Roorano, sesangano retsika retsika retsika renhau, yakabatira kare sezvose zviri zviviri ratidziro yetsika dzenzanga nenzvimbo inorwisana maruramiro avagari vemo. Kuzivikanwa kweroorano dzemarudzi akasiyana - siyana (kubatanidzwa pakati pavakwanyina vemigariro yakasiana - siana yedzinza kana kuti yedzinza) inomira sechiratidzo chine simba chokuti nzanga dzakafamba kusvika kure sei dzinobvumirwa nomutemo kumipimo yemipimo youenzani norusununguko rwomunhu. Nepo zvisarudzo zvedare remitemo nemhindu yemitemo zvino zvino zvinodzivirira kodzero yokuroorana mumativi ose edzinza munyika yose, rwendo rwacho rwave rwakakwikwidzana, uye runoramba rusina kukwana mumashoko okugamuchirwa kwakazara kwenzanganiso. Kunzwisisa roorano kwekodzero dzeroorano nokuda kwavaroora vane madzinza kunoda kusanzvera bedzi zviitiko zvapamutemo asi zvinetso zvetsika zvinopfuurira kupfuurira kuoneka mutsika dzinorarama muzvinoitika zvazvinoitika munyika idzi.

Mitemo Yeroorano Yakaitika Munhau

Mavambo Emitemo Inorwisana Nemiedzo

Kurambidzwa kweroorano yamarudzi akasiana kwakavakirwa zvikuru mugadziriro dzapashure penyika dzavanhu vedzinza. muUnited States, mutemo wokutanga unorwisana nemosveva wakaitwa muboka reMaryland muna 1661, zvikurukuru kuronga roorano pakati pavakadzi vachena navarume vatema. Mumazana matatu anotevera, mirau yakafanana yakasvika kunyika dzeAmerica dzeMadokero nedzokuMadokero. Iyi mitemo yakanga isiri bedzi pamusoro peroorano. Yaiva zvishandiso zvokuchengeta rucheno rwedzinza, kudzivirira mitsetse yezvinhu, uye kutsigira wirirano yezverongedzero yezvemari nenzanga pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, 30 pakanga pane muganhu wemitemo yapamutemo mubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa yemitezo, neyapasi penyika inovatema. muganhu weMadokero, kubatanidza muganhu wekuMabvazuva akadzi, umo maSouth Africa, kubatanidzawo: [FFocted Act, Convement)] namamwe pamutemo wemictic Act, pakati penyika dzechiutoritious, uye mamwe Germany.[194]

Kuchena Kwedzinza Nokudzora Gandano

Kupfuura mitemo yapamutemo, magwenya mukurwisana neroorano yamarudzi akamanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nokuzvidzwa kwenzanga, zvirango zvemari, uye masimba omuraudzo. MuUnited States, "mutoo mumwe" (jena) pfungwa yokuti mupimo upi noupi wedzinza weAfrica wakaita kuti munhu Black ashandiswe kumiganhu yedzinza neroorano dzisina maturo izvo zvingavhara miganhu iyoyo. Vana vemibatanidzwa yedzinza rimwe vaiwanzonyimwa nhaka, kuva mugari wemo wemo, kana kuti kunyange kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwoukama hwavabereki vavo. Nhakata yendangariro yakanga yakakomba: vanyakuroorana vakashora kuiswa mungozi kwomutemo, faindiro, uye kuparadzana kunomanikidzirwa. Munyika dzakawanda, masangano erudzidziso akasimbisawo izvi, kurambidza kuita mitambo yemapoka yemibatanidzwa yedzinza kana kuti ipararire madzinza. Iyi nhevedzano yemitemo yenzanga, yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga yenzanga uye yechitendero yakaitwa kuti ivengirire mhuri kudzivirira kurumbidzo.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nemhosva Dzinoitika Munzvimbo Yacho

