Bhishopi Yekodzero Dzevanhu Mundima Yazvino Uno: Kudzivirira Vanhu Pabasa Nechikoro

Bill of Rights, inoumbwa nezvinogadziriswa zvine gumi zvokutanga kuUnited States Constitution, inomira sechinhu chikuru chenheyo cherusununguko rweAmerica. Yakasimbiswa muna 1791, iyi miuyo yakagadziridzwa yakaitwa pakuvamba secherekedzo pamasimba ehurumende itsva yehurumende. Yakatanga dziviriro huru mukurwisana nehurumende inodzorwa, kudzivirira rusununguko rwakadai sokutaura, rudzidziso, uye maruramiro okusununguka mukunzvera kusina mufungo. Nhauzhinjisa dzenhau dzeAmerica, izvi zvakashandiswa bedzi kumabasa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira pakuumbwa kweKine858 Demendmentmentment mu 1868 uye kukura kwapanotevedzerwa kwapashure kwedzidziso [FL:] inodzorwa, uye kudzorwa kwedzidziso inopfupika. [FLD] [FFFF:1]

Nheyo: Kushanda kwehurumende uye Mabasa Okugadzira Zvinhu

Pamberi pokunzvera maruramiro chaiwo, kunokosha kunzwisisa pfungwa imwe inokosha zvikurusa inodzora kushandiswa kweBill of Rights: Sation Action Doctrine. Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira vanhu pamabasa ehurumende, kwete muchiito chapachivande. Ikoku kunoreva kuti yunivhesiti yavose kana kuti sangano rehurumende rinosungwa zvikurukuru neRemendements dzeChishanu, asi sangano rapachivako kana kuti chikoro chapachivande kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hachisi. Kutsauranisa uku kunoparira gadziriro mbiri dzinowirirana dzekodzero. Nokuda kwavashandi voruzhinji navadzidzi vechikoro chavose, Bill of Rights inogovera dziviriro, yapamutemo. Nokuda kwavashandi vogavhuro navadzidzi vanodzivirira pamutemo. Nokuda kwekodzero dzavose nemitemo inopfuuyiswa muhurumende inopfuudzodzodzo, iyo inowanzoteverwa nheyo dzemitemo yebumbiro remitemo asi inoshanda namabasa akasiana nemitemo yakasiana. Muenzaniso wokutanga haisidzidzikidzisi kudzivirira mumugariro wavo wapachena nokuda kwehurumende wehurumende, zvichidzivirira nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende.

Kodzero Dzako Kubasa

Mazano Avoruzhinji.

Chisakiso chapamhene zvikurusa chinosarudza maruramiro ako ebumbiro remitemo pabasa ndechokuti mushandirwi wako ihurumende (hurumende, kana kuti sangano rapachivande) kana kuti vanhu voga. Vashandi vomuchikamu chavose vanofarikanya dziviriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo nemhaka yokuti mushandirwi wavo ihurumende. Vashandi vomukamuri renyika, mukupesana, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanosungwa nemirairo yebvumirano yavo yebasa kana kuti dzidziso yapanguva dzose yebasa inoda , iyo inobvumira boka rimwe nerimwe kugumisa ukama hwebasa panguva ipi neipi isina kurambidzwa nomutemo. Musiyano mukuru uyu unoumba maruramiro ose anokurukurwa pasi apa.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nesonganiro

Nokuda kwavashandi vavose, First Amendment inopa dziviriro yakasimba. Dare Gurusa rakaumbwa mu Picking v. Boka reDzidzo (1968) kuti vashandi voruzhinji havasati "vanai kodzero dzeFirst Amendment dzavangafarikanya sevagari vomunyika kuti vataure nhau dzefariro yavose.. Kusarudza kana kutaura kwakadzivirirwa, matare anoshandisa [[FLT:] Picking-Cennicked [[[FLT]]. Kutanga, kutaura kunofanira kubatanidza nhau yevoruzhinji. Chechipiri, fariro yomubato yokutaura muboka ravanhu inofanira kukunda fariro yeboka rehurumende mukusimudzira dziviriro nokudzivisa dziviriro kwapatomumwe. Zvisinei, [vFT.Flactive] muvGrective [F][5]

Kuva Woga uye Kugadziridzwa Kwechina

Chinjo yeChina inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kusurumuka nehurumende. Munzvimbo yebasa, izvi zvinoreva kuti mushandi anochengeta kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga muhofisi yavo, dhesiki, mafaira, uye kurukurirano dzamagetsi. Mu [[FLT: 0] Connor v. Orga[ [1971] [1971], Dare rePamusoro redare rakati kuva nomufungo wemunhu webasa rinotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. [[FLT:] Kutsvaka basa nokuda kwechinangwa chisiri chenyuko (eg., kubvisa faira) kana kuti kunzvera nokuda kwebasa kwapareji yetsika dzinowirirana nerevesa] Sangano yepambuko. Muzvirongwa zvapamhiko zvisa zviri pachena, zvisashandiswa navashandi vazhinjisa. Mune Hurumende vapatomutenzi vanoshanda mundima yeOntaneti. [F.F.Foct: 3]

Kurongwa Kwezvinhu Nefariro

Chibvumirano cheshanu nechegumi namana chinovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Nokuda kwavashandi voruzhinji, iyi dziviriro inotsamira pakuti mushandi ane fashoni yenzvimbo [ inokodzera kutsigira [[ mubasa rake]. Mutengo wenzvimbo unoumbwa nomutemo, kana kuti basa rinoda mhindu yedzidzo. Kana mushandi wavose ane fashoni yepfuma yezvinhu, vane mutoro wedziviriro dzakati kuti pamberi pokutongwa, kubatanidza kuzivikanwa kwepo, kutsanangura ufakazi, uye mukana une revokaro unopiwa navashandi. kana kuti mutengo mumitengo yavose. [mubatanidzwa]

Kudzivirirwa Pakusarurana

Chiteshi che 14th Sucment Expandment Classias chinorambidza vashandirwi vehurumende kusarura dzinza, chirume, dzinza, kana kuti mamwe mativi. Matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana-- siyana yokunzvera: nzvero dzechidimbu nokuda kwedzinza nemavambo orudzi, kunzvera [[[FLT]] nokuda kwemitengo yetsika, uye hwaro hwaro hwakasiana hwakawandasarumwe. Nokuda kwavashandi vari voga, dziviriro dzinobva kumiraudzo yapamutemo. [[FLT] Chikamu VII] chekodzero dzavagari vemo cha 1964 chinodzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, rudzidziso, rudzidziso, uye mavambo enyika. [FLT] Actives Act nescrect nesssssssssswooct nes Activesssssssssss (AM] Arective Arective) inodzivirira zvirongwa zvikuru ne

Kodzero Dzako Mugadziriro Yedzidzo

Kutaura Kwomudzidzi Neratidziro

Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richinangana kuti vadzidzi havasati va "vapedzisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro- pamutemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro. Munhau yechiratidzo .Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community District[[[FL]]], Dare rakatonga kuti vadzidzi vagone kupfeka mhando dzakatema dzokutaura kana kuti kutaura kwakaipa kuVietnam sokusapindira nenzira yakatanhamara neyakakomba kumabasa echikoro. Mutezo uyu unodzivirira mativi makuru eshoko ravadzidzi, kubva muzviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika kuro. Zvisinei, Dare rakaziva zvinoverengeka. Zvikoro zvinogona kuganhurira vadzidzi kana kuti kutaura kwakashata ([FLN:]][3], apo massvom] apa-masvom], magate anoshandiswa napatomu maza echipato.[F][3]][F]]

Kutsvaka uye Kuwana Basa Muzvikoro

Vakuru vakuru vechikoro vavanhu vehurumende uye vanofanira kuwirirana neFoursement yeChina. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusorosa rakapa vakuru vakuru vechikoro rusununguko runokosha rwokuchengeta nhevedzano nekotsekano. Mu New Jersey v. T.L.[[FL.1]] , Dare rakati chisakiso chakakomba chinoda mupimo unotedzerwa nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakuru vakuru vechikoro vanofanira kushaiwa kunyumwira bedzi [[FLT:] zviito zvine mufungo [[FLT:]] kuti mudzidzi akaputsa mutemo kana kuti mutemo. Uku kunyumwirwa kunofanira kuvakirwa pahwa pahwakakwa zvakananga, manyuko anodikanwa, kwete chete. [FFF]

Kugadzirira Kwakakodzera uye Kudzivirira Vadzidzi Zvakaenzana

Vadzidzi vanotarisana nokubviswa kana kuti kudzingwa vane maruramiro edziviriro dzakafanira. Mu Gos v. Lopez [715], Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti vadzidzi vanotarisana nedzinobviswa kusvikira kumazuva 10 vanofanira kupiwa ziviso yakanyorwa yepomero kana kuti mikana yokutsanangura rutivi rwavo rwenhau. Uku kunzwa kunogona kuva kwamasanga uye kunofanira kuitika pamberi pokuvamba, kutoti kuvepo. Nokuda kwekuramba kwenguva refu kana kuti kudzingwa, miitiro yakawanda yakarongwa inodikanwa, kubatanidza ziviso yakanyorwa yepomero, mukana wokupa uchapupu uye ufakazi. uye kunzwa pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asingasarumbi.

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwaClaus kunodzivirirawo vadzidzi pakusarura. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inoramba iri nhau yedzidzo inokosha zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, inorangarira kuti dzinza muzvikoro zvavose harina kuenzana. Nhasi, nhau dzedziviriro dzakaenzana muzvikoro dzinobatanidza kusarura, kusvika kubasa redzidzo, uye kubatwa kweLGTBQ+ vadzidzi. Department of Education Office for Civivil Rights (OCR) inosungisairira kuti IX yeDrusarudzo yedzidzo ya19727, inorambidza kusarura kwevatano kunotsigirwa negadziriro dzinotsigirwa nedzidzo nemitemo yomumubatanidzwa.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Muzvikoro

First Amendment Accolasme and Free Execle Claus inoita dzikamo yakaoma pamusoro porudzidziso muzvikoro. Zvikoro hazvigoni kutsigira kana kuti kutsigira rudzidziso rupi norupi, asi zvinofanira kutsigira zvitendero zvevadzidzi. Vadzidzi vane kodzero yokunyengetera somunhu mumwe nomumwe kana kuti mumapoka, chero bedzi isingadzongonyedzi vamwe kuti vatore rutivi. Kennedy] v. Brementon School District [[FLT] [202], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti murayiridzi wenhabvura rebhora rebhora repamusoro renyika yose ave nekodzero yokunyengetera pamitambo yemunda, akabata fariro yokudzivisa kutyorwa kwaClauslaus yakakunda maruramiro omunhu oga okupinda mukutaura kworudzidziso. Theot , maturst nharaunda ezvikoro anobetsera kugovera zvitendero, kubatanidzawo zvitendero zvechitendero, kunze kwokuva kuparira njodzi.

Dziviriro Huru Pabhuku Ramaruramiro: Kutarisisa Kwakadzikira Zvikuru

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

First Amendment idziviriro yechaunga chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Mumashoko akapoteredza ebasa nechikoro, inodzivirira mano okutsoropodza chiremera, kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavanhu, uye kuratidzira kuzivikanwa kwomunhu. Zvisinei, kodzero iyi haisati iri yakakwana. Mumiganhu yose iri miviri, kutaura kunoumba tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunyandura chiito chokuda kusateerera mutemo, kana kuti kuzvidza hakuna kudzivirirwa. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, [[FLT: 0]] mupimo unobvumira zvikoro kudzora kutaura kunoparira kudzongonyedzwa kukuru. Nokuda kwavashandi vaparuzhinji, [[FLT]] . [FLT] [FLT] [F:]

Kodzero Yokuva Woga

Bumbiro reMitemo haridudzi maruramiro avose kuva voga, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kuti "chikamu chakavandika" chamaruramiro anobva muChitatu, cheChina, cheshanu, uye Ninth Amendments zvinoumba nzvimbo yokuzvitonga kwomunhu oga. Munzvimbo yebasa nechikoro, rutivi runooneka zvikurusa rweichi maruramiro eTende yeDindence inodzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo. Zvisinei, kuvandikawo kunobatanidza kodzero yokudzora mashoko omunhu oga, maruramiro okuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvomunhu oga, uye maruramiro okusununguka pakungwarira. Mitemo iri kukurukura nenzira inowedzera kuidzo inodzivisa vashandirwi kukumbira kusvika kunhau dzenzanga dzemunhu oga dzevashandi muzvikoro.

Kudzivirirwa Pakusarurana (Kudzivirirwa Kwazvo)

Gemende ye14th Expandment Protection Claus inheyo yebumbiro-mitemo yokurwisana nerusarurano. Inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa nomunhu upi noupi mukati moukuru hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo". Dare rinoshandisa nzvero dzakatsiga kumitemo kana kuti zviito zvinotsamira parudzi, mavambo erudzi, kana kuti rudzidziso, inoda hurumende kuratidza fariro inogombedzerwa uye kuti chiito chacho chinogadzirirwa zvishoma kuti chisvike fariro iyoyo. Kunzvera kwemitevedzero yemitemo inokosha yehurumende uye inowirirana zvikuru. Iyi mitemo inoumba mupimo wemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo wakaita seTitle VII, IX, Umutwe weIAD, uye ADE, izvo zvinotambanurira iyi nheyo dzavanhu vogando dzakava vogariranwa.

Maitirwo Emutemo

Muitiro wakafanira ivimbiso yebumbiro-mitemo yeruramisiro. Muitiro wemitemo unoda kuitwa hurumende isati yagona kutorera munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Nokuda kwavadzidzi vanotarisana nokusiiwa, ikoku kunoreva kuzivisa nokunzwa. Kuvashandi voruzhinji vane fariro yezvinhu mubasa ravo, kunoreva mukana usati waitwa. Muitiro wakafanira unoda kupiwa unobvunza kana hurumende ine chikonzero chakakwana chokuita chimwe chinhu, kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha seroorano, mhuri, uye udzoro.

Matanho Anoshanda Okuona Kodzero Dzako

  • Chinyorwa Chiri Chose: Chengeta chinyorwa chakanyorwa chekurukurirano dzakakodzera, maemail, uye zviito zvinotorwa navashandirwi kana kuti vakuru vakuru vechikoro. Mapepa anonyorwa anowirirana anokosha kuvaka nhau inobvumwa.
  • Pasi pePrincime Seri: Mabhuku oumbirwe, mipimo yavadzidzi yomufambiro, uye miitiro yesangano kazhinji kazhinji ine maruramiro anokosha etsika nemitoo yokushuma. Zvijairane umene naaya magwaro.
  • Mushumo weMukati: Masangano mazhinjisa ane miitiro yomukati yenyunyuto kana kuti kushuma mitsetse yerusaruro, kunetsa, kana kuti kuputswa kwemiitiro. Kushandisa iyi miitiro kazhinji kazhinji chinodikanwa nokuda kwechiito chapamutemo.
  • Tsvaka Zano remitemo: Kana unodavira kuti kodzero dzako dzaputswa, bvunza gweta rinoona nezvemutemo webasa, mutemo wedzidzo, kana kuti kodzero dzevanhu. Masangano akawanda, akadai seEuncial Accomplounting Commission (EOC) neAmerican Liberties Union (ACLU), anopa pfuma nenhungamiro.
  • Fire Account: nokuda kwezvinotaurwa neTitle VII, ADA, kana kuti ADEA, pomero inofanira kuchengetwa neEEOC kana kuti sangano rehurumende remitemo yebasa rakarurama dare risati ragona kunyorwa. Vafi vanoshandisa, kazhinji kazhinji mazuva 180 kana 300 kubva pamusi wokupunza kwaipomerwa.

mhedziso

Bill of Rights haisati iri chisaririra chenhau chakasiana asi chisaririra chipenyu chinochinja kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare nechiito chomutemo. Nheyo dzacho dzinoumbwa kuva chinhu chetsika dzoupenyu hwedu hwesangano, dzichiumba dzikamo yesimba pakati pavanhu nechiremera. Kunzwisisa kuti idzi dziviriro dzekare dzinochinjira sei kumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana ebasa neeimba yechikoro zvinopa simba vagari vemo, vashandi, uye vadzidzi kufambisa izvi zvakapoteredza zvinobudirira. Nepo State Action Doct Doct Doct Reginectry inoganhurira kushandiswa kwakananga kweBumbiro remitemo kuvatambi vehurumende, zviremera zvemitemo uye mitemo inotambanurira kurutivi rumwe cheterwo rwezvikwavo. Kuziva pamusoro peiyi dziviriro negadziriro zvechikoro kunozvishandisa inzira yechokwadi yokuvimbisa kuti zvipikirwa zvaBill Requetions ararame nokuda kweAmerica iri rose.