Kuva Woga Munguva Yokusvika Pamadhigirii: Chisakiso Chinokosha Paunenge Wakadzvinyirirwa

Nhamo pakati pezvakavanzika zvomunhu oga nehurumende kana kuti kunzvera kwesangano haisati yatongova yakajeka. Kunzverwa kuri kwose, kutsvakwa, uye kurongwa kwenzvimbo kunowana mashoko anogona kuunganidzwa, kuongororwa, uye kushandiswa (kazhinji kazhinji) pasina kubvumirana kwene revo. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, vanonzwisisa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzichiri kudzivirira zvakavanzika zvomunhu oga dzisati dzichingovawo dzidzo; kunokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera midziro yenhau yekodzero dzakavanzika dzapachivande, inonzvera kuti kutonga kweSupreme Court kwakaumba kugadzirirwa kwezvidudziro zvazvino uno uno uno uno unonzvera.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haridudzi pachena kodzero yokuva woga. Panzvimbo pezvo, kodzero iyoyo yakabviswa murugwaro, mugadziriro, uye nhau yezvigadziriso zvinoverengeka. Sezvo mitoo yokunzvera inowedzera kuva yakaisvonaka, matare namatare anogadza pamutemo anopfuurira kudzikamisa chengeteko, fariro dzebhizimisi, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kuziva kodzero dzako pasi pereChishanu, uye Ninth Amendments jects //* uye kuti matare akakupa sei matururo okuzvidzivirira nokudzidzisa vamwe.

Mavambo Enhau Ekodzero Dzemunhu Oga

Dziviriro yakavanzika mumutemo weAmerica haina kuumbwa zvizere. Yakakura kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare, chiito chemitemo, uye kupiwa kwavose. Murangariro wacho wakajekeswa mu 1890 Harvard Law Review neSamuel Warren naLouis Bradeis, vakarondedzera kuva voga se “kodzero yokuzvirega..” Nyaya iyoyo yakagamuchira kupepanhau rinovanza mashoko neruzivo rutsva rwemichina sekamera inobatwa nemaoko. Nhasi, nheyo imwe cheteyo inotarisana nedenho kubva kuzvishandiso zvine simba zvikuru.

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo Kunodzivirira Kuva Woga

Kugadziridzwa kwakawanda kweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Kudzivirira kwamashoko kwakavakirwa padziviriro dzakavanzika. Gamende yeChina inodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo nehosha. Findth Amendment inodzivirira pakumanikidzirwa kwokuzvimanikidza, uko kubatana nenhau dzine chokuita nemapepa omunhu oga nemashoko ekombiyuta. Ninthrandment inotiyeuchidza kuti kuganhurirwa kwekodzero dzakananga hakurevi kuti vagari vemo vanorasikirwa nevamwe, kubatanidza kuva voga. Iwedimendement’s Reservement’s Reard Resolution Classiace yakashandiswawo kudzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvomunhu oga kubva pakudzokoromoka kwehurumende.

Iyi gadziridzo yakanyorwa kare Internet isati yasvika, asi matare nguva dzose akarangarira kuti nheyo dzawo huru dzinoshanda kuruzivo rutsva. Seizvo Dare Rapamusorosanozivikanwa mu Katz ne. United States (1967), Gamende Rechina rinodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo.

Mutezo Wechina: Kunzvera Nokunyengedza Kusina Ungwaru

The Fourth Amendment inoti: “Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, haisati ichizoputswa.” Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Rapamusorosa rakakudziridza “kariro ine mufungo yokuva woga” kuedza kusarudza apo chiito chehurumende chinoumba. Surveilnce inoda maruramiro anotsigirwa nezvikonzero sezvinobvira, kutoti chakasiana kuchishanda.

Iyi shoo yakashandiswa pakuvhura tambo, GPS, mazita enzvimbo yeserura, uye kunyange mifananidzo inopisa. Mu Kyllo v. United States (2001], Dare rakataura kuti kushandisa chinhu chinobudisa magetsi kuti unzwe kupisa mukati memusha kwaiva kunzvera. Chiratidzo: ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runozivisa mashoko pamusoro pomukati memusha ungadai usina kujeka pasina kuvhozhokera kwomuviri kunoda pamutemo.

