Hurumende dzehwaro dzinomirira boka rehurumende rematongerwe enyika rakaoma uye rinowanzosanzwisiswa iro rinobatanidza noune miitiro yedemocracy noudzori hwechisimba. Hadzisi hurumende dzinochinja chete dzichienda kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakazara kana kuti utongi hwehurumende, asi igadziriro dzakasimba dzinoshandisa zvisina kufanira kuva pamutemo kwemasangano ehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji dzichichengetedza betsero dzesimba rehurumende yeautocracy. Kunzwisisa makambani adzo kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuterama kwezvamatongerwe enyika munyika dzakawanda nhasi.

Kurondedzera Hybrid Regimes: Kupfuura Democracy / Indecracy Dichotomy

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akaparapatika kwenguva refu kuronga gadziriro dzisingawirirani zvakanaka muhurumende yedemokrase inorwisana neautocracy. Hurumende dzehwaro, dzinozivikanwawo sehurumende dzine masimba mashoma, dzinokwikwidzana, kana kuti dzoudzori, dzine nzvimbo yachena. Dzinoita sarudzo yenguva dzose, dzinochengeta bumbiro remitemo, uye dzinobvumira dzimwe rusununguko rwavagari vemo, bva nenzira yakarongwa kuisa nzvimbo yokutamba kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti marumbidziko anoramba ari musimba. Mativi makuru anobatanidza:

  • Masangano edemocracy: Sarudzo dzakawanda, masangano emitemo, uye matare aripo papepa.
  • Miitiro yehurumende ine chiremera chakakomba: pfuma yehurumende inoshandiswa kutsigira mapati anotonga, zvinobudisa nhau zvinoiswa mungozi kana kuti zvinodzorwa, chishoro chinonetswa, uye mutemo unoshandiswa nenzira yakasarudzwa.
  • Kuwedzera: Mwero wakaganhurirwa wamakwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika unobvumirwa, asi hautongotyisidziri kubata kwehurumende simba.

Iyi hurumende haisati ichikundikana hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti hurumende dzisina kukwana; igadziriro dzakavakwa nezvinangwa dzakarongedzerwa kusimbisa dzikamo kupfurikidza nokukumbira kuva pamutemo kubva kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nepo dzichichengeta miitiro yokudzora youtongi hwehurumende. Nyanzvi dzakadai se Livitsky na Way (2010) dzakanyora kuti hurumende dzakava rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa rwehurumende dzinodzora hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu muzana ramakore rechi21.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu

Kumuka kwehurumende dzemibatanidzwa yakaumbwa nehurumende dzakabatanidzwa zvikuru kumugumo weHondo yeRuzha. Nokuwa kwezviito zvoudzvinyiriri zvakanyanyisa, vatungamiriri vakawanda vane chiremera chehurumende vanodzvinyirira vakaziva kuti kudzvinyirira kwakakwana kwakanga kusati kuchatsigirwa munguva yetsika dzehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yenyika yose nedzvinyiriro yenyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakagamuchira zvisungo zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Panzvimbo pezvo, maparamende, kusarudza. Russia pasi paVladimir Putin muenzaniso wetsika: Bumbiro remitemo ra 1993 rakaumba kuva democracy, asi chinjo dzapamutemo dzakatevera uye kutemwaratisiro dzakashandura zvisarudzo kuva tsika dzokuvaradzisa panzvimbo yesimba. Nenzira yakafanana, munhetepfekedzo dzeSoviet nemativi enyika dzeAfrica neAsia, hurumende dzezvipembedzo dzakabvumira vatungamiriri kudzivirira vanobva kunze kwokuva nedzikira pamutemo.

