Kunzwisisa Zviremera Zvehurumende

Chivako chehurumende hachisi chinhu chimwe chete; chinoshanda mumibatanidzwa mizhinji, chimwe nechimwe chine chiremera chakasiana noukuru. Chinoratidzirwa chakakurumbira zvikurusa mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakadai seUnited States, Germany, uye Australia chinobatanidza mitanho mitatu yokutanga: nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, (kana kuti ruwa), uye nyika. Iyi mwero haisati iri yoga asi inoshanda pamwero ine simba inoumba upenyu hwezuva riri rose. Kunzwisisa ichi chimiro chinokosha chinokosha kuti vagari vemo vazive kuti ndechipi chitendere nokuda kwemibato, zvichemo, kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuparadzirwa kwamasimba aya pakati peaya mwero kunowanzorondedzerwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chirongwa chokuvamba, icho chinobvisa miganhu yesimba.

Mwero womunzvimbomo ndiwo wapedyo zvikurusa, unobatanidza maguta, maruwa, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo. Inobata nhau dzinotapura zvakananga miitiro yezuva nezuva: mapurisa nedzinodzima moto, kuunganidzwa kwetsvina, migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, mapaka, uye mirau inoronga. Mwero wenyika ine chiremera chakawanda, inodzora mipimo yedzidzo, migwagwa, migwagwa yezvoutano, uye zvirongwa zvoutano. Mwero werudzi unova nesimba rakafara, unodzora mutemo wokumwe, kudzivirira, kutengeserana, bhizimisi