Mutezo Wechine Chine Chine Chinetso Namaruramiro Asina Kupiwa

Ninth Amendment inopa, kuti: “Kurongwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, kwamaruramiro akati, hakusati kuchizorangarirwa kuva kwokuramba kana kuti kuzvidza vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu.” Iyi gadziridzo yave ichidudzwa navatongi avo vanotaura kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira maruramiro makuru kupfuura ayo akarongwa zvakananga, kubatanidza kuva woga. Nepo Ninth Amendment ichiwanzova hwaro bedzi hwechisarudzo, inosimbisa pfungwa yokuti kuva woga haisi chinhu chazvino uno chakaitwa asi rusununguko rwakasimba zvikuru.

Mu Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), Dare rakamisa mutemo wehurumende unorambidza kudzivisa kubereka, richiwana kuti “mari yeBumbiro reMitemo” uye“ miraudzo” inobva muMagariro Yokutanga, yechitatu, yeChina, yeshanu, uye Ninth Amendments yakaparira nzvimbo yezvakavanzika zveroorano. Iyi yakava hwaro nokuda kwemitemo yapachivande yetepfekedzero.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamuzinda Dzakaumba Mutemo Wakavanzika

Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kakawanda kuti kudzivirira zvinhu zvepachivande kwebumbiro remitemo kunoshanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

[[[NHAU]] Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1] (1965) – Kuvanzika kwomuchato

Nhau yaiva mutemo weConnecticut uyo wakaputsa kushandiswa kwezvinodzivisa kudzivisa kunamba pamuviri uye gadziriro yezano rokudzivisa kunamba pamuviri. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga 7-2 kuti mutemo waiputsa kodzero yokuva woga muroorano. Mutongi William O. Douglas, achinyorera voruzhinji, akatsigira kuti vimbiso dzakananga muBill of Rights dzine penumbras dzinoparira “nzvimbo dzakavanzika.” Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kupinda muzvisarudzo zvakavanzika zvikurusa zvinoitwa mukati meroorano.

Katz v. United States [1967] – Tariro ine Mufungo Yokuva woga

Charles Katz akawanwa ane mhaka yokubhejera kusiri kwapamutemo kwakavakirwa paufakazi hwakawanikwa neFBI, uyo akaisa chinhu chokuteerera kunze kwenzvimbo yavose. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja mvumo yacho, richitaura kuti Iwechina Amendment inodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo. Dare rakaita nzvero yemativi maviri iyo ichiri kudzora: munhu anofanira kuva akaratidzira kariro chaiyoiyo (inoremekedzerwa) yokuva oga, uye tariro iyoyo inofanira kuva iyo nzanga yakagadzirira kuzivikanwa seyakarurama.

[[ITSV: 0] Roe v. Kuroota [[[FLT] [1] [1073]) – Kuvanzarikwazve

Nepo Dare rakawana kuti Gwendedzero reMitemo yeMinei Yemisi yeMitemo inodzivirira udzori munhau dzemhuri nokubereka vana.

Lawrence v. Texas (2003) – Mufambiro

Dare reTexas rakashayisa simba mutemo wakaita kuti utsotsi hwevatano huve muitiro mumwe chetewo wevatano. Chisarudzo chakatonga zvakajeka Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) uye rakarangarira kuti mufambiro wapedyo rutivi rworusununguko runodzivirirwa nomuitiro wakafanira wakakomba. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akanyora kuti Hurumende haigoni kuzvidza kuvapo kana kuti kudzora mugumo wavanhu kupfurikidza nokuzivisa mufambiro wavo wakavanzika soutere., Dare rakaziva, kwete bedzi nzvimbo dzomuviri asi maruramiro okuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvikuru.

Karplate v. United States (2017) – Detagity Application and Location Application data yenzvimbo

Munyaya yakatanhamara yezvigaro zvemunhu oga, Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti hurumende inofanira kuwana chibvumikiso chokuwana marekodhi enzvimbo yeserura yenhau.Timothy Carpater akawanwa mhaka yokuba kwakavakirwa pamashoko anoratidza runhare rwake akanga ari pedyo nezviono zvoutsotsi. Dare raidavira kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga muzvose zvavanoita mumuviri sezvaiziviswa nemashoko enzvimbo yemasero. Iyi chisarudzo chakabvuma kuti ruzivo rwazvino uno runogona kuita chinyorwa chine udzame choupenyu hwomunhu, uye kuti kusvitsa chinyorwa ichocho chinoparira dziviriro dzeGeneter Amendment.

