Mitero yemo inoumba mavambo emari yenzanga muUnited States yose, mari inotsigirwa zvakananga nezvikoro, migwagwa, mabasa ekurumidziro, uye mabasa evoruzhinji ayo vagari vemo vanotsamira pazuva riri rose. Kunzwisisa uku kubatana pakati pezvaunobhadhara mutero womunzvimbomo newaunowana mumabasa avose kunokosha kuti uite zvisarudzo zvaunoziva somuvhoti, muridzi wemusha, kana kuti muridzi webhizimisi. Kana vagari vemo vakanzwisisa kuti mari yavo yemitero inogoverwa sei ($*) uye kushambadza kunotora mitemo inowirirana nenzanga. Nyaya ino inoongorora marudzi akasiyana - siyana emitero yomunzvimbomo, mabasa avanotsigira, zvinetso zvemitero yomunzvimbomo, uye purodzi huru pakubudirira kwenzanga uye upenyu.

Mitero Yomunzvimbomo Chii?

Mitero yomunzvimbomo inoiswa nemitemo, maguta, maruwa ezvikoro, uye dzimwe hurumende chaidzo. Zvinogovera manyuko makuru ezvirongwa izvi zvamazano, kuwedzerwa kwehurumende nehurumende nemari. Chitsama nemitero yomunzvimbomo zvinosiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pamutemo wehurumende, migariro yemari yomunzvimbomo, uye zvisarudzo. Mukuwirirana ne Tax Foundation[, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakaunganidza inenge $2,7 000 000 000 muhwerengedzo yemari yemari mumari yose muna 2021, nemitero inosimupi. Marudzi anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza:

  • [ Mitero inowirirana[ – Manyuko makurusa emari yomutero yomunzvimbomo munyika yose, inowanzobhadharwa panzvimbo uye pane dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvomunhu oga. Mwero inowanzoiswa pa $100 kana kuti $6 000 yomutengo wakatemwa.
  • Mitero [-Ikaiswa pakutengwa kwezvinhu namamwe mabasa. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuwedzera pesenti yadzo dzimene pamusoro pemwero wenyika. Mwero yemitero yomunzvimbomo inogona kupfuura 4% mumitengo yakakwirira (umt., Chicago, New York City).
  • Mitero yemari inotambirwa yapanzvimbo imwe [-inowanzounganidzwa pamubhadharo unowanwa muguta kana kuti nyika. Iyoyi inozivikanwa navose munyika dzakadai seOhio, Pennsylvania, uye Indiana, umo manisiparati aigadza mwero yavo vamene, inowanzova 1% ne 3%.
  • [ Mitero yemari – A peshi muzana pamutero pamagetsi, gasi romusikirwo, mvura, uye mabasa okukurukurirana. Mitero yemari inowanzoshandiswa kutsigira mabasa akadai semagetsi omumugwagwa kana kuti zvirongwa zvemvura.
  • [ Mitero yemari yebhizimisi - inobatanidza marigiti emaripiti, mitero yerezenisi yebhizimisi, uye mitero yeropafadzo yebasa. Mamwe mabhizimisi emitero amaguta anotsamira pakubhadharwa kana kuti nhamba yavashandi.
  • [ Mitero yokuzvinyima, [[FLT: 1] - Mitero panzvimbo dzehotera, marendi emotokari, uye zvokudya zveresitorendi. Iyoyi inowanzoiswa nokuda kwokukwidziridzwa kwokushanya kana kuti nzvimbo dzekokorodzano.

Marudzi Ezvirongwa Zvevanhu Anotsigirwa Nemitero Yomunzvimbomo

Mitero yomunzvimbomo inogoverwa mumarudzi akawanda amabasa avose, mazhinji awo asingaoneki kusvikira aderera. Pasi apa ndiko kuputsika kune udzame kwemapoka makuru, nemienzaniso yokuti aya mabasa anotapura sei upenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Dzidzo

Mitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo manyuko makurusa okupinzwa kwemari nokuda kwezvikoro zvavose K-12 munyika zhinjisa, inowedzerwa neyamuro yehurumende nezvipo. Mukuwirirana ne Urban Institute [, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogovera inenge 45% yedzidzo yose inopedzwa munyika yose, nemhatsa huru pakati pamaruwa. Masangano ane pfuma ine mipimo yakakwirira inogona kuparira mari yakawanda zvikuru pamusha womudzidzi, inotungamirira kukubvisa. Mitero yomunzvimbomo inotsigirawo maraibhurari avose (* mipiro yemitengo, yemitengo yemikoro, uye zvirongwa zvenzanga zvokurovedza mabasa okuzvirongwa avakuru.)

Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Vose

Madhipatimendi emoto, kuchengetwa kwemitemo, mabasa ezvokukurumidzira (EMS), uye nzvimbo dzokutumira mashoko zvinotsamira zvikuru pamadhora omuno. Maruwa akawanda anodzima moto anobhadharwa nokubhadharwa mitero yenhumbi. Mapurisa mumaguta akadai seLos Angeles neChicago anoshandisa chikamu chinokosha chemari yemongi yemongi yemongi yeSayenzi (kazhinji 25% kana kupfuura). Kuchengeteka kwavanhu kunobatanidzawo kuchengetwa kwemitemo, kuongorora, uye mabasa okutarisira mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro. Munzanga dzisina chipatara chakazvitsaurira, mitero yomunzvimbomo ingabetsera kuchengetedza njodzi nemabasa eambure.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Zvekufambisa

Mitero yomunzvimbomo inoripira kuvakwa nokugadziridzwa kwemigwagwa, mabhiriji, migwagwa yebhasikoro, migwagwa, magetsi emotokari, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa vanhu. Hurumende dzeruwa dzinotambira mitero yemaruwa nemigwagwa inodzorwa nemigwagwa yemaruwa, nepo maguta anotarisira migwagwa yomunzvimbomo. Mumaguta akawanda, mavhoti anotenderwa, mari yemitero yemitero yezvokufambisa zvinhu yeruwa (g., muAtlanta, Seattle, Denver). Mitero yemvura netsvina inowanzotsigirwa nemubatanidzwa wemitero yemari yebasa, asi mitero yezvokubhadharo inobhadharwa nemitero yemari inodzoro yemari inodzoro yemari yavose yezvirongwa zvemari.

Utano Nemabasa Avanhu

Madhipatimendi outano hweruwa, mabasa outano hwendangariro, zvipatara zvehurumende, uye makiriniki outano hwomunzanga zvinogamuchira mari yomunzvimbomo. Munyaya idzo dzakakudza Medicaid, mipiro yomunzvimbomo inobetsera kufukidza mugove usiri womutezo. Nzvimbo zhinji dzinotsigirawo mabasa enzanga akadai sebetsero yedzimba, zvivako zvokusava nedzimba, mabhangi ezvokudya, mabasa okudzivirira vana, uye nzvimbo dzavakuru kupfurikidza nemitero yezvinhu yakatsaurirwa kana kuti mari yemari.

Mapaki, Nhandaro, uye Tsika

Mapaki avose, nzvimbo dzemitambo, nzvimbo dzenzanga, madziva okushambira, uye nzira dzinobhadharwa zvikuru nemitero yenzvimbo nezvokutengeserana. Mamwe maguta anoisa “mutero wakaparadzana” kana kuti“ mari inoripirwa mari yemari. Masangano etsika neamburera, kuita nzvimbo dzemitero, mazoo, uye minda yemichero, .___kazhinji anogamuchira tsigiro yebasa yomunzvimbomo pamwe chete. Somuenzaniso, City of Denver inopa chikamu chayo chokutengesa kumitero yemitero yezvokunyora mifananidzo nedzero, masangano anoripira mari seDen Art Art Museum nemutambo wemiitiro yezvokugadzira zvetsika.

Kuchenesa Nemabasa Emhoteredzo

Mitero yetsvina, kugadzirwazve kwemarara, kuraswa kwemarara ane ngozi, kutsvaira mumugwagwa, kubviswa kwasnou, uye kuiswa kwemvura yematututututukira kunobhadharwa nemitero yomunzvimbomo kana kuti mushandisi. Manisiparasite akawanda anoisa mitero iyi mu “mari inoripira” inobatanidzwa pamari emvura yomwedzi nomwedzi. Masangano enzvimbo akadai sokutarisira kunaka kwemhepo, kudzivirira kwaparefu, uye kudzora mhuka dzinopinda mvura kazhinji kazhinji anobhadharwa kupfurikidza nemitero yenzvimbo yeruwa.

