Gadziriro yorusununguko rweAmerica iri pahwaro hwezvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo nedudziro dzedare dzinopinza upenyu mumashoko iwayo akanyorwa. Kunzwisisa maruramiro ako apamutemo hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo(icho chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokuda kwokufamba upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakusangana nemirairo yomutemo kusvikira kukutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose. Dare Gurusa reUnited States, somuvambidziri wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo, akaumba aya maruramiro kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvechinyorwa izvo zvinopfuurira kunzwika nhasi. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kwokupedzisira kwamaruramiro makuru, nhau dzenhau dzenhau, uye kutenderera kwenyika yepamutemo kunofanira kuziva.

Nheyo Dzekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe Mubumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakatenderwa muna 1788, pakutanga raiva nedziviriro shomanene dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu. Bill of Rights, yakawedzera muna 1791, yakabvisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokuronga ganhuriro dzakati pasimba rehurumende. Zvisinei, ukuru hwekodzero idzi pakutanga hwakanga hwakaganhurirwa, huchishanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira apo pashure peKivil War igadziridzate-Dintemple’s Decratement’s Reservect Proces neFomment Classias(8) kuti dzakawanda dzedziviridzo idzi dzakabatanidzwa mukurwisana nehurumende nedzidziso yehurumende yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nedzidziso yezvisarudzo.

Muitiro uyu unoreva kuti inenge kodzero iri yose iri muBill of Rights zvino inoshanda kunyika, kwete bedzi Washington, D.C. dzidziso yeDare Gurusa yave ichikosha mukuvimbisa dziviriro yakafanana munyika. Somuenzaniso, dziviriro dzakasununguka muFirst Amendment dzakashandiswa kunyika dziri mu Getlow v. New York (1925), kunyange zvazvo Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwekodzero dzakaita kuti pave neSangano reFirst Const Amendment, kuita kuti gwaro ripfuure remitemo risvike ku [FLT] jinigrosroas rekuchinja.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nekushingaira

Pamavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica pane First Amendment, inorambidza Congress kudzorwa norusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau. Iyi dziviriro haisati iri yakakwana(1919) Dare rakatanga mapoka anozivikanwa kwenguva refu ekutaura kusina kudzivirirwa, akadai sokunyandurira masimba masimba, kuzvidza, zvinonyangadza, uye “mashoko anorwisana.” Nhengo dzemapepa dzakadai se Scheck v. United States [19] yakatanga“ muedzo nengozi iripo, nepo Branburg v.[2][FLT]] [3] [1969] yakanatsiridza chiito chokusateerera mutemo.

Kodzero Yokuva Woga

Kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti “privracy” risingaonekwi muBumbiro reMitemo, Dare rapamusoro rakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okuvandika kubuda mu “penumbras” uye“ maruramiro” ezvimwe zvibvumikiso. Uku kurura kwakatanga kujekeswa mu Grislold v. Connecticut[FL:1] [1965], yakaputsa mutemo unorambidza kushandiswa kwokudzivisa kubereka navarume nemadzimai. Pashure pemitemo yaidzoka yakaumba hwaro hwe [[FLT:] r. [[FLT]][3] [73] [7][FLT]] [6]

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Mumutemo

Weemecial Protection Clause ye 144th Amendment inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icharamba munhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwayo “dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Iyi mirau yave iri nzvimbo yehondo nokuda kwamasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, kuvambira parusaruraganda kusvikira kurusaruraganda. Dare rapamusoro rinoshandisa mwero yakasiana- siyana yokunzvera kutsamira pakubatanidzwa: kusanonzvera dzinza namavambo orudzi, kunzvera kwapakati nokuda kwechimiro chemunhurume, uye hwaro hune mufungo nokuda kwedzimwe nzanga. Kuziva iyi mwero kunobetsera kunzwisisa chikonzero nei mimwe mitemo ichirohwa apo mimwe inopukunyuka.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamuzinda Dzakarondedzera Kodzero Dzako

Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe hachingogadzirisi gakava rakati asi chakazivisawo nheyo dzakafara dzinoramba dzichidzora gadziriro yedu yemitemo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Mugumo we “Specated asi Wakaenzana”

Zvichida chisarudzo cheDare gurusa rinorumbidzwa zvikurusa chezana ramakore rechi 20, Brown v. Board of Education yaibvumirana kuti kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakapesana neSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano raMoneyo Claus. Dare rakatendeuka dzidziso yaka “iparadzana asi yakaenzana” yakagadzwa mu Preby [ Prevention] v. [[[FLT] [186] [186], ichiziva kuti nzvimbo dzakagadzwa hadzina kuvimbika. Mutongi mukuru Earl Warrenren War akanyora kuti dzidziso inoparira“ kunzwa kwokuzvizvidukusoriso munzanga izvo zvingatapura mwoyo yavo nendangariro munzira isingambofungidzi kutongovikanwi. Chisa chisarudzo ichi chibvumirano chamaruramiro chavagari voruzhinji uye chinoitwa nokuda kwechiito chinoitwa.

Miranda muArizona (1966) Kodzero Dzako Paunenge Uri Muchengetedzo

Kana wakambonzwa mukuru mukuru wamapurisa achiti “Une maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara,” une Miranda v. Arizona yokuonga. Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti dziviriro yeFindrendment painenge iri yoga. Nhau dzinoramba dzichinangidzira mutemo kunyevera vanofungira kuti vari mukodzero dzavo dzokuramba vakanyarara, maruramiro avo kumumiri wegweta, uye kuti chinhu chipi nechipi chavanotaura chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana navo. Chisarudzo chakananga kukurira mamiriro ezvinhu okubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero. Nhau dzapashure dzakana dare rinosumwa kunzi “Maria", asi nheyo inotsungirira. Mumuenzaniso, [FLD:] Bemrgn v. [20]

Kusava Nekodzero Dzemunhu

Dare mu Roe v. Wade yakaziva kuti maruramiro omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri wake akawira mukati memaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kukuva oga. Chisarudzo chakavamba gadziriro yakavakirwa pamichero, ichipa hurumende dzinowedzera chiremera chokudzora kubvisa pamuviri sezvo mimba inofambira mberi. Mhaka iyi inoramba iri imwe yenharo zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Mu [[FLT:] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Amen [202], Dare rinotonga Roe, inodzorera mubvunzo wokubvisa mimba kunzvimbo. Pasinei zvapo nokuchinja, kunzwisisa kwechimiro nenhaka zvinokosha mumutemo.

Vagari vomuUnited v. Federal Ecomment Commission (200) – Mari Sekutaura

Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare rakati First Amendment inorambidza hurumende kuganhurira ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakazvimirira kunoitwa namasangano namasangano. Voruzhinji vakarangarira kuti kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kuti kutaura kwebhizimisi, kufanana nokwavanhu vamwe navamwe, kunofanirwa nedziviriro. Vatsoropodzi vakarangarira kuti chisarudzo chacho chakazarura magedhi emari isina miganhu mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kuchigona kushatisa mutengo weSangano. Mhaka yacho yakanyandura nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechirongwa chemari pamusoro pekuchinja kwemibato yemari uye pesvedzero yemari pamavhoti. Chisarudzo chakabatanidza se [[FLT:] MCcheon. FEZ [5:1] [inodzidzwazve mipiro, inosimbisa murangariro wokuti kushambarwa kwemari pachimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chinodzivirirwa.

Gideon (1963) – The Arcom to Relay (Kupa Zano)

Clarence Earl Gideon akanga ari murombo anopomerwa mhaka yokupaza muimba yezvivara muFlorida. Asingakwanisi kuwana gweta, akamanikidzwa kuzvimiririra amene uye akawanirwa mhaka. Dare Rapamusoro rakabatana kupesana, richidavira kuti kodzero yeSixth Amendment yokupa zano ikodzero inokosha inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGuer Procession Clause. Chisarudzo chacho chakavimbisa kuti munhu upi noupi anotarisana nemhosva dzakakomba ane kodzero kugweta, kunyange kana vasingagoni kuwana rimwe.