Mugwagwa unoenda [[Ntodziro: 0] kuruva . Virginia

Denho kumitemo inorwisana neroorano yakavamba kuwana simba mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, asi yakanga iri nhau ye Lovating v. Virginia [1967]) iyo yakava nguva inodzorwa mumutemo weroorano weAmerica. Richard Long, murume muchena, naMildred Jeter, mukadzi weNative American, akanga aroora muWashington, D.C., muna 1958 kudzora Rivorgion’s Virginia Religion Act. Pakudzokera kuVirginia, vakasungwa mumusha wavo pakati pousiku uye vakapiwa mhaka yokusaberekana. Chikumbiro chavo chakashaidzwa chakadikanwa chirefu. Chibvumirano chavo chakada kusiya mugariro wamakore 25. Muneteverwa wemitengo wemitengo yavose. [54] Mune , Microngedzero yorusununguko rwemiteveri yemite yemite yemite yemite yemite yemiteopuko yavose yaMagro:[3]

Zviratidzo Zvenyika Yose Mukodzero Dzevanhu Dzokuroorana

[[FLT: 0] Kubuda [[FLT: 1] inhau yakakurumbira zvikurusa, mamwe marudzi akatarisanawo nehondo dzapamutemo dzinokosha. MuSouth Africa, mugumo worusaruraganda wakaunza kuva netsika dzapamutemo uye Kuguma kweMixdictions Remediation Act [[FLT:] [85] [85]) iyo yakatsiva chirambidzo, asi yapamutemo yakauya bedzi nomutemo wedhiromadhimonicism mu1994. MuUnited Kingdom, roorano yesvombhini yaisatongotongotongova isingazivikanwi nako nakaregere kupfuurira, asi kuvengana kwama 1960 na 1970 zvakaona murusarura dzinza rinopesana namarudzi akasiana namarudzi akasiana namapoka eroorano, zvinobatanidza roorano yavose muhurumende yakakurumbira zvikuru nokuda kwehurumende yeAustralia. [5]

Kuwirirana Nemitemo Yokutama Nokuva Mugari Wemo

Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano dzamadzinza kwakabatanidzwawo nomutemo wokupinda munyika. MuUnited States, kutora nokutsiva kweNational Act ya 1965 kwakabvisa mipimo yedzinza, asi vakaroorana muukama hwemadzinza akasiyana - siyana vachiri kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzakakomba mukubvumikisa kuva kwavo vakaroorana vane zvinangwa zvokupinda munyika. [DEN] Defensete yeMutemo yeMurayiro weroorano [[FLT]] [FLT] [1966] [1996]) yakabvumira miganhu yokuramba kuzivikanwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo yetezo, asi yakaparirawo zvinetso nokuda kwevakwanyina vemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa munyika dzakawanda. Zvichangobva kupfuura ipapo, zviremera zvokutama zvinoparira kuzivikanwa mumibatanidzwa yemipazwa yedzinza muEurope mubvunzurudzo yakatarisana.

Kuzivikanwa Kwemichato Yakawanda Nhasi

Mugariro Wapamutemo Munyika Yose

Pamsoro pama20, ruzhinji rwenyika dzinoziva nenzira yapamutemo maruramiro okuroora pasinei zvapo nedzinza kana kuti rudzi. Zvishandiso zvamarudzi ose zvamaruramiro avanhu, kubatanidza [[FLT: 0]] Chibvumirano cheRevolution of Human Rights (Ichibvumirano 16) [[[FLT:]]] ne [[FLT]]] International paKostation on Politial Rights kana kuti Political Rights [[FLT:]]] [mubatanidzwa]], inosimbisa kuti maruramiro okuroora ndokuwana mhuri haasati achizoganhurirwa pahwaro. Hurumende yenyika yakadai seSouth Africa, Brazil, India, uye Canada inodzivisa roorano muroorano. Mubatanidzwa rudzidziso rwapasi pete, [FLT] inopfuureak [5] uye Hurumende mumiteveri yemiteve inopfuukwa.[19] Hurumende yechiJudha zvinopfuutswa napanyuromese]

Kuda Kugara Vanhu uye Kugamuchirwa Kwenzanga

Nhamba yemichato yamadzinza yakawedzera zvinoshamisa chifo chapakati pezana ramakore rechi20. MuUnited States, mwero weroorano itsva dzinosimudzirwa kubva pa3% muna 1967 kusvikira ku 17% muna 2015, maererano Pew Research Center[. MuBrazil, umo kuvhengana kwedzinza kwave kuri chinhu chaichoicho chaicho chaicho chamazana amakore, vanhu vemarudzi akawanda zvino vanoumba vanopfuura 40% vagari vemo. United Kingdom yakaona ukama hwemagariro huchiwedzera kubva pa1% muna 1991 kusvikira ku 10% pa201. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuchinja bedzi kwapamutemo asi kufambikamuranisa vanhu, kufamba kwakawedzera, uye kuwanda kwedzidzo yakakwirira zvikuru. Zvizvarwa zvakafarariranwa zvinoratidzira mirangariro yakanaka. [201]

