Gadziriro yeChina yeMitemo yeUnited States inodzivirira vagari vemo pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha, kodzero yakaedzwa nokunatswa mumazana amakore okududzira pamutemo. Kunzwisisa maruramiro ako ebumbiro remitemo muna ikoku kunokosha nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vadzidzisi navadzidzi mumashoko ano, zvikurukuru sezvo unyanzvi nemitoo yokudzora zvinochinja. Nyaya inopa kunzvera nokunzvera kwokutapurika kwapachipfuvara, kubatanidza rondedzero huru dzemitemo, zvisarudzo zvapamutemo zvenhau zveDare Guru, mirangariro inoshanda mumiganhuro yechikoro, denho dzazvino uno unonzvera namagetsi zvazvino uno unovapo nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro ako.

Tsamba Yebumbiro Remitemo: Rugwaro Rwechina rweFiji uye Nhau

Genetic Amendment inoti: “Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, haisati ichizoputswa, uye pasina vaWarrant vachapa, asi pachinhu chinobvira, chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Mutauro uyu wakabuda muzvichemo zvehurumende inorwisana navagari vemo nemhindu izvo zvakapa vakuru vakuru veBritain chiremera vasingazvidzoreki kunzvera mishato yehurumende inonyengera, vachiisa chikwanikiso chinonzvera chinenge chiri chakananga uye chinovakirwa pachisakiso chakavakirwa.

Kugadziridza kunoshanda mumativi makuru maviri: Kuzvidzora Claus (kugumisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari) uye Claus anopamhika[[ (kugadza zvinodikanwa zvezvibvumikiso). Nenguva yakati, Dare Rapamusoro raita mutumbi wakaoma wenhau uyo unodzikamisa kuvandika kwakavanzika kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe mukurwisana nezvinoro zvepamutemo. Nokuda kwemashoko enhau akapoteredza, ona [[FLT:] Corne Leginformation Institute's

Tsananguro Huru Nemifungo

Chii Chinotsvaka?

A inoita kuti itsvake apo hurumende inodzongonyedza kariro ine mufungo yomunhu yokuva woga. Iyi rondedzero, yakatangwa mu Katz v. United States [1967], haigoni kuganhurirwa kukuvadziko. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa giramu rinopisa kuti ione mitoo yokupisa mukati memusha pasina rugwaro. [[FLT:]] Kyllo v. United States[FLD: 5, 2001]).

Chii Chiri Kunyengerwa?

[[FLT: 0] chinhu chinoitika apo panenge pane kudzongonyedzwa kune revo nefariro yomunhu munzvimbo iyoyo. Kubatwa kwemunhu (kwakadai sokusungwa kana kuti ] Trigiry kumisa ``poccurss apo munhu ane mufungo anenge asingagoni kusununguka kubva. Mutsetse pakati pechisangano chakakomba uye kubatwa kunogona kuva kwamanomano; matare anonzvera hwerengedzo yemigariro, kubatanidza kuvapo kwezvombo, jhedziro, uye nzvimbo.

Chisakiso Chinowirirana uye Kuzvinyepedzera Kune Mwero

  • Chisakiso chakarurama: Ibviro yakaisvonaka kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi huchawanwa kana kuti munhu akaita mhaka. Uyu ndiwo mupimo unodikanwa nokuda kwekodzero uye nokuda kwokusungwa kwakazara zvikurusa. Chisakiso chinobvira chinoda zvinopfuura nyumwirowo zvayo asi chishomanene kupfuura chibvumikiso chinopfuura panikiro ine mufungo.
  • Kuzvinyima kunopfuudzwa: Mupimo wakaderera unobvumidza kumira kupfupi nemafrisk anodzivirira akaganhurirwa. Inofanira kuvakirwa pamaidi chaiwo, anochinjika, kwete murwinga. Uyu wakasumwa mu TERY v. Ohio (1968).

" Hurumende yeChina inodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo." – Mutongi Muumbi Stewart, Katz v. United States[[[FLT]]

Zvinodikanwa Zvinobetsera Nezvisingaparadzaniswi

Nepo Kuchinja Kwechina kuchisarudza kodzero, Dare Rapamusoro Rakajeka rakaona kusiyana kwakawanda kunobvumira kunzvera kusina kufanira uye kubatwa nepfari.

Muitiro Unopa Ngwavaira

Chibvumikiso chapamutemo chinofanira kupiwa namejasitiriti asina revo, chakavakirwa pamutengi anoratidza chisakiso chinobvira, uye chinofanira kurondedzera nzvimbo inoda kutsvakwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa.