New York Times Co. Sullivan (1964) – Devention Press Freedom

Iyi nhau yakabva mukushambadzira kwapapepa rakazara muThe New York Times iyo yakatsoropodza vakuru vakuru veAlabama nokuda kwokubatwa kwavo navatsungidziri vekodzero dzavagari vemo. Dare rakaramba kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kubudiswa kwemashoko enhema pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vehurumende kutoti mukuru mukuru anogona kubvumikisa “zvakaipa chaizvoizvo”. . kuti muparidzi aiziva kuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kuita nokusakendenga zvokwadi. Iyi bhawa yakakwirira yakadzivirira mukuwanira mhaka inonangidzirwa pakudzivisa kutsoropodza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Chisarudzo chacho chave chinokosha nokuda kwechisarudzo chenhau yenhau dzehurumende uye gakavaratori revoruzhinji. Mupimo gare gare gare gare wakawedzera kumitengo yavose mu [FLT:]. Cots.[FLT: 1]

Terry v. Ohio (1968) – Stop and Frisk Powers

Mu .Terry v.O., Dare rinobvumira mapurisa kuti aite nenzira pfupi, vanonzvera vanomira nemhaka yenyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti munhu anobatanidzwa mumubato woutsotsi, uye kuisa munhu mupfuti nokuda kwezvombo kana vachifunga kuti munhu ane zvombo. Chisarudzo chakadzikama cheD5 Amendment chinodzivirira kudikanwa kwekotsekano yamapurisa noutsotsi. Terry anoramba ari muitiro wamapurisa, asi Dare rakagadza ganhuriro: kumira kunofanira kuva kwechinguvana, frisk inofanira kuganhurirwa kukuva yakachererwa kudiviswa nokuda kwezvombo, uye kunyumwiro inofanira kuva chakananga uye inotapurisa. [Kunzwisisa [FLT:] [FF] [FFF]

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Kutonga Kunotongwa neExclousionary Kunoendeswa kuUnited States

Gemende yeChina inorambidza kunzvera kusina mufungo nokusurumuka, asi chii chinoitika apo mapurisa anoputsa mutemo iwoyo? Dare Rapamusorosa mu Mapp v.Ohio yaidavira kuti ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo husingagoni kushandiswa mumitongo youtsotsi hwehurumende. Mutemo wokubvisa, waichimboshandiswa bedzi kumhaka dzehurumende, nokudaro wakatambanudzirwa kunyika. Iyi murairo unodzivisa kusazvibata kupfurikidza nokubvisa sundo yokuputsa kodzero dzemitemo. Zvine chokuita nokutenda kwakanaka nokuwana kusingadzivisiki uye dzidziso yokuwana isingadzivisiki inoramba iri dziviriro ine simba mukurwisana nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo.

Kodzero Dzako Mumuitiro: Kusangana Kwezuva Nezuva Nezvinokurumidzirwa

Kuziva nyaya dzine zvadzinonyanya kuzivikanwa kunokosha, asi kushandisa zivo mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo kunokosha zvikuru.Pazasi pane zvinhu zvinobatsira zvinoita kuti kodzero dzako dzishande, uzive nezvisarudzo zviri pamusoro apa.