Zvinetso Zvenzanga Netsika

Kuramba Uine Rusaruro

Pasinei zvapo nokuenzana kwapamutemo, varoorani vamadzinza vanopfuurira kutarisana nokusawirirana munzanga dzakawanda. Microagnognots yakadai sezvitariso, mibvunzo inonyandura pamusoro pezivikanwo yomwana yedzinza, uye fungidziro pamusoro porudzi rweukama. Nhau dzinozivikanwa. Varoorani vangakanganiswa nokuda kwokuva vanobva muchizvarwa chakasiana kana kuti nokuda kwokuva mutarisiri panzvimbo yomukwanyina. Mudzimwe nharaunda, chishoro chemhuri chinoramba manyuko makuru edzvinyiriro, navabereki pane dzimwe nguva vanoramba vana vanoroora kunze kwedzinza ravo kana kuti boka redzinza. Idzodzo dzinogona kutungamirira kukuva voga, zvinetso zvendangariro, uye kunyange ukama. Fundo 2019 yakabudiswa mu [FLT:] . [FLD]

Matambudziko Akasiyana - siyana

Chinoitika cheroorano yamadzinza hachifanani; chinobatanidza vatano nevatano, rudzidziso, kirasi, uye nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, vakadzi vatema muUnited States vanotarisana netsika dzakasiana nemwero yakaderera yeroorano dzinoenzaniswa navarume vechiBlack, zvikurukuru nemhaka yemipimo yedzinza. Varoorani vemitengo yedzinza. Vaviri vemitengo yedzinza mukuti mukwanyina mumwe imukadzi ane ruvara rwakaderera vangasangana nokunzvera zvikuru pamusoro pevavariro dzake, zvikurukuru kana iye achifambidzana nomurume muchena. Vakaroorana vezvitendero vanonangana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakawedzerwa: misiyano yetsika mumitengo yemhuri, miganhuro yemutauro, uye mibatanidzwa yepamutemo. Nokuda kwaavo vari munzanga dzinowana mari shoma, mari yokusarura, kuyamura mishonga inotsigira, masangano anobetsera vanhu. Masangano ezvitendero anopesana namachechi anopesana zvikuru: ungano anongori kubatana kwedzimwe ungano, kunyange zvazvo zvichidzivisa kutsigira kubatana kwezvimwe zvitendero.

Vana Vedzimba Dzakawanda

Kukura mumhuri ine madzinza akawanda kunounza mikana nedenho. Vana vedzinza kana kuti vemadzinza akasiyana - siyana vangashandisa mibvunzo yakaoma yokuziva, zvakadai semazivire anoitwa, kuti vangapindura sei kumicroffaits yedzinza, uye kuti vangabatana sei nemativi ose enhaka yavo. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti vana vemarudzi akawanda vane vabereki vanotsigira uye vanokwanisa kupinda munzanga dzakasiyana - siyana kazhinji kazhinji vanova nengozi yakasimba zvikuru yokukwanisa kukwanisa kugadzirisa uye kuva netsika dzakanaka. Zvisinei, variwo pangozi huru zvikuru yokuona kusarura, uye vamwe vanorwisana nokunzwa "hayi yakakwana" yechinhu chimwe chete. Zvikoro, mumiririro wezvinobudisa nhau, uye muitiro wavose unowedzera kuziva kudiwa kwokutsigira kukura kwakasiyana - siyana, asi masangano akawanda achiri kushanda patsika dzinokwanisa kuoneka vanhu vakasiyana - siyana.