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza nzira isingachinji: sezvo ruzivo rwokuongorora ruchichinja, matare anochinja nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti achengetedze zvakavanzika.

Miitiro Yazvino Uno Yokushandisa Nezvinetso Zvayo Zvebumbiro Romutemo

Nhasi, kuongorora kunoitiswa nehurumende, masangano ehurumende, uye kunyange vanhu vamwe navamwe. Chikero nenzvimbo hazvina kumboenzana. Zvishandiso zvezuva nezuva nezvinofambiswa nemagetsi ($smartphone, vakurukuri vakangwara, mawebcam, motokari dzinobatanidzwa(nzi zvive zvishandiso zvokuongorora. Chirongwa chepamutemo chakagadzirirwa kunzvera kwomuviri kuti zviwirirane nemhoteredzo yemichina.

Basa Rehurumende

Masangano ehurumende akadai seNational Security Agency (NSA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), uye Department of Homeland Security (DHS) anoshandisa nzira dzakawanda dzokuongorora.

  • MASSSH metadata[[FL:1] - Marekodhi efoni, mativi eemail, uye matanda eInternet angaunganidzwa mumapurogiramu akawanda akafanana neaya akaziviswa naEdward Snowden muna 2013.
  • [ Kunzwa nemagetsi manzwi – Akanyorwa pasi peInternelling Surveillance Act (FISA), asi funganyo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokunyengera.
  • [ Kushandiswa kwemadhiropu anoongorora uye michina yeStingray [[FT:1] - Drone anogona kuongorora nzvimbo huru; michina yeStingray inotevedzera masero kuti iwane mashoko efoni.
  • Kuongorora kwezvinobudisa nhau – APPURO dzinonzvera nzvimbo dzavose uye pane dzimwe nguva kushandisa nhau dzechivande kunzvera. Kutendisa kweFirst Amendment kunokosha.

Hurumende inowanzotaura kuti zvirongwa izvi zvinokosha kuti nyika ichengeteke.Vatsoropodzi, kusanganisira American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) , vanoti kuongorora kukuru kunoputsa kurambidza kweFreadmerment kweChour Supersion pakutsvaka kusina musoro uye kunovhiringidza rusununguko rwokutaura nesonganiro.

Kushanda Nemari Mumvura

Makambani anounganidza mashoko akawanda anowanikwa nevanhu pakushambadza, pakugadzira zvinhu, uye pakuongorora nhoroondo, nzvimbo, kutenga marekodhi, mashoko eutano, uye kuongorora zvinhu zvinowanikwa.

  • Kuvhura mawebsite neapps[[FL:1] - Coconties, mapixel, uye kuisa minwe kunobvumira makambani kuvaka mashoko ane udzame pavashandisi.
  • Kutsvaka nzvimbo – Apps dzinowanzokumbira mvumo dzenzvimbo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvisina chokuita nebasa radzo guru.
  • Kugoverana nokutengesa [ - Mashoko omunhu oga anotengwa ndokutengeswa navatengesi vemashoko, kazhinji kazhinji vasingazivi zvinoreva vatengi.
  • Kuongorora basa[ - Vashandisi vanogadzira michina, maemail, uye kunyange vhidhiyo zvinogovera zvokudya, zvichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvomushandi.

U.S. haina mutemo wakakwana wehurumende wakavanzika wakaenzana neGDPR yeEurope. California Consumer Privacy Act (CPA) nemitemo yehurumende yakafanana zvinogovera dziviriro yakati, asi kudzikamisa hakuwirirani. Exlectronic Frontive Foundation (EFF)[FL:1] tsigiro nokuda kwamaruramiro oungwaru akasimba zvikuru nokujeka.