Michina Yokusagadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Mumadhigirii

Utongi hunogadzirwa nouhwana hunochengetedza kutsiga nokushandisa musanganiswa unosanorongwa wokumanikidza, kushandira pamwe, uye kushanda zvakarurama. Mashandiro anotevera ndeanokosha:

Kusarudza Kunodzorwa

Kusarudza kunoshanda sevharupu inokosha yokudzivirira ngozi. Nokubvumira makwikwi akaganhurirwa, hurumende inogona kutaura kuva yapamutemo yedemocracy nepo ichishandisa kuvhota kuti ive nechokwadi chokukunda kwayo. TCS inobatanidza:

  • Kushandisa kwoudzori: Kushatisa vashori, kuvhota mapepa, uye kudzora basa revhoti.
  • [[FLT: 0] mamiriro okunze: Hurumende yakazviwanira uye yakabatana nezvinobudisa nhau zvinoda zvikuru vapfumi, nepo mabudisi akasununguka achitapudzwa.
  • Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvehurumende: Vabatiri vevagari vemo, vapunzi vemidyandigere, uye vavhoti vomumaruwa vanowanzodzvinyirirwa kana kuti kupiwa chiokomuhomwe kuti vavhotere vatongi.

Miitiro iyi inoderedza kusava nechokwadi uye inoita kuti migumisiro yesarudzo ive yakajeka, ichidzivisa kusagadzikana uko sarudzo dzechokwadi dzinogona kuparira munzanga dzakakamukana.

Kutarisirwa kwezvinobudisa Nhau Nokudzora Mashoko

Kudzora mashoko ikongiriro yetsiye tsiye nyoro dzehurumende yakagadzirwa nemhesano. Kusafanana nemitemo inodzora yose inodzorwa, hurumende dzemibatanidzwa inobvumira zviteshi zvakazvimirira asi inovimbisa kuti zvikuva zvinopesvedzera zvikurusa zvine ushamwari kuhurumende. Munyika dzakadai seHungary neTurkey, vatori venhau vanotsoropodza vanotarisana nokunetswa kwapamutemo, kuongororwa kwemitero, kana kuti kutongerwa pachena pasi pemitemo inorwisana nehurumende. Panguva ino, zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvinoongororwa uye zvinodzorwa panguva imwe nguva mukati mokuramba. Iyi mhoteredzo yemashoko inodzivisa kuvambwa kwenhau yakabatana, kupesana nokudzivirira hurumende pakuparadzwa kwomukurumbira.

Kudzvinyirirwa Mumutemo Nekamba Yedemocratic

Hurumende dzinodzorwa dzinoshandisa mutemo sechombo. Vatongi vanongozvidira vanomanikidzirwa, matare ebumbiro remitemo anorongedzerwa, uye mitemo inorongwa kuti irwise vavengi vezvamatongerwe enyika munyengedzo yokurwisa uori, ugandanga, kana kuti madhiragi. Somuenzaniso, muTurkey pashure pokuedza kuputsa 2016, hurumende yakabvisa makumi ezviuru zvevashandi vehurumende nevatongi, ichidudza chengeteko yenyika. MuRussia, “mumiriri wehurumende yedzimwe nyika” anozvidza NGOs uye vatsigiriri. Kudzoro kwemitemo kunobatira zvinangwa zviviri: Inoderedza tyisidziro apo inochengeta pamutemo, inoderedza kudzorwa kwepfumba kwamarudzi ose.

Kutsigira Kwezvemari Nekutsigira Mutevedzeri

Kubatana kunotsamirawo pakuparadzira betsero dzokunyama kumitengo mikuru. Hurumende dzeHybrid kazhinji kazhinji dzinodzora masangano akarongwa ezvemari(energy, mugodhi, runhare(nai synect) uye mutsigiri wevatsigiri kuvatsigiri. MuRussia, masangano akasiiwa ehurumende anopa nzvimbo dzinobetsera nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakavimbika, nepo muHungary, mari yeEU inobviswa nenzira isingaenzaniswi nehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira rutsamiro rwokutsamira parunako rwevakakwirira uye boka rapakati nokupukunyuka kwehurumende. Apo basa remari rinova nesimba, hurumende inofarisisa; apo inoderera, kudzvinyirira uye kuparadzira mashoko enhema zvinoiswa pamusoro penyika.