Nhau Dzinopfuurira Nokunyengera

Mikaha Yepamutemo Nekupesana

Nepo nheyo yokusasarura dzinza muroorano ichigamuchirwa zvikuru, mikaha yemitemo ichiripo. Munyika dzine mutemo wakaneta kana kuti pasina dziviriro dzakajeka dzebumbiro remitemo, vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vangaramba kuita kana kuti kunyoresa michato yemarudzi akasiyana, kumanikidza vakaroorana kufamba kune dzimwe nyika dzine dziviriro dzakasimba, kuchengetedza kunogona kuva kusina kufanira. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kupfuudza kuti pave ne "rusununguko rwechitendero" mitemo yaizobvumira vashandi vehurumende kana kuti mabhizimisi okuramba mishambadza mishato yemichato yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yezve yakavakirwa pamitengo yorudzidziso (*a mutoo wokudzivisa kukunda roorano yapakuvamba. Immigration inoramba kuparira mitoro: vakaroorana vanofanira kazhinji kubvumikisa ukama hwavo hwechisiko kupfurikidza nokunyora mapepa, uye kubvunzurudza kubvunzurudza maBhara.

Kutendeseka Nedzidzo

Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, akadai se ACLU uye . Human Rights Human Caign[, inopfuurira kutsigira dziviriro yemichato yose yedzinza nedzimwe sarura. Masangano anoramba achibatanidza zvidzidzo pamasangano ekodzero dzevagari vemo, kubatanidza kurwisa roorano dzechiRungu. Mafirimu, kubva kukubatsira kunzanga, kunobatsira mhuri. Kunzvera uye kuunganidza kwakadai semasangano a'poka akashati anodzidzisa vanhu vose pamusoro penhau yetsika dzedzinza nemhindu. Zvikoro zviri kuwedzera kugovera zvidzidzo pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende, kubatanidza kufambiswa kwekodzero dzemichato yenzanga. Mafirimu, kubva kukubatsira kunobatsira mhuri dzenzanga dzenzanga. Kunzvera uye kubatanidzwa kwemasangano akadai semasangano anenge: [F6]

Nzira Iri Mberi

Kuzivikanwa kwemichato yamarudzi ose kuri zvose zviri zviviri rukundo rwekodzero dzavanhu nechiyeuchidzo chokuti dzinza rinodzorwa zvikuru sei. Kupesvedzera kubva mukuitwa kwoutsotsi kuenda kukuchengeta (8) kunoonekwa zvikuru muUnited States, South Africa, uye dzimwe nzanga dzaichimbova dzaparadzaniswa nenzanga — kunoratidza kuti chinjo yapamutemo inogona kuita chinjo yenzanga, asi kuti chinjo dzenzanga hadzitongovadziki. Zvinetso zvomunguva yemberi zvinobatanidza kudzivirira idzi kodzero dzakaoma dzinorwisana nedzougandanga, kukurukura zvinodikanwa zvakasiana zvemhuri dzemarudzi akawanda mumativi akasiyana - siyana, uye kuvimbisa kuti betsero dzekuenzana dzinosvika munzanga dzakaganhurirwa, kubatanidza idzo dziri munharaunda dzomumaruwa, vanhu vakaberekerwamo, uye dzidzo yakaderera. Dzidzo uye kurukurirano dzinoramba dziripo nokuda kwokuvaka nzanga umo pasina muganhu dzinza.

mhedziso

Nhau yekodzero dzeroorano nokuzivikanwa kweroorano dzamadzinza akawanda inhau youshingi, kutsunga, uye kurondwa kweruramisiro kusingachinji. Kuvambira pamitemo inorwisana nehurumende kusvikira kuchisarudzo chakabatana mu Lovav. Virginia, uye kubva pakuparadzirwa kwemitemo yedziviriro yepasi pose yetsika nezvinoitika zvemhuri dzemarudzi akawanda nhasi, chisakiso chomutemo chakaomerera kukuenzana. Bva kugamuchirwa kwakazara kunoramba kuri basa mukufambira mberi. Chinonyadzisa chenzanga, miganhuro inopfuurirwa yepfungwa yedzinza inopfuurira kutapura vakwanyina vedzinza rimwe chete. Basa rinopfuurira kushandura kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo mururemekedzo, kusimbisa kuti roorano iri yose inotsigirwa, uye kuroorwa kwakasununguka, pasineiwo dzinza kana kuti kuzivikanwa nedzinza.