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Matare ehurumende anoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira masangano ehurumende yedemocracy nemiitiro. Anobatira senzvero pasimba rehurumende neremitemo, achivimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chiwirirano neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Anodzivirira maruramiro mashomanene pakunyengera kwevatungamiriri. uye anogovera nzvimbo yokupedza magakava murugare kupfurikidza nemiitiro yapamutemo panzvimbo pesimba kana kuti simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kududzira Bumbiro Romutemo

Simba rokuhwirudzura kwokutonga ($) chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvisingawirirani nemitemo(imwe yemabasa anokosha zvikurusa ematare ehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo risina kutaurwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, iri simba rakatangwa pakuvamba munhau yeAmerica uye razova chinhu chikuru chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare, matare ehurumende anova nechokwadi chokuti mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshanda mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

Mutemo Wechisarudzo Nokupa Kodzero

Zvitendero izvi zvinochinja zvakananga gadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa uye kusarudzwa kunoitwa vanhu, kuverengwa kwemavhoti, uye kusarudzwa kwemaruwa.

Matare makuru akabatsira kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota, kunyanya dzemapoka emarudzi mashoma uye mamwe anenge asingachawirirani nenhau dzakaitika kare.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kunopesana

Dare rehurumende rinopedza kakavadzano pakati pamapazu ehurumende, richisarudza ukuru hwechiremera chapamusoro, ganhuriro dzesimba remitemo, uye miganhu yokuhwirudzura.

Mienzaniso yemazuva ano inosanganisira nyaya dzine chokuita neropafadzo yepamusoro, kuva mutariri wesangano, simba rapurezidhendi rokupa mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru, uye basa revakuru vakuru vemasangano.

Kunzwisisa Zvisarudzo Zvedare Rehurumende

Zvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende zvinobudiswa munhau dzakasiana - siana namapepa apamutemo, zvichiaita kuti asvike kumagweta, nyanzvi, uye vanhu.

Zvikamu Zvepfungwa Dzedare Rehurumende

Murangariro chaiwoiwo wedare rehurumende unobatanidza zvikamu zvinoverengeka:

  • [[FFT:0]
  • [ ZVIMWE: zvinorondedzera zvakaitika kuti kukwidziridza gakava rapamutemo
  • Nhoroondo yenhau: inotsanangura kuti nhau yacho yakasvika sei mudare razvino uno
  • Ibuso: dzinoratidza mibvunzo yepamutemo iyo dare rinofanira kusarudza
  • Analysis:[ Anotsanangura kurangarira kwedare, kubatanidza mirau yakafanira, mienzaniso, uye nheyo dzapamutemo
  • [[FOL:0] Kuisa:[ kuzivisa chisarudzo chedare pachinyorwa chimwe nechimwe
  • Dhipatimendition: inotsanangura chinotevera kuitika (mutoo, kusimbisa, kuchinjwa, kunyorwazve)

Mirangariro ingabatanidzawo mifungo inovapo (kubvumirana nomuuyo asi nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana) uye mifungo inopesana (kupesana nechisarudzo choruzhinji).

Zvisarudzo Zvisina Kubudiswa

Zvisarudzo zvinobudiswa zvinobudiswa mumatare ose edare zvinoratidzira zvisarudzo zvokubudisa uye zvimwe sezvisina kubudiswa.

Chisarudzo chokubudisa chinotsamira zvikurukuru pakuti nhau yacho inobatanidza nhau yenhau itsva yepamutemo here, inopedza rwisano mumutemo, kana kuti ine revo huru kupfuura vanhu vanobatanidzwa.

Kupindira Kunoita Matare Ehurumende Nematare

Kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vaipindirana sei kunobatsira kujekesa ukama huri pakati pemutemo wenyika uye basa rematare ehurumende nehurumende.

Mibvunzo Yehurumende Mudare

Apo matare ehurumende anodudzira mutemo womubatanidzwa, anofanira kutevera mipimo yomubatanidzwa, kubatanidza zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa.

Kana chisarudzo chedare rehurumende chikabatanidza mubvunzo wehurumende, chingakwidzwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States.Izvozvi zvinobvumira Dare Rapamusorosoro kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo wehurumende unotsanangurwa zvakafanana mumatare ose ari maviri ehurumende nehurumende.

Kubviswa kubva kuHurumende kuenda kuDare reFederal

Apo mhaka inoiswa mudare rehurumende asi ingagona kuve yakaiswa mudare rehurumende (nokuti simba rehurumende riripo), mukwirirwi angakwanisa kubvisa mhaka yacho kudare rehurumende.Ikoku kunobvumira vakwirirwi kusarudza dare rehurumende kunyange apo vatongi vaisarudza dare rehurumende pakutanga.