Kusangana Nekusimbiswa Kwomutemo

Apo unomiswa namapurisa, yeuka Marisa rako . Mvura inongoshanda bedzi kana uri muchitokisi kana uchibvunzurudzwa. Zvisinei, unogona kusarudza nguva dzose kuramba wakanyarara. Haudi kunzvera munhu wako, motokari, kana kuti musha. Kana mukuru mukuru akakumbira, “Unofunga here kana ndichinzvera motokari yako?” Unogona kutaura nounei kuti,“ Handibvumi kunzvera. Kana mukuru mukuru wacho akakuparira kana kuti akakukumbira, vangatsvaka, asi kuramba kwako kunochengeta kuramba kwako kwapamutemo nokuda kwenguva yapfuura. Kumira kwemotokari, unofanira kugovera rezinesi, kunyoresa, uye chibvumikiso cheinishuwa, asi haugoni kupindura mibvunzo yacho. Kana uchitongosungwa, uye mumiririri woga.

Kodzero Dzako Mumugwagwa: Kutaura Kwakasununguka Nokuungana

First Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro ako okutaura munzira dzavose, mapaka, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzavanhu dzegamuchidzanwa dzenzvimbo dzehurumende (*) asi kwete panzvimbo yapachivande pasina mutenzi. Unogona kutora mifananidzo kana kuti vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vevhidhiyo vachiita mabasa avo munzvimbo dzavose, sezvo Sixth Tturtreaty inosimbisa mu Glik v. Cunffe[[FLT]] [2011]. Zvisinei, haugoni kudzongodzongonyedza mibato yomutemo. Vatengi vemaprocessioners vanewo kodzero dzokutaura pachena, asi hurumende inogona kuisa nguva, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro refu sezvavanoiswa mutevedzero uye kusiya mikoto yapato mitsva. Somuenzaniso, kunoda mvuko yekuungana kukuru iko inobvumira kuva yakakodzera uye isina kuvakirwa pashoko.

Kodzero Dzako Somuridzi Weimba Kana Kuti Saimba

Kodzero yokuva woga inotambanukira kumba kwako. Mapurisa anowanzoda maruramiro okupinda, kunze kwemigariro yakakomba yakadai sokuronda kwokukurumidza, kuparadzwa kwapedyo kwoufakazi, kana kuti ngozi yekuvadziko. Kunyange negwaro, une maruramiro okucherekedza kunzvera uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakuru vakuru vanoramba vari mukati meukombi hunorondedzerwa. Tenantssss dzinodzivirira Simendement padziviriro isina mufungo dzinoitwa navagari vemo saivo; muridzi weimba haagoni kupinda pasina ziviso yakarurama nezvikonzero zvakarurama, kunyange zvazvo mitemo yehurumende ichisiana. Kunzwisisa izvi dziviriro kunogona kukubatsira kuvaita kuti vazvitsigire nenzira inobudirira.

Kodzero Dzinogadzirisa: Kukakavadzana Kwemazuva Ano uye Mirayiridzo Yeramangwana

Kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro nouzivi hwemitemo zvinochinja nokufamba kwenguva, kureva kuti mienzaniso yakagadziriswa inogona kudzokororwazve.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Mu Carpeenter v. United States (2017), Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende inoda pamutemo kuti iwane mashoko enzvimbo yesero, ichiziva kuti mashoko emichina anogona kuzivisa udzame hwemunhu hwezvakavanzika zvoupenyu. Chisarudzo ichi chakavakwa pa . California [2014] (2014, inoda pamutemo wokunzvera chinoitika cheserura chokusunga. Sangano rezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu richapfuurira kurwisana nemibvunzo pamusoro pemaidi, kungwarira, uye miganhu yekariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika. Kuwedzera kwokushandisa kwapameso noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kutsva uko kusati kwasvika dare rakakwirira.

Kutaura Kwakasununguka Munguva Yezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Zvikamu zvemasangano zvenzanga zvazova nzvimbo yavose yazvino uno. Dare mu Packingham v. North Carolina (2017) rakarova mutemo unorambidza vatadzi vevatano vakanyoreswa pakushandisa zvinobudisa nhau, vachiziva kuti maburiro aya anokosha nokuda kwokutaura. Zvisinei, mibvunzo inosara pamusoro pepanosvika painogona kuva nezviri pakati nepakati pasina kuputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo yebumbiro-mitemo, kungova makambani okutanga anobatira kuhurumende, kwete makambani egavhu. Chikamu 230 chekurukurirano dzeMitemo Decration Act nemheswo yepadhi yezvikuva zvinokanganisa zvinogona kupfumisa. Dare ringakurumidza kana hurumende ichida kutaura nezvemapuredhi yomutemo kuti iite mamwe mapepa emitemo (sori muFlorida neTexalma) inoputsa kodzero dzokudzora.