Vaya Vanopa Mhesano Vanowanzova

  • Consisted:[ Kana munhu akabvuma nokuzvidira kutsvaka, hapana judha inodikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa pachena, kwete kumanikidzwa. Vatatu vane chiremera chinooneka (g., wokugara naye) vanogonawo kubvuma, asi matare anosanonzvera migariro.
  • [[FOLT:0] Murangariro unooneka: Kana mukuru mukuru aripo pamutemo ndokuona ufakazi hwemhosva muchiono chakajeka, vangaitora pasina maruramiro. Rudzi rwechinhu runofanira kuva pachena nokukurumidza.
  • Migariro yakakomba: Mamiriro ezvinhu eNhamo eNhamo akadai sokurondwa kwokukurumidza kwefungidziro yokutiza, ruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi, kana kuti tyisidziro yapakarepo kuupenyu() inogona kururamisa kupinda kusina maruramiro kana kuti kunzvera.
  • Kutsvaka Chinoitika Kukusungwa: Pashure pokusungwa kwapamutemo, vakuru vakuru vangatsvaka musungwa nenharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo kuti vave nechokwadi chekotsekano ndokudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi. Zvisinei, ichi chitsaurwa hachitambanudziri kukunzvera kusina kuraira mashandiro emichina yetsika ( Riley v. California, 2014]).
  • Mota Inoshanda Nesimba: Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzinobatanidza kariro yakaderedzwa yokuva voga, vakuru vakuru vangatsvaka motokari pasina rugwaro kana vane chikonzero sezvingabvira chokudavira kuti ine ufakazi hwoutsotsi.
  • Kumira neFrisk (Nhau yeTsinga): Mukuru mukuru angaisa munhu mujenya rakavakirwa panyumwiro ine mufungo ndokuita chitsama chakaderera nokuda kwezvombo kana mukuru mukuru wacho achidavira nenzira ine mufungo kuti munhu wacho akashongedzerwa nezvombo uye ane ngozi.

Nokuda kwendaza yakakwana yezvisaririra, shanyira ACLU'SCU'SCHENA upfumi hweFimendment.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Zvisarudzo zveDare guru zvakachinja zvikuru mashandisirwe anoitwa Simende Yechina.Pazasi pane nyaya dzinokosha idzo mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe nomudzidzisi anofanira kuziva.

Map v. Ohio (1961) – The Excloion Tounce

Iyi nhau yakatambanudza mutemo [ wokutonga kumatare ehurumende. Kare, yaiwana ufakazi nenzira isiri yapamutemo hwaigona kushandiswa mukukwirira hurumende kunyange kana yakaputsa Fourtermendement yeChina. Dare rakatonga kuti ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina mufungo kana kuti kubatwa hakugoni kushandiswa pakutongwa. Iyi mushonga unodzivisa mufambiro wakashata wamapurisa uye unovimbisa kutendeseka kwedare. Kurava peji yeOyez ye Mapp v. Ohio[FL:][4]

Katz v. United States (1967) – Tariro Ine Mwero Yokuva Woga

Charles Katz akawanwa ane mhaka achishandisa ufakazi hwakabva pawadhi refoni rakaiswa panzvimbo yavose. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja, richidavira kuti Gadziriro yeChina inodzivirira vanhu, kwete nzvimbo. "Tariro ine mufungo yokuva woga" yakakurumbira yakamuka: kunzvera kunoitika apo hurumende inoputsa kariro yezvakavanzika inorangarirwa nenzanga sezvine mufungo. Mhaka iyi yakaputsa mutoo wezvinhu wakavakirwa panzvimbo yakare ndokugadzirira nzira mutemo wakavanzika wazvino uno.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) – Stop neFrisk

Mhaka iyi yakabvumira kusangana kwamapurisa kwakaganhurirwa kwakavakirwa pakunyumwira kune mufungo. Mukuru mukuru McFadlen akacherekedza varume vatatu vachizvibata nenzira inonyumwira, vachiamisa, uye vachiawana, zvombo. Dare rakatsigira kunzvera semwero une mufungo wedziviriro yekotsekano yavakuru vakuru. Trigiry inofanira kumiswa kururamiswa namaidi chaiwo, anochinjika, uye frask inoganhurirwa kunzvimbo yakaganhurirwa kunzvimbo inochengetedzwa yeko yezvombo.

