Sumo: Kuchinja - chinja Kwekodzero Dzeroorano

Roorano ndirimwe ramasangano enzanga ekare zvikurusa, rinobatira sehwaro hwapamutemo nehwetsika nokuda kwokuumbwa kwemhuri, nhaka, uye tsigiro pakati pedzimwe. Mugadziriro dzazvino uno dzemitemo, maruramiro eroorano anobatanidza zvikurukuru rusununguko rwokusarudza mukwanyina, mano okupinda mubatanidzwa unozivikanwa pamutemo, kupinda muchatanuro, uye dziviriro pamusoro pezvinhu, kodzero dzekodzero dzokuchengeta mwana, uye betsero dzetsika. Kodzero idzi dzinowanzoiswa mubumbiro remitemo, maruramiro ekodzero dzavanhu, uye mitemo yemhuri.

Zvisinei, tsananguro yeroorano inoramba ichipokanidzwa. Nepo roorano yomurume mumwe chete — roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri — iri muenzaniso wakapararira mumiitiro yemitemo yokuMadokero uye munyika dzakawanda dzinopesvedzerwa nomutemo wehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende, rutivi rukuru rwemiitiro yavagari venyika kana kuti bhadhari ramakuru. Roorano dzemitemo dzinoumbwa sei nepolygyny (murume mumwe ane madzimai akawanda), inozivikanwa navose mumativi eAfrica, Middle East, neAsia, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinosimbiswa mumagamuchidzanwa orudzidziso kana kuti etsika. Ikoku kunoparira kusawirirana kukuru: Masangano emitemo anogona sei kugadzirirwa nokuda kwezvivako zveroorano zvevagari vemo vakasiyana - siyana pasina kuputsa nheyo dzekuenzana nekodzero dzavo?

Nyaya ino inoongorora zvinetso zvepamutemo zvinokonzerwa neroorano dzine barika, kuongorora mamiriro etsika nekodzero dzevanhu, uye kuongorora kuedza kuchinja kuri kuitwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kunzwisisa Roorano Dzinomukurumbira: Tsananguro Nemuitiro

Rikafu rinoreva kuroora kana kuroorwa nevanhu vanopfuura mumwe chete panguva imwe chete, uye panenge paine zvinhu zviviri zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa:

  • Polygyny[ - murume akaroorwa navakadzi vakawanda. Ichi chimiro chakapararira zvikurusa, chinozivikanwa kana kuti chinoshivirirwa munyika 40, zvikurukuru muAfrica yechekumaodzanyemba kwegungwa, Middle East, uye mativi eSoutheast Asia.
  • Polyandry - mukadzi akaroorwa navarume vakawanda. Kashoma zvikuru, kunoitika munzanga shomanene dziri dzoga dzakadai seNyimba yeNepal neToda yokumaodzanyemba kweIndia, kazhinji kazhinji senzira yokuderedza kukamukana kwenzvimbo kana kuti yokushandisa zvinhu zvishoma.
  • [ Roorano yeboka [-varume vazhinji navadzimai vakawanda. Haiwanzowanzoitika zvikuru, kuganhurirwa kunzanga dzamaune nenzvero dzenhau (sumo, Oneida Community in 19-century New York).

Rururamisiro dzorudzidziso nokuda kwepolygyny dzinowanikwa muchiIslam (chinoganhurirwa kuvadzimai vana, chinotsamira pakubatwa kwakaenzana) uye mududziro dzakati dzechiMormon (zvinopesana, kunyange zvazvo Chechi yaJesu Kristu yeLatter - Day Saints yakarega nomutoo wapamutemo muitiro wacho muna 1890). Mitemo yetsika munzanga dzakawanda dzeAfrica inobvumira Polygyny somutoo wokupfuurira kwedzinza, batira pamwe yemari, uye mugariro wenzanga.

Zvimwe zvirongwa izvi zvinozivikanwa pasi pomutemo wetsika kana kuti wechitendero asi kwete nehurumende.