Kubatsira Kunoita Mitero Yomunzvimbomo Pakufambira Mberi Kwenzanga

Mitero yomunzvimbomo inoita zvinopfuura kuchengeta mabasa anokosha achiitwa nejenaguru neromunzanga. Mitemo yemitero yakanyatsorongwa inogona kukwezva kuisa mari, kuwedzera mipimo yenhumbi, uye kudada kwenzanga.

Mabhizimisi Anoita Kuti Vanhu Vasave Nemabasa

Makambani anorangarira kunaka kwegadziriro dzesangano ravose, chengeteko, uye dzidzo yavashandi pakusarudza kwokuwana kana kuti kufutunuka. Chivako chemitero chakasimba chomunzvimbomo chinobvumira guta kuisa mubhengi rakafara, migwagwa ine zvigaro zvakanaka, uye mabasa okubvuma. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera ne Brookings Institution inoratidzira kuti nepo mwero yemitero yehurumende yenhau, vara rebasa romunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vane pesvedzero huru pamitengo yenzvimbo yebhizimisi yemafemu inotsamira pamitengo yavose. Nenzira inopesana, mabasa avose anobhadhanyirwa zvakashata anogona kudzivisa vashandirwiswa uye kuendesa vagari vemo kumitezoro.

Kubatanidza Mipimo Yezvinhu

Masangano avanhu vose akaenzana zvikuru anoiswa mumipimo yapamusha. Misha iri mumaruwa ane zvikoro zvakasanoiswa mumativi ose, mapaki ane nzvimbo dzakasanoiswa, uye mwero yakaderera youtsotsi inoraira mitengo inokwira. Nzvero inobva kuLincoln Institute of Land Policy yakawana kuti kumwe kutsauka kumwe kwomupimo mukushandiswa kwebasa ravose romunzvimbomo (kunamwa nokubhadhara mitero yenhumbi) kwakabatanidzwa ne 2 /4% wewedzero mumitengo yezvinhu. Ikoku kunoparira daro rakanaka: kukwira kunoparira mari yemitero pasina mwero, kumwe kuvandudza kubetsera kwemari.

Kuvandudza Mavara Oupenyu

Kupfuura upfumi, mitero yomunzvimbomo inotsigira mabasa anoita kuti nzanga ive nzvimbo yakanaka yokugara. Trock yakavimbika yemarara, migwagwa inofambika, mapurisa anogamuchira, uye nzvimbo dzapachena zvibereko zvakananga zvemipiro inobudirira yomunzvimbomo. Kuwana kweupenyu kwakanaka kunobatanidzawo kubudisa kabhoni mumikoto yavose yakasanogadzirwa, batano dzenzanga dzakasimba zvikuru dzinobva mumapaki ane makireji ane misha yakanaka, uye miuyo youtano iri nani inobva mukiriniki dzinowanika negadziriro dzezvokudya dzakanaka.

Kubatanidzwa Kunokurudzira Kwechikwata

Apo vagari vanoona miuyo inooneka kubva mumadhora avo emitero , mugwagwa mutsva unotapurwa nokukurumidza, mhinduro yekurumidziro yapakarepo() sezvingabvira zvikuru yokutora rutivi musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, kupinda misangano yavose, uye kuzvipira. Nhano dzokuratidzira dzinoratidza chaizvoizvo kuti mari imwe neimwe inoshandiswa sei (zvakadai se ] Kuvhura masuo okushandisa [) kunogona kusimbisazve kuvimba nokuzvidavirira. Kuvimbisa kukuru kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kukuronga nokugovera bhajeti yemari yakarongwa.

Matambudziko Okupa Mitero Munzvimbo Yacho

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwayo, gadziriro dzemitero dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzinogona kusekesa tsigiro yavanhu vose yokusasarura, yokusanoita, uye yokusasarura.