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) – School Research

Chinoitika chinokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi: Vakuru vakuru vechikoro vanganzvera vadzidzi pasina rugwaro kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo [ kuti kunzvera kuchabudisa ufakazi hwokuputsa mitemo yechikoro kana kuti mutemo. Mupimo wakaderera kupfuura chisakiso chinobvira. Kunzvera kunofanira kuva kune mufungo muukuru hwakwo namavambo. Uku kuyera kunoziva mhoteredzo yechikoro yechienzi umo kuchengeta nhevedzano kunokosha.

Riley v. California (2014 - Celle Studies Information Intection to Accomp

Tsamba dzeserura dzine mashoko akawanda anokosha, kubva pamaemail nemapikicha, kuenda kubhengi nenzvimbo.

Carpbatendi v. United States (2017) – Show-Site Location Metam

Hurumende yakawana mwedzi yemishumo yesero kubva kumunhu anotakura zvinhu zvisina ntambo pasina pamutemo. Dare rakaramba kuti kuwana zvinyorwa izvi kunoumba kunzvera kwechina kweFindromendment. Chiratidzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti nhau yenzvimbo yemakombiyuta iri kuzivisa zvikuru uye ibvumiro yebumbiro remitemo. Dzidza zvakawanda kubva kuElectronic Foundation.

Kutsvaka Nokuzvidzora Muzvikoro: Zvinofanira Kuzivikanwa Nevadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

Gadziriro dzechikoro dzinopa fungidziro dzeChine dzoruzivo. Dare Rapamusorosa mu T.L.O. rakaziva kuti kudikanwa kwekotsekano yechikoro nechirango zvinoruramisa chiteshi chakaderera chokunzvera. Zvisinei, kodzero hadzina kumiswa chose chose.

Kunyumwa Kune Mufungo Mundima Yechikoro

Vakuru vakuru vechikoro(kubatanidza vadzidzisi, vatarisiri, uye vakuru vakuru vemitemo) vanganzvera bhegi romudzidzi, rocker, kana kuti munhu kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo (yakavakirwa pamaidi akati) kuti kunzvera kuchazivisa ufakazi hwokuputswa kwomutemo wechikoro kana kuti mubato usiri wapamutemo. Kusafanana namapurisa, ivo kazhinji kazhinji havadi justamendi. Zvisinei, kunzvera kunofanira kuva kune mufungo pamavambo akwo (kusimbiswa pakutanga) uye kuva kune mufungo muukuru (hakunyanyopa zera romudzidzi uye kuva munhukadzi).

Kutsvaka Kunoita Zvokuvhara Namapepa

Zvikoro zvakawanda zvine mitemo yokuti varoyi zvinhu zvechikoro uye vanotsvakwa. Nepo vadzidzi vangava nekariro yakati yokuva voga, yakaderera. Kana chikoro chikaita kuti mutemo wacho uzivikanwe, matare ane bviro huru yokuwana kuti vadzidzi vabvuma kunzvera. Mabhackrack anotsvakwawo munyumwiro ine mufungo, asi kunzvera kunoda kuratidzirwa kwakakwirira kwezvinodikanwa. Mu Safford Assifin School District v. Reastment [2009], Dare rakatonga kuti kutsvakwa kwechikamu kwegore re13 renguva refu nokuda kweiprofen kuve kwakanga kusina mufungo nemhaka yokuti kwakanga kusina ratidziro yengozi kana kuti chiva.

Kuedza Mirimo

Dare rakabvumira kuedzwa kwemirimo kusina kunyumwirwa nokuda kwavadzidzi vanobatanidzwa mumibato yokuwedzera yapashure pechikoro ( Board of Education v. Earls, 2002) uye nokuda kwavadzidzi vamakwikwi (Vernonia School . Acton, 1995). Zvisinei, kuedzwa kwemirimo kusingawiriraniswi kwevadzidzi vose kungangova kusiri kudivi. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinodzikanisa fariro yechikoro mukudzivisa kushandisa zvinodhaka zvinopesana nepatiso youngwaruza.

Vamiririri Vemitemo Muzvikoro

Apo mapurisa anobatanidzwa mukunzvera kwechikoro, mupimo weFreadter ingava wakakwirira: Chisakiso sezvingabvira uye maruramiro zvingadikanwa kana mukuru mukuru wacho ari kuita zvikurukuru somutarisiri wemitemo panzvimbo pokubetsera chirango chechikoro. Mutsetse wacho unogona kuva usina kujeka, zvikurukuru kuVamiri vaMakurukota veMitemo yeZvidzidzo zveSchource (SROs).