Zvinetso Zvikuru Zvepamutemo Zvinotarisana Neroorano Dzinoremekedzwa

Apo mibatanidzwa yepabonde inoyambuka miganhu kana kuti inoda kuzivikanwa nehurumende, nhau dzakawanda dzinomuka.

1. Kusawana Mubayiro Nemigumisiro Yawo

Munyika umo barika risingabvumirwi kana kuti risingazivikanwi, munhu anenge ava neroorano yechipiri achiri muroorano yapamutemo neyokutanga angapomerwa mhaka yebigmi. Iyi yakanga yakakurumbira muUnited States, umo Edmunds Act yebarika ra1882 rakaitwa utsotsi, inotungamirira kudare ravamamon vanorapa. Nhasi, nyika dzose dzeU.S. dzinorambidza barika, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vakarega kugarisana nevamwe vakaroorana vakawanda. Kuroorana kunoreva kuti vaviri uye vanotevera havana kumira kwapamutemo. Havagoni kutaura kuti vane nhaka, mari inovakisa (zvakadai seInishuwarechi yenzanga kana kuti youtano), kana kuti kodzero dzokugara nhaka. Vana vakaberekwa pamuchato wakadaro vanganzi havabvumirwiswi zvisina kufanira, kutora nhaka uye kutama.

2. Kupesana Kwezvinhu uye Kurapwa Kwakakwana

Kunyange munyika dzinoziva roorano dzebarika (g., South Africa mumutemo wetsika), kuparadzanisa zvinhu pachatanuro kana kuti rufu kwakawanda. Nheyo yokubatwa kwakaenzana yakaoma kushandiswa apo murume ane vadzimai vatatu. Kana mudzimai mumwe nomumwe akagamuchira goverano yakaenzana yezvinhu zveroorano, kana kuti anofanira kugoverana kuwiriraniswa namakore eroorano kana kuti mupiro? [[FLT:] Chiratidzo cheAfrica chimene [[FLT:]] Chibvumirano cheroorano chapamutemo chinoedza kugovera chirongwa, asi matare achiri kurwisana nenhau umo mudzimai mumwe akaroora mumiitiro yavagari vemo uye mimwe miitiro yetsika. [[FLT]]

3. Kuchengeta Mwana Nechiremera Chomubereki

Vana vavana vavana vaamai vakasiyana - siyana vanobatwa sei mumitemo yenhaka mutsika dzakawanda, vana vababa vanongogara vachingova vana vakaenzana, asi kodzero idzi dzingasazivikanwa nematare emhuri. Somuenzaniso, muNigeria, umo mutemo wemitemo yechechi neyechiIslam unoshanda pamwe chete, mwana anoberekwa nomudzimai wechipiri mumibatanidzwa yebarika anganzi imhandu dzakafanana, asi dzimwe kodzero idzi dzingasazivikanwa nematare emhuri.

4 Kutama Kumwe uye Kusawirirana Nevagari Vomunyika

Chimwe chedenho yakakomba zvikurusa yapamutemo chinomuka apo mhuri dzine barika dzinotamira kunyika idzo bedzi dzinoziva roorano dzapamutemo dzinobatanidzwa. U.S., somuenzaniso, anobvuma bedzi mukwanyina mumwe se "vhisa". Murume weSenegal navadzimai vaviri anogona kuunza bedzi kuUnited States. Ikoku kunomanikidza mhuri kuparadzanisa kana kuti kumanikidza mudzimai wechipiri kupinda somuenzi asina mugariro wapamutemo. MuCanada, mukwanyina weImmigration neFout Act yeRound Act [FLT: 1] zvikurukuru kubvisa roorano dzechipfuva mutsinhamo pamibatanidzwa wemhuri. Central Libbersion Union (ALU)[F:3] inokwenyurwa zviitiko zvakadaro kuti itsive mhuri itsive nokubatana kwadzorwa kurudyi. [FLT]