Kusasarura Nokukanganisa

Mitero yakawanda yomunzvimbomo inodzorwa nechakawanda zvikuru. Mitero inodzorwa zvikuru nevagari vemo vemo vakaderera. Somuenzaniso, vatengesi vemitero, vanotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi avo vanopedzera chikamu chikuru chemari yavo pazvinhu zvinobhadharwa. Mitero yezvinhu inogona kuva inorema nokuda kwokuwana vakuru vanogarwa kana kuti varidzi vedzimba mukuonga nokukurumidza. Dzimwe nzanga dzinoderedza ikoku kupfurikidza nechikwereti chemari yomutero inopazarudzwa, kurasikirwa nemisha, kana kuti mwero yakaenzana, asi fambiro mberi inoramba iri isingaenzaniswi. Musiano mumari inopedzwa pakati pemitengo yavakapfuma navagari vechikoro varombo....Nhadzidzipi dzinoderedza ikoku kupfurikidza nemari yemitero inobviswa nenzvimbo yemari inodzo-para mitero.

Ruzha Rwenyuchi

Mitero yomunzvimbomo inogona kuderera zvikuru mukati memitengo inodzorwa mumitengo yemari. Mitero yemitero yenzvimbo inoderera zvikuru mukati memari inotengwa. Mitero yemitero inodzoreka zvikuru asi inoderedza upfumi pamakore 1-840. Mitero inowanwa pamibhadharo apo kushayikwa kwemabasa inokwira. Iyi hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinomanikidza kuderedza mibato kana kuti zvimwe kukwidza mwero mukati mekuderera kwemari, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji panguva yakaipisisa inobvira. Nyika zhinji dzinoganhurira kupfurikidza nokuwedzera mwero yemitero kana kuti kuda kuvhotera kukurusa kuti iwedzere mitero.

Zvinofungwa Nevanhu uye Kuvhiringidzwa Kwematongerwe Enyika

Vagari vemo vazhinji vanoshora kuwedzera kwemitero kunyange apo mitero iripo isati yakwana kuchengeta mabasa azvino uno. Uku kuendesa kunzeve kunobva pakusaziva pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemitero. Mitemo inoda muvhoti wemitero mitsva inogona kumisa kuiswa kwemitero iri madikanwa. Kuwedzera, miganhu yakagoverwa nehurumende yakadai seProcement 13 (iyo inopiwa mitero yenhumbi) uye Teachhareger of Rights Bill yeColorado yakadzivisa kukura kwemitengo yomunzvimbomo kwamakumi amakore, kuchitungamirira kukudzosera mberi chengetedzwa kwemitengo yemari inogadzirwa yemari inobhadha.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nendyiko Dzokushandisa

Kuisa mitero yakawanda yomunzvimbomo . Zvikurukuru nokuda kwemabhizimisi anoshanda kumativi ose apasi nevhu. Maguta akasiyana - siyana ane mitero yakasiyana - siyana, mitemo yokubvisa, uye rondedzero dzakashata. Mabhizimisi maduku angashaiwa mari yokuteerera zvizere. Uyezve, kubhadhara mitero yomunzvimbomo kunoda vashandi, purogiramu dzekombiyuta, uye nhamburiko dzokutarisira dzinopedza chikamu chemari inounganidzwa. Kushandiswa kwemitero yomunzvimbomo kana kuti kubatana kwehurumende kunogona kuderedza mitoro iyi.

Kuumba Kunoita Mabatiro Anoitwa Mitero

Kubatana pakati pomutemo wemitero nokupiwa kwebasa hakungoerekani kwazvinoita, kunotsamira pakuti mari inorongwa sei, inopedzerwa, uye inodzorwa sei. Somuenzaniso, kutengesa chikamu chemitero yokutengesa nokuda kwokufambisa chinovimbisa zvisungo zvemari yakatsaurirwa asi chinogona kuderedza kudzorwa kwemari. [[FLT:]] Mutero wemari [[FLT]] [FLT]] unodzora kukura kwemari asi ungachekwa semitengokwira. [[FLT:]]] Vatrot-ogiswose akkiriza zvisungo zvinotenderwa. inobvumira nokuda kwezvirongwa zvikuru zvemariro. Kukwira kwemitengo. [FLT]

Kuongorora Zviratidzo Zvemhosva: Kuenzanisa Guta

Kusiyana muzvivako zvemitero zvomunzvimbomo kunoparira migumisiro yakasiyana zvikuru. Rangarira San Jose, California, inotsamira zvikuru pamitero yezvinhu nemhaka yeProctice 13 bhastiki. Ine mwero wemari yakaderera zvikuru (inenge 1% yemari inotambirwa) asi yakaderera panzvimbo dzinochengetwa namari inonangana na Portland, Oregon, iyo inoshandisa mwero wemari yemari pamwe chete nemitero yomunzvimbomo pamwe chete nemitero yomunzvimbomo yokubhadhara mitero yemitero yemapaki ayo, zvikoro, uye mabasa okusagara. Panguva inoripira. [[FLT:], Arizona [FF]