Betsero Dzetsinga Dzakagadzirwa Nokuda Kwokusatya

Munzanga dzisina kusimba kana kuti dzakakamukana zvikuru, hurumende dzechimurenga dzinogona kupa chimiro chokuterama icho hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakachena kana kuti utongi hwehurumende yavose husingagoni. Dzinochinjika zvakakwana kuwiriranisa nevazhinji nepo dzichidzivisa nyongano yekwikwidzano yedemokrasi. Betsero chaidzo dzinobatanidza:

  • Vatarisiri veConfuct: Kupfurikidza navatungamiriri vedzinza kana kuti veruwa kupfurikidza nokutsigira, hurumende dzemhiko dzinogona kuderedza kudzorwa kwemibatanidzwa kana kuti kusawirirana kwesekete. Gadziriro yemubatanidzwa weMalaysia, somuenzaniso, yakashandisa Hurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuti ichengete tsigiso pakati pamaMalaysi, maChina, uye maIndia kwamakumi amakore.
  • Kupfuurira kwouzivi: Vatungamiriri vanobatira pamwe kwenguva refu vanogona kuronda gadziriro dzemari refu kana kuti dzezvirongwa pasina kudzongonyedzwa kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende inoumbwa nemhesano. Singapore, nepo isiri hurumende yakavhengana mupfungwa yorusaruramisi, yabatanidza zvimiro zvehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nedzoreso yehurumende yakasimba kuti iwane fambiro mberi nokukurumidza.
  • Chinjo inoitwa muhurumende: Dzimwe nguva Hurumende dzeHybrid dzinogona kuchinja kuva hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu chaidzoidzo kana migariro ichibvumira, sezvinoonekwa mutsika inononoka yeMexico kubva kutsika imwe kuenda kugadziriro yamakwikwi. Kudzorwa kwehurumende kunogovera dziviriro mukati mechinjo.

Matambudziko Nengozi Dzagara Nguva Refu

Pasinei nokugadzikana kwadzo, hurumende dzakagadzirwa nemusanganiswa dzinorwisana uye dzinogona kuita kuti dzingoerekana dzaparara.

Kuwedzera Kwomutemo

Kuda kudzora hurumende yeruzhinji kunogona kuva kusina maturo. Kana vagari vemo vakaona kuti kusarudza hakuna revo uye mutemo chishandiso chesimba, kuvimba nezvikwata zvinoparadzwa. Uku kutadza kudzora kunogona kutanga kurwisana, sezvinoonekwa muna 2013-2014 Euromaidan muUkraine, 2019 kutsutsumwa muLebanon, uye 2022 2923 kuratidzira kweIran.

Kuparara Kwokubudirira

Utongi hwemadhimoni hunowanzova hwemutungamiriri akasimba (Phydin, Erdogan, Orban). Apo mutungamiriri akwegura kana kuti anotarisana nenhau dzoutano, kushaikwa kwegadziriro dzakajeka dzedemocracy dzinoparira kusanyatsoziva kurwisana. Kurwa pakati pevakakwirira kunogona kutungamirira kukuoma mitezo kana kuti kurwisa kwesimba ramasimba masimba. Dambudziko re 2020 2921 muBelarus, apo Alexander Lukashenko akatarisana nokuramba kusina muenzaniso pashure pokusarudza kwaipesana, kuenzanisira kuderera kwegadziriro dzezvipembenene dzechinyakare.

Dzvinyiriro Yamarudzi Ose Nenzvimbo Dzinosiiwa

Sezvo tsika dzehurumende yeruzhinji dzave dziri mumasangano enyika dzakawanda, hurumende dzezvipembenene dzinotarisana nenzira inowedzera kushurikidzwa, zvirango, kana kuti kuzviparadzanisa kwehurumende. Kuvhozhokera Ukraine muna 2022 kwakatungamirira kuzvirango zvisina muenzaniso zvakakuvadza upfumi hwayo ndokunetesa kuterama kwayo. Nenzira yakafanana, Chikamu 7 cheEuropean Union chinorwisana neHungary nePoland pamusoro pezvishuvo zvomutemo zvakaderedza mamiriro azvo okutonga. Kudzvinyirira kwedzimwe nyika kunogona kukurumidzisa kusafara kwemhuri uye kuderera kukuru.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Zvakadzama

Kuti tinzwisise kuti hurumende dzezvipembenene dzinoshandiswa sei, zvinobatsira kuongorora dzimwe nyika dzinoratidza zvakasiyana - siyana.

Russia: Chinyorwa Chomubatanidzwa WechiOsteritarianism

Mupasi paVladimir Putin, Russia yakanatsiridza mutoo wemichero. chinjo dzeBumbiro reMitemo muna 2020 dzakabvumira Putin kudzorera kurangarira kwake, kuchimugonesa nenzira inobudirira kugara musimba kutozosvikira muna 2036. Kusarudza kunochengetwa asi hakudzorwi zvikuru: mutungamiriri anoshora Alexei Navalny akacherwa, akasungwa, uye gare gare gare akafa muchitokisi. Nzvimbo yezvokubudisa nhau inodzorwa nenzvimbo dzinodzorwa nenzvimbo dzehurumende dzakafanana neRhame One neRussia nhasi, apo vatori venhau vakazvimirira vanoiswa muchiratidzo se “varwi...". Hurumende inoshandisa Federal Security Service Service (FSB) kudzosarudzo, uye chidhiasarudzo kuvavengi. Bva Russia inochengeta paparame, chivhotiko chapano chapanyika. Chiwiriranwa ichi chakachengetwa musimba kwamakumi maviri, chitsatsatsatsa mamiriro ezve ehondo, kunyange zvazvo chitsamisi yehondo.

Turkey: Chibvumirano cheAuthoritarianism neMutemo weElectoritacy

Turkey pasi peRecep Tayyip Erdogan’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) inoratidzira kuti hurumende yezvikwata zvihove inogona sei kubuda munheyo yedemokrati. Erdogan pakuvamba akasarudzwa somuchinjiki, asi pashure pokupukunyuka kuedza kuputsa kwa 2016, akasimbisa simba kupfurikidza nokubvisa chigadziko, judicariary, uye mauto. chinjo dzemitemo muna 2017 dzakatsiva tsika yeparamende nerejistance ine simba. Zvisarudzo zvinopfuurira kuchengetwa, asi zvinobudisa nhau zvinonzverwa zvikuru, uye mushori mukuru wetso, Kemal Kîgréçdalorou, akatarisana nenjodzi dzakarongwa mukuvhotera 2023. Pasinei zvapo izvi, Erdogan akawana rukundo rwakaganhurirwa, achiratidzira mano makuru ehurumende kutsigira nokuzvirongwa.

Hungary: Kubudisa Populism muEU

Hungary pasi paViktor Orbán inopa nhau yehurumende yemhuka mukati meEuropean Union. Chifo cha2010, boka reFibán rakaputsa nenzira yakarongwa nzvero nedzikamo: dare rebumbiro remitemo rakarongedzwa, zvinobudisa nhau zvakabatwa nokuwana zviteshi nevorigrands, uye mitemo yesarudzo yave ichidzorwa. Hungary ichiri kuita sarudzo nokuremekedza rusununguko rwavanhu, asi kutamba kwakakomba kwakakomba. Kuedza kweEurope Union kudzora kutonga kwomutemo kwakanonoka uye hakushandi. Orbán yakashandisa kutaura kurwisana nemitemo mitsva uye urudzi kuti ichengete tsigiro yakakurumbira, ichiita gadziriro yezvero yehurumende inoumbwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Venezuela: Hyrid hybrid iri Munjodzi

Venezuela pasi peHugo Chávez naNicolás Maduro pakuvamba vakashandisa pfuma yeoiri kuvaka chivako chakakurumbira, kuita sarudzo namapurogiramu enzanga. Zvisinei, sezvo upfumi hwakaputsika, hurumende yakava inodzvinyirira zvikuru. Ichiri kubvumira kusarudza kwomutemo asi yakaisa mutorongo vatungamiriri vechishoro ndokudzora dare revhoriyamu. Sarudzo ya2018 yakashorwa zvikuru seyenhema. Venezuela inoratidza kuti hurumende yezvipembenene inogona sei kupinda musimba rehurumende rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yechibharo apo nheyo yayo yemarika inoputsika inoderera, kuchitungamirira kunjodzi yemutsa uye kuvhotera. Mhaka yacho inosimbisa kusadzoka kwegadziriro yemivhero inotsamira zvikuru pakushanda.

Kuongorora Kwakasiyana: Nei Dzimwe Hosha Dzichipona Vamwe Pavanowa

Kurarama kwenguva refu kwehurumende yemibatanidzwa inoumbwa nezvikamu zvinoverengeka: kubatana kwevakakwirira, kuvapo kwepfuma yemari, unyanzvi hwomutungamiriri mukudzikamisa kudzvinyirira nokudzorwa kwechikwata, uye simba renzanga yevagari vomunyika yose nedzvinyiriro yenyika yose. Regimes nepfuma huru yomusikirwo inogona kutenga kutsiga kwenguva asi inoderera kana mitengo ichiderera. Regimes dzine mitengo yakatevedzana yesangano (Singaro) dzinova dzakatsiga kupfuura dzemunhu oga. Regimes dzinobvumira kuti zvikamu zvechokwadi (Malaise, Senegal) zvive zvinosimba kupfuura izvo zviri pedyo chose chose chose (Belartus). Kutsigira kwapanyika yeEUNIA kana kuti kugadziridzwa nesimba guru, zvinopukunyukawo nemhaka yeSarnehavity.

“ Utongi hunodzorwa husati huri unyanzvi hwechinguvana asi igadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzezvamatongerwe enyika nefungidziro dzadzo dzimene dzokupukunyuka. dzakatsiga zvikuru kupfuura maautocracy akachena nemhaka yokuti dzinobvumira mavhalve okudzivirira ngozi, bva dzinova dzinoderera zvikuru kupfuura hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu nemhaka yokuti dzinotsamira pahwaro hwenhema dzinodzorwa.” — Thomas Carneothers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Mugumisiro: Uhwu Husingachinji uye Nguva Yahwo Yemberi Isina Kujeka

Zvigaro zvakatsiga zvakabvumikisa kuva zvinotsungirira zvikuru muzana ramakore rechi 21. Nokubatanidza kuva pamutemo kwemiitiro yedemokrasi nokudzora simba rehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende, zvinopa nzira yokudzikamisa iyo vatungamiriri vakawanda vanoona kuva isingadzivisiki. Zvisinei, kudzikamiswa uku kunowanzotengwa pamutengo wekuderera kwenguva refu kwechivi, masangano, uye kudzorwa kwomutemo. Dambudziko reCovorid-19, hondo muUkraine, uye kusaenzana kwezve zvoupfumi zvakaedza hurumende dzose dzechimbichimbichimbi, zvichifumura uteramo hwavo. Vamwe vangatendeukira kuhurumende yedemocracy kana kuti dzvinyiriro dzokunze dzinodzokoroka; vamwe vangapinda mumhesano wakazara kana kuti kuputsika. Kunzwisisa zviremera zvechikwata chezvikwata zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvamaumbino panzvimbo penguva duku, pane kuedza kukurumidza, ndiko kubvumikisa kudzora, vagari vezvizvarwa munyika, vanotsvaka kudzora vanofamba nokufamba nokufamba.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pesimba rehurumende dzemhiko, bvunza iyi hwirudzuro yakazara naSchedler (2013) nebasa renguva dzose [ Comptificialitialism: Hybrid Regimes pashure peHondo yeDemorication [ na Levitsky ne Nzira. [[FLT:]] Freedom House House yegore negore mishumo [[ inogovera mashoko pamusoro pokuderera kwedemocracy yedericratic uye kukwira kwemichinyakare.