5. Kubhadhara Mitero uye Kuchengetedza Vanhu

Gadziriro dzemitero dzinofunga kuva namasangano maviri evakwanyina. Kubatira pamwe, kutaura kuti vanotsamira pamunhu, kana kuti kugamuchira betsero dzinopukunyuka zvinova zvisingabviri kana kuti zvisina mufungo apo vakwanyina vazhinji varipo. MuUnited Kingdom, mukuru mukuru wemitero HMRC akabudisa nhungamiro pamusoro penzira yokubata nayo roorano kana yakaitwa pamutemo kunze kwenyika, asi mitemo yacho yakaoma uye kazhinji kazhinji inosakisa mudzimai wechipiri. Gadziriro dzenzanga dzingaramba kubhadhara betsero dzinopukunyuka kuchirikadzi inopfuura imwe, dzichisiya dzimwe mhuri dzine urombo.

6. Rusununguko Rworudzidziso runopesana. Mitemo Inorwisana

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rairangarira kuti chitendero hachisi dziviriro kupomero huru muU.S. yakasimudzira kutaura kwemipimo yorusununguko rworudzidziso. Reynolds v. United States (1879] [1879]), Dare Rapamusoro rairangarira kuti chitendero hachisi dziviriro kumurairo mukuru, kugadza muenzaniso unoganhurira muitiro worudzidziso apo unorwisana nomutemo woutsotsi. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muCanada, Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kurambidzwa kwoutsotsi kwebarika munhau yenongedzero (2011), richidudza kuvadziko kuvakadzi navana, nepo zvichibvumira kuti nzanga dzorudzidziso runoshandisa nokuzvidira. Kuwiriranisa muganhu worudzidziso nefariro yorudzidziso mutangiriro yavanhu vanokuvadzwa zvinoramba nzvimbo inokakavarambwa yomutemo wemitemo.

Mirangariro Yekodzero Dzevanhu Paroorano Inozivikanwa Zvikuru

Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu munyika yose akanzvera zvikuru barika, zvikurukuru polygyny, somuitiro unoputsa maruramiro avakadzi okuenzana. Dare reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose pamusoro pokubviswa kworusaruro kuVakadzi (CEDAW) rakakurudzira rakurudzirazve hurumende kubvisa barika, richitaura kuti hariwirirani nenheyo yokuenzana pakati pevakwanyina. MuKurumbidza No. 21 (1994), Dare rakataura kuti barika "rinoyera maruramiro omukadzi kuenzana navarume" uye "rinofanira kudziviswa uye kurambidzwa."

Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti chirambidzo chinorambidza chingaputsa kodzero dzetsika nedzerudzidziso dzaavo vanosarudza kuroorana kwebarika vakasununguka. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzevakadzi dzinotsigira nokuda kwomutemo panzvimbo pokurambidza: kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakwanyina vose vane chimiro chakaenzana chapamutemo, kuti nhaka netsigiro zvinosimbiswa, uye kuti vakadzi vane maruramiro okubvuma kupolyginy pamipimo yakaenzana. VAkadzi [FLT: 1] vakasimbisa ukoshi hwetsika dzinoremekedza tsika dzetsika nepo dzichisimbisa mipimo mishomanene yekodzero dzavanhu.

Kubva mumurangariro wavana, mhuri dzebarika dzinogona kupa zvose zviri zviviri betsero (masangano anotsigira ari mupasi rose) nengozi (kuparadza mibato yomwana, ngozi yakawedzerwa yerwisano pakati pavakwanyina, uye nyongano pamusoro pokuva namapollandrou). Convention on the Rights of the Child haitauri zvakananga asi inosimbisa fariro dzakanakisisa dzomwana, idzo matare anofanira kudzikamisa mhaka nemhaka.