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Muvagari Vomunyika

Vagari vakadzidziswa vanogona kuumba muitiro wemitero womunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi mumitero yemari yokushandisa. Kuvhota mukusarudza kwomunzvimbomo, uye kutsigira kuoneka. Maguta mazhinji zvino ane purogiramu dzokushandisa mari yemari purogiramu dzokupa purogiramu umo vagari vanosarudza zvakananga nzira yokugovera nayo chikamu chemari inobhajeti. Vamwe vanobudisira paIndaneti mabutiro emari nokutsvaka mari inobhadharwa. Vagari vemo vanogonawo kumanikidzira nokuda kwe chitsamwa sezvinowedzera kushatisa musha nokuda kwokubhadharwa kwakaderera kana kuti kutsiva kutengeswazve mitero inodzo inofambira mberi kana kuti mitero. Kana vakadzidza kushambadza kushambadza kushambadza, sezvingabvira vanotsigira zvirongwa zvokuwana mari yakakwirira kuti vachengeterwe mabasa anodiwa.

Kuda Kubhadhara Mutero Kwomunguva Yemberi

Miitiro inoverengeka iri kuongorora makwidziro anoita hurumende dzemo uye mari yadzinoshandisa pakubhadhara mitero:

  • Basa rokubvisa nokutumira mari: Navashandi vashomanene vanokwira kumahofisi eguta, mitero yemari yomunzvimbomo munzvimbo dzomuguta iri kuderera, nepo nharaunda dzomumataundi nomumaruwa dzinoona zviverengero zvavagari vemo navagari vemo zvinowedzera. Dzimwe nyika dziri kushandura mitero kuti dziratidzire apo mubato wemari unoitika zvomenemene.
  • Kuchinja kwomutero kwakafanira:[[FLT: 1] Nyika dzinoverengeka dziri kurangarira chinjo kukepisi dzokunzvera, gadziriro dzetunhu, uye ganhuriro pawedzero dzegore negore dzokuderedza kudzokera shure nepo dzichichengeta mari yakatsiga nokuda kwezvikoro.
  • Mitemo inobata mibato: Maturusi akafanana nereshipi yemari yomutero (TIF) uye maruwa enzanga anoshandisa zvinokarirwa kukura kwenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzekubudirira kutsigira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kufambisa zvinhu kunowana mhindu kunzanga.
  • Mitero yemitero yebasa yeDigital: Sezvo kutengeserana kukuru kunofamba paIndaneti, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dziri kusunda chiremera kumabasa omutero, zvitsama, uye kushambadzira kwamakombiyuta kwakadai kunotarisana nemhinganidzo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Mari yokutsigira nayo inopfuurira: Nzanga dziri kugadzira mitero yenzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kana kuti mitero yokutengesa kuti itsigire masvingo egungwa, kudzorwa kwamafashamo, kudzivirira tsva, uye gadziriro dzegirini.

mhedziso

Itambano pakati pemitero yomunzvimbomo namabasa avose inoitwa nokukurumidza uye inoramba iripo. Mari iri yose inounganidzwa(kupfurikidza nepfuma, kutengesa, mari, kana kuti mitero yepfuma) inoisa mubetsero dzinooneka dzinotema musiyano nehuwanduko yenzanga. Apo vagari vanonzwisisa kuti mipiro yavo inotsigira sei zvikoro, chengeteko, migwagwa, uye nhandaro, vanova vatariri vanobatira zvikuru vezviwanikwa zvavo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vagadziri vemitemo vanotarisana nebasa rakaoma rokuronga miitiro yemitero inoyera, inotsigika, inotsigisa, uye inoringana nokusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvinokura. Pakupedzisira, kusimbisa iyi wirirano inoda kuva yakajeka, kubatanidzwa pachena, uye kudisa kugadziridza zvivako zvomunzvimbomo zvinobatanidza mitero zvinodavirwa munzanga dzavose.