Mabasa Anoshanda Evadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

  • Ziva Kodzero Dzako:[[FLT: 1] [Dzidziso yeChina] Inoshanda kuvadzidzi, asi muganhu unopfupikiswa pazvikonzero zvechikoro. Une maruramiro okuramba kuramba wakanyarara uye kuramba kunzvera kana usingamanikidzwi nenyumwiro ine mufungo. Zvisinei, kuramba kubvumirana kungamutsa nyumwiro, naizvozvo rangarirai zvisarudzo nokungwarira.
  • Vadzidzisi seMienzaniso: Vadzidzisi navatarisiri vanofanira kutanga mitemo yakajeka, yakanyorwa pamusoro penzvero yavadzidzi inowirirana nomutemo wenyika. Vashandi vanorovedza musiyano pakati penyumwiro ine mufungo nechishuvowo zvacho chinokosha kudzivisa kuputswa.
  • Zvikoro zveFigita: zvinowanzogovera maraptop namahwendefa. Vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva kuti maturusi echikoro angacherekedzwa. Mafoni omunhu oga kazhinji kazhinji anofarikanya dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru; vakuru vakuru vechikoro vanofanira kuwana rugwaro rwokutsvaka runhare rwomunhu oga rwomudzidzi kunze kwekurumidziro.
  • Advocacy ne dzidzo yeCovicial: Shandisa nzvero dzenhau dzeGavhura rechina kudzidzisa kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro pokudzikamisa chengeteko norusununguko. Kurudzira vadzidzi kukurukura migariro yakadai serockdown broad, shoots metal, uye proficing.
  • Tsvaka Betsero Yapamutemo: Kana ukadavira kuti kodzero dzako dzaputswa, nyorera gweta kana kuti sangano rerusununguko rwavagari vemo.

"Mupimo mukuru womunhu hauzi apo anomira munhambo dzenyaradzo nedzebetsero, asi apo iye anomira padzimwe nguva dzedenho negakava." – Martin Luther King Jr. (anowanzodudzwa mukutsigira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo)

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kuva Woga, uye Kugadziridzwa Kwechina

Ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu rwapfuura mashoko okutanga eFreenter. Dare zvino rinorwisana nenhau dzakadai seGPS kunyora, kuongorora, kubudisa mashoko, kutumira mashoko kwakanyorwa nehurumende. Mibvunzo yezvinokosha inosanganisira:

  • Kushandisa serura kutarira nzvimbo yomunhu kunoda chibvumikiso here? Hungu, paCarplate naUnited States v. Jones (202) nokuda kwokunyora GPS.[[FL:1]
  • Mapurisa anogona kukumbira Amazon kubudisa marekodhi akangwara here? kazhinji kazhinji inoda maruramiro, kunyange zvazvo kurongedzwa kuchipfuurira.
  • Ko vamiriri vemiganho vanoda kunyumwira zvine mufungo kuti vanzvere runhare rwomufambi pamuganhu here? Iye zvino, mutemo hauna kudzorwa, asi matare akabvumira kunzvera kusingafungidzirwi kwemidziyo yemagetsi pamuganhu, kudenha.

Mutemo unobatanidza wakadai seWechina Amendment Haisi Webasa uye mitemo yehurumende yezvechivande inotsvaka kuganhurira kusvika kwehurumende kwemashoko echitatu. Kudzikamiswa pakati pechengeteko nokuva woga kunoramba kuri nhau ipenyu mumatare emitemo nematare.

mhedziso

Kutsvaka nekodzero dzekubvuta ikoshi yemitemo yeAmerica inodzivirira rusununguko rwemitemo yenyika, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu pasimba rehurumende risingadzorwi nepo ichibvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti vaite mabasa avo mumiganhu yemitemo. Kubvira pakuvamba kwenguva inorwisana nezvisakiso zvavanhu vose zvemazuva ano pamikana yeserura, Simende yeChina inochinja mukupindura matengirimupiyuta matsva uye madhipatimendi echisocial. Vadzidzi nevadzidzisi, kunzwisisa kodzero idzi hadzisi chinhu chedzidzo chete. Inova chishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwounziri uye kugona kutungamirira. Nokuziva marondedzero makuru, nhau dzinoratidza zvinhu, uye zvazvinongoitika, unogona kutora zivo mukurukurirano dzinoumba nguva yemberi youngwaro muAmerica. Kana kuri mumusangano wechikoro kana kuti munzanga, maGendementation weChina anokupa simba rokubvunza nokukumbira chiremera.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza mirangariro yeDare [[FLT: 1] kana [[FLT:]Cornell LII inopa mhaka yechapupu[. Gara wakaziviswa, gara wakavimbisana, uye yeuka: Kodzero dzako dzakasimba bedzi sokudisa kwako kudzisimbisa.