Kubviswa kunofanira kuitika mukati menhambo yenguva yakatarwa uye kunoda kunyora ziviso yokubviswa kwezvose zviri zviviri matare ehurumende nehurumende. kutonga kwedare rehurumende kunofanira kuchengetwa ipapo, uye nhau yacho inopfuurira mudare rehurumende.

Dzidziso Dzisingachinji

Dzidziso dzakasiyana - siyana dzokusaita zvinhu dzinoda kana kuti dzinobvumira matare ehurumende kuti adzorere nyaya dzehurumende apo nhau dzomutemo wehurumende dzinotonga, apo kupindira kwehurumende kunoramba kuchiitwa, kana kuti apo kupindira kwedare rehurumende kungadzongonyedza fariro dzinokosha dzehurumende.

Idzi dzidziso dzinoratidzira nheyo dzehurumende uye wirirano, dzichiziva kuti matare ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji anopiwa nzvimbo iri nani yokududzira ndokushandisa mutemo wenyika.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda Pamusoro Pematare Ehurumende

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pematare ehurumende, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika:

  • U.S. Dare reTCS: Website yepamutemo pa www.ustourts.gov inogovera mashoko akakwana pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, kubatanidza zvishandiso zvedzidzo, nzvimbo dzedare, uye nhungamiro dzemifungo.
  • Federal Judication Center: Sangano redzidzo rematare ehurumende rinopa zvinyorwa, mapurogiramu edzidzo, uye zviwanikwa zvenhau pamusoro pedare rehurumende.
  • Twebsite: matare ehurumende mamwe namamwe anochengeta mawebsite ane mitemo yomunzvimbomo, zvimiro, anosarudza mashoko, uye mashoko akajeka.
  • Ma Serimendimendi echibharo: Mabasa akafanana neWeslaw, LexisNexis, uye zviwanikwa zvapachena saGoogle Schor inogovera kusvika kumifungo yedare rehurumende nenzvero yapamutemo.
  • Maraibhurari apamutemo: Zvikoro zvakawanda zvemitemo nedzimba dzedare zvine maraibhurari omutemo akazarukira vanhu, navatarisiri veraibhurari vanogona kubetsera kuwana zviwanikwa zvapamutemo.
  • Programu dzokudzidzisa: Matare anowanzogovera mapurogiramu edzidzo, shanyo, uye mibato yokusvika kubetsera vanhu kunzwisisa gadziriro yokutonga.

Mugumisiro: Chikonzero Nei Matare Ehurumende Achikosha Kwauri

Kubva pakudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo kusvika pakududzira mitemo yehurumende kusvika pakugadzirisa kusawirirana pakati pemasangano anobva kunyika dzakasiyana - siyana, matare ehurumende anotonga zvinhu zvinenge zvose zvenzanga yemazuva ano.

Ungave uri muridzi webhizimisi anodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende, munhu anosimbisa kodzero dzako dzebumbiro remitemo, mutami anotsvaka nzvimbo yapamutemo, kana kuti anongova mugari wemo anofarira mashandisirwe eruramisiro, matare ehurumende ane basa kwauri. Anogovera nzvimbo yokugadzirisa nayo makakatanwa norugare, anodzivirira kodzero shomanene pamitongo yehurumende, anovimbisa kuti hurumende ishande mukati memitemo yebumbiro remitemo, uye kuvamba mutemo wehurumende unoshanda munyika yose.

Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anoshanda sei (8) chimiro chawo, simba rawo rokutonga, miitiro, uye basa muhurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica (8) masimba okutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mugadziriro yemitemo uye kunzwisisa matare anokosha anoita mukuchengeta mutemo. Dare rehurumende, nokuzvipira kwaro kururamisiro isina rusaruro nenheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, zvinoramba zviri chimwe chenheyo huru dzehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu.

Nokudzidza nezvematare ehurumende, unonzwisisa kuti kunetsana kwepamutemo kunogadziriswa sei, kuti kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzivirirwa sei, uye kuti bazi rinotonga rinoshanda sei senzvero pasimba revakuru vakuru neromutemo.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pegadziriro yedare rehurumende, shanyira U.S. website yepamutemo kana kuti zvinyorwa zvinobva Federal Judicial Center[. Aya manyuko ane chiremera anogovera mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pemagadzirirwo edare, miitiro, uye basa rehurumende rinoita zuva riri rose kuisa ruramisiro nenzira yakarurama nekusasarura.