Kuzivikanwa Kwavose Namaruramiro Okusazivikanwa

Macamera munzvimbo dzavose, kubatanidza mhesano dzemigwagwa, mapaka, uye migwagwa, zvinowedzera. Varavi veraisendi yeraisensi, gadziriro dzokuziva zviso, uye makamera omuviri nemapurisa anogadzira shoo dzinoita kuti mufambiro uve unotonhora. Dare Rapamusoro harisati ratonga zvakajeka kana kubatanidzwa kwemashoko evhidhiyo pasina kunyumwiswa kuchiputsa Pendement yechina yeCFURENT. Zvisinei, ] Carcenter inokarakadza kuti apo hurumende inounganidza chinyorwa chenguva refu chezviito zvomunhu, maruramiro angadikanwa.

Kunzverwa kwavose kunomutsawo funganyo dzeFirst Amendment. Kutaura kusingazivikanwi negungano zvinodzivirirwa, asi apo chitarisiko chavose chiri chose chinogona kunyorwa nokunzverwa, mano okupesana kana kuti kuronga pasina matsive anoshatiswa. Brennan Center yeChirevo[ yakasimbisa kushandiswa kunokura kwokuziva chiso kupfurikidza nokuchengetwa kwomutemo uye tapuro yako isingaenzaniswi panzanga dzeruvara.

Kodzero Dzako Nedziviriro Dzinoshanda

Kunzwisisa dziviriro dzako dzebumbiro remitemo ndiro danho rokutanga, uye rinotevera riri kuita chiito chokuziva kuti uchengetedze zvakavanzika zvako.

Kuziva Apo Kodzero Dzako Dzinonyandurwa

Chinodikanwa cheGavhura cheChina chinoshanda kunzvero yehurumende bedzi. Makambani epachivande haasungirwi zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo, asi mitemo yakadai seElectronic Communications Accuracy Act (ECPA) uye bumbiro remitemo zvinogovera miganhu yakati. Kana uri kubata nokuchengetwa kwomutemo:

  • [ Iwe une maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara. Haufaniri kupindura mibvunzo kupfuura kuzvizivisa umene mumimwe migariro (kutsamira pamutemo wehurumende).
  • Une maruramiro okuramba kubvunzisa. Kana mapurisa asina rugwaro uye asingashandisi kunze, taura zvakajeka, kuti: “Handibvumi kunzvera.”
  • [ Iwe une maruramiro kugweta. nokuda kwokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero yokuchengeta mwana, Gadziriro yeshanu neyechitanhatu inovimbisa kumirira kwapamutemo.

Nokuda kwemichina yemichina, mitemo ichiri kupeta. Mu Riley v. California (2014, Dare Rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti mapurisa anowanzoda pamutemo wokunzvera zviri mukati morunhare rweserura rwakabatwa mukati mvasungwa. Mufungo mumwe chetewo unoshanda kumaprapy nemimwe midziyo.

Kushandisa Zvinhu Zvokushandisa Zvakavanzika

Ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoremekedza kuva woga kunoshandisirwa kunogona kuderedza kuratidzirwa kuungwaru. Rangarira kugamuchira:

  • [[NHAU] Indaneti dzemaVPN - Kureva kuti injini yako yepaIP iri paIP panzvimbo dzepawebsite napaISP.
  • Kunyora mapurogiramu okutumira mashoko – Chiratidzo, Whats, uye i-Mimeo anoshandisa mashoko okunyorwa kwemashoko kupfurikidza nokusaedzesera.
  • Zvirangidzo zvinonangidzirwa panzvimbo yazvo nefutunuko – Firefox ne Rwizard Trailing Protection, Brave, kana kuti Tor Chirabhu chinogona kuvhara varairi.
  • Mamaneja eshoko rokusaipira nokusimbisa kuviri kwemativi [ - Kuderedza ngozi yeakaundi inogona kuratidzira mashoko omunhu oga.
  • Kuongororwa kwemvumo dzepurogiramu - Pafoni yako, hwirudzura kuti iapps dzipi dzine kusvika kunzvimbo, kamera, monogrator, uye onano, uye bvisa kusvika kusiri madikanwa.

Zvinhu izvi hazvingorambiki, asi zvinodhura kana zvikaongororwa uye zvinodzivirira pakuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda.

Kuramba Uchiziva uye Kubatanidzwa

Mitemo yepachivande nemitemo yedare zvinochinja nokukurumidza. Masangano akafanana ne Electronic Foundation , ACLU, uye Kodzero Dzisiri dzakavanzika Dzinobvisa zvinokubetsera kuramba uchifambirana. Kutora mitemo yakasimba zvikuru, yakadai seAmerican Datam Incalal and Protection Act (ADPPA), inotsoropodzawo. Kuonana navamiririri vako nevhota pamipimo yemazatiro echimbichimbi kunogona kuumba zvitengo zvenguva yemberi zvemitemo yemazatimu.

Dzidzo Inobatsira Pakudzivirira Kuva Woga

Vadzidzisi vane nzvimbo yakasiyana yokugadzirira chizvarwa chinotevera kuti chinzwisise ndokusimbisa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo.

Zvirongwa Zvokudzidzisa Kodzero Dzokuva Woga

  • Tsvakases refundo - Vadzidzi vaverenge mipfupiso ye KAT], Karenda [[[FLT]] , uye [[FLT]]] . [[FLT]]
  • C kurukurirano dzazvino uno – Shandisa nyaya dzenhau pamusoro pekuputsika kwemashoko, mapurogiramu okuongorora, kana kuti mitemo mitsva yakavanzika senzvimbo dzokutangira nharo dzekirasi.
  • Kurangarira nokutamba basa [[[FLT: 1] - Chivakira migariro uko vadzidzi vanofanira kusarudza kana kunzvera kune mufungo, vachishandisa mupimo weGaramende Yechina.
  • [[[Nto:0] Zvidzidzo zvekugara munyika menyu - Dzidzisa unyanzvi hunoshanda hwezvakavanzika: mashoko okudiro akasimba, achiziva phishing, kunzwisisa mitemo yakavanzika.
  • Vakurukuri vakaisvonaka nenzendo dzomumunda - Kukoka magweta, vareversi vezvakavanzika, kana kuti nyanzvi dzepakombiyuta. Ronga shanyo kudzimba dzedare kana kuti marusando emitemo ehurumende.

Vadzidzisi vanofanirawo kutevedzera miitiro yakanaka: kuremekedza kuvandika kwavadzidzi, kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kusiri madikanwa kwamashoko omunhu oga, uye kushandisa bedzi zvishandiso zvedzidzo zvinotenderwa, zvokuva woga zvinoziva. Mitemo yechikoro inoganhurira kuongororwa kwekurukurirano dzevadzidzi (kwakadai sokusashandisa purogiramu inoongorora pasina pembedzo yakajeka.) inobetsera kuparira tsika inokoshesa kuva woga.

Kubatanidza Kuva Woga Nedzidzo Yakafara

Kodzero dzakavanzika hadzisi musoro wakasiana. Dzinobatana norusununguko rwokutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rwesonganiro, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana. Zvidzidzo pamusoro pokunzvera zvinogona kubatanidza mukurukurirano pamusoro peruramisiro yedzinza (kunzvera kwapamhene kwenzanga duku), kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye basa reruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu munzanga.

mhedziso

Kuvandika muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri namashanu kuri mudzvinyiriro yenguva dzose inobva kuzvose zviri zviviri hurumende nokunzvera kwezvokutengeserana. Dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakatangwa neD5, Nhindi, uye 14th Amendments dzinoramba dziri dzinokosha, asi dzinofanira kudzivirirwa nokugadziridzwa. Zvisarudzo zveRondmark kubva ku Griswrick [ ku [[FLT:]] Carcenter[[]] zvinoratidza kuti matare anogona kugadziridza nheyo dzamanyuko kuruzivo rutsva, bva chiito chemitemo nokuziva vanhu vose zvinokosha zvakaenzana.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa idzi kodzero ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro. Kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa mutemo wakavanzika, kutsigira dziviriro dzakasimba, uye kushandisa zvishandiso zvokushandisa zvomunhu oga, vanhu vanogona kubetsera kuchengetedza rusununguko urwo kodzero yokuva voga inoreverwa kuvimbisa. Kugara wakaziviswa mumanyuko anovimbwa akadai seACLU, EFF, uye Brennan Center kunovimbisa kuti iwe navadzidzi vako munogona kufamba munyika inovanda pasina kubvumira rusununguko runorondedzera hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.