Kodzero Dzechipiri Dzokugadziriswa Kwekodzero

Mu Dicutical of Columbia v. Heller [2008], Dare rakaziva kodzero yomunhu oga yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo mumusha. McDrald v. City weChicago[[FLT] [200] (2010]) (2010) yakashandiswa kurudyi kunyika. Nhau dzenguva pfupi dzakafanana ne [[FLT: 4.] New York State & Pistom Association. v[FLT]] Bruten [52] [202]) yakakukudza rudyi kutakura zvombo muchadenga, kurovanyanisa pasi “chinodikanwa chakaisvonaka". Dare rakazivisa mirairo itsva yokurwisa.

Kuramba Uchiziva uye Kutsigira Kodzero Dzako

Paunotora matanho anoshanda:

  • Kurava manyuko makuru. Mifungo yakazara yenhau dzeDare rapamusoro inowanika panzvimbo dzakafanana ne Legical Information Institute paCornell Law School na[FLT]OYEZ[[FLT:]], izvo zvinogovera kunyorwa kwemashoko namapfupinduru.
  • Tevera mhaka dzazvino. Shoko reDare Gurusa rinobva kuvambira muna October kusvikira kuna June. Mawebsite akafanana [STUSBOlog[ inogovera kunzvera nokugadziridza pamhaka dzinovambira pamaruramiro okuvhota kusvikira kukupinda munyika.
  • Ziva mitemo yako yomunzvimbomo. Kodzero zhinji dzinorondedzerwawo namabumbiro emitemo nemirau. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinogovera kutaura kwakafara kwakasununguka kana kuti dziviriro dzakavanzika kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reSangano reHurumende. Ongorora pamutemo wehurumende yako umene wekodzero nechisarudzo chedare.
  • Tsvaka zano rapamutemo apo rinenge richidikanwa. Kana ukadavira kuti kodzero dzako dzaputswa, bvunza gweta. Masangano mazhinji ekodzero dzavagari vemo, akadai seACLU, anopa zviwanikwa uye angagovera mufananidzo wemhosva dzinokuvadza.

Basa reDare Gurusa mukuumba mutemo weAmerica rinopfuurira. Nepo zvisarudzo zvomunguva yakapfuura zvichigovera gadziriro, nhau itsva dzinopfuurira kugadziriswa(uye pane dzimwe nguva kusimudzwa) dzidziso dzakatangwa. Nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivirira nayo kodzero dzako ndeyokudzinzwisisa nokuramba uchiita zvinoitika zvapamutemo zvinotapura upenyu hwako. Vagari vemo vakadzidziswa iko kutangira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda, uye zivo yenhau dzemabumbiro enzvimbo ndiyo nhano yokutanga kukushandisa rusununguko rwako nenzira inobudirira.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, rangarira murangariro weDare mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015, iyo inobvuma maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, uye Masteringing Thhop v. Colorado Commission yamaruramiro avanhu (2017), iyo yakadzikama kutaura kwakasununguka norusununguko rworudzidziso mukurwisana nemitemo inorwisana. Izvi zvinoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pekodzero dzinokwikwidzana.

Nokunzwisisa nyaya dzinoratidza zvinhu zvazvakaita kare, uye nokuteerera dzisati dzasarudzwa, unozvishongedzera nezivo inodiwa kuti urambe une kodzero dzako uye kuti uitewo chimwe chinhu zvine musoro mugadziriro inoramba ichiitwa nevanhu vokuAmerica.