Nzvero Dzemhosva: Kusvika Kwapamutemo Mupomero Dzakasiana - siana

South Africa: Kuzivikanwa Nemamiriro Ezvinhu

South Africa inoziva kuti roorano dzetsika dzinowirirana nomutemo wetsika, uye dzinoda kunyoreswa. Zvisinei, murume anotevera anofanira kuwana mvumo yedare asati apinda muimwe roorano, uye hurumende yenzvimbo inofanira kutangwa kudzivirira vakwanyina varipo. Hurumende yeAfrica yokuMadokero yeSouth Africa inovimbisa chiyero, naizvozvo matare akarovanya mativi omutemo wetsika ayo anozvidza vakadzi — somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokubvumira roorano yavamwe, uye hurumende yenzvimbo yemibatanidzwa inofanira kutangwa kudzivirira vakwanyina varipo. Hurumende yemitemo yeAfrica yokuMadokerokuMadokero, inovimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu etsika anopesana navakadzi — somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokubvumira kubvumira kwomurume nyika isati yazviwawo.

India: Chiratidzo Chavagari vemo Chisingasarudzwi

Chirongwa chapamutemo cheIndia chinozivikanwa sechizhinji. Nepo Dare rePunity raHindu Marriage (1955) richirambidza vaHindu, vaMuslim vanodzorwa nomutemo wavo womunhu oga, unobvumira vadzimai vana. Uku kwave kuri kupesana, namapoka avanoremekedzwa namaruramiro avanhu anoraira maruramiro avanhu kukumbira province Civil Code (UC) inorambidza barika ravagari vose. Dare repamusoro radzivisa kurova mutemo womunhu oga wechiMuslim asi rakaratidzira kunetseka. Mukushayikwa kweUC, vakadzi vechiMuslim vakaroorwa navarume vane mishonga yakaganhurirwa; vanogona kutsvaka kurambana pasi peSalm Resciotion of Marlial Act, asi zvinhu hazvibvumirwi.

United States: Mitemo yeAnti - Polygamy uye Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno

Sezvacherechedzwa, barika imhaka muhurumende iri yose yeU.S., kunyange zvazvo kuchengetwa kuchisiyana. Muna 2020, Utah yakaderedza chirango chebarika kubva padanho rokuparadzisa kuva chikanganiso, rutivi rwenhamburiko huru yokunangidzira mari panhau dzinobatanidza kumanikidzwa nokubatwa zvisina kufanira panzvimbo pemiitiro yechitendero. Chimiro chepamutemo chokugarisana pamwe chete kwomunhu nemunhu pasina kuroorana kusiri kwepamutemo chinopesana: vamwe vaberekesei betsero dzemhuri kugadziriro dzakawanda dzechikwata, asi izvi hazviwanzowaniki. [[FLT:] ACLU] ACU yakataura kuti vakuru vanofanira kubvumira upenyu hwavo pachena pasina utsotsi, nepo kumira kurangarira kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfupikisa kupfupikisa.

Canada: Matsotsi Anozvitsigira Asi Anoitirana Nharo

Munhau yakarongwa ya 2011 ([[FLT: 0] Reference re: Chikamu 293 cheCriminal Code of Canada), Dare Rapamusoro reCanada rakabvumirana kutsigira kurambidzwa kwebarika kweutsotsi. Dare rakarangarira kuti barika rinokuvadza nenzira idzvarirwa nemhaka yokuti rakabatanidzwa nemwero yakakwirira yokubatwa zvisina kufanira, kusaenzana kwevarume, uye kuzviparadzanisa kwenzanga. Zvisinei, dare rakacherekedzawo kuti kurambidza kunofanira kumanikidzwa kudzorwa nenzira yokukurumidza kudzivisa vana kana kuti vanyajambwa vokumanikidzirwa. Enfoctive inoramba inongoramba iri duku; ngwariro panzanga yeribhiri yeBounti, British Columbia, apo vatungamiriri vakuru vemumirimo vakapomerwa mhaka mumutemo.

Kuchinja Kwepamutemo Nezvinodiwa Nokuda Kwenguva Yemberi

Zvinetso zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvakakurudzira zvirongwa zvakasiyana - siyana zvokuchinja zvinhu, kubva pakuzvipedza zvachose kusvika pakudzora kuwanda kwezvitendero.

Kubvumirana Kunyoresa Nezvinhu

Kusvika kwokuzvidira kunobatanidza kuraira roorano dzose dzebarika kunyoreswa nenzira yapamutemo, nezvibvumirano zvechikwaniriso zvepamberi pezvinotaurwa izvo zvinoratidzira kukamukana kwenzvimbo, nhaka, uye misengwa yokutsigira nokuda kwomukwanyina mumwe nomumwe. Ikoku kunosimbisa kuti vakadzi navana havawiri muzvikamu zvapamutemo. Muenzaniso weSouth Africa unorayiridza, kunyange zvazvo kutora roorano kuchida yamuro yapamutemo yakasimba nedzidzo yavose.

Kukanganiswa Kwekugara Muropa

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti hurumende inofanira kudzokera shure kubva paukama hwepedyo hwemapurisa. Panzvimbo pokuita kuti barika rive routsotsi, nyika dzingariita kuti risave rusaruro nepo dzichiramba kupa kuzivikanwa kweroorano — "hai roorano, hapana utsotsi". Ikoku kungadzivirira vanhu pakupomerwa apo vanoramba mutemo wemhuri kumasangano echibharo.

3. Kunyoresa Muchirongwa Chehurumende

Chinjo inofambira mberi zvikuru yaizoparira boka resangano revagari vemo iro rinobvumira vakuru vazhinji kunyoresa seboka rimwe remhuri, rakafanana neroorano asi rine mitezo inochinjika. Ikoku kungada gadziriro yapamutemo yokungwarira kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira (muchib., simba risina kuenzana) uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitezo yose ine maruramiro akaenzana kunhaka, kuita zvisarudzo zvezvokurapa, uye kutsigira kubuda munyika. Hakuna nyika ichiri kutoita muitiro wakadaro pamwero wenyika, asi dzimwe rwisano muBelgium neNetherlands dzakatapura pauri.

4. Kusimbisa Vana Claus Vehana Imwe Chete

Nokuda kwemitemo iyo inochengeta roorano yomumwe somuenzaniso wakakwana, vaiti vemitemo vangagona kusuma zvitsama zvezvikamu zvinobvumira roorano dzehana dzorudzidziso kana kuti dzetsika kupiwa zivikanwo yakaganhurirwa — somuenzaniso, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvenhaka kana kuti kuchengetwa kwavana — pasina kuzvibata seroorano yakazara. Uku kungava kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kunoremekedza magamuchidzanwa etsika nepo vachitsigira kurambidzawo zvako kwehurumende.

Kupedzisa: Kudzikamisa Kodzero, Tsika, uye Kuenzana

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero dzeroorano neroorano dzebarika hakusati kuchizopedzwa zviri nyore. Kune rumwe rutivi pane nharo dzakavakirwa muutongi hwetsika, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye maruramiro avakuru okuumba zvimiro zvemhuri zvechisarudzo chavo. Kune rumwe rutivi kune hanya nokuenzana kwevarume nevarume, kuganhurirwa kwavana, uye kudzorwa kwemitemo kwenhevedzano yapamutemo yakafanana. Hamuna munhu ane magiramugimet remainspall.

Chiri pachena ndechokuti kufuratira roorano dzebarika — kunyepedzera kuva dzisipo kana kuti kudzipa zvisina pamutemo zvinotsiva — zvinosiya mamiriyoni asina dziviriro yapamutemo yakaisvonaka inodikanwa, iyo inoremekedza mhatsa asi ichivimbisa kuti hapana munhu anosiiwa pasina dziviriro. Sezvo mipimo yekodzero dzavanhu yamarudzi ose inopfuurira kushanduka, vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kudzikamisa iyi mipimo inokwikwidzana nokuzvininipisa uye kuzvipira kuufakazi hwakavakirwa pamavambo.

Pakupedzisira, chinetso chacho hachisi chete pamusoro pebarika; chiri pamusoro pokuti gadziriro dzemitemo dzinogona sei kuratidzira kuwanda kwoukama hwavanhu asi dzichichengetedza maruramiro makuru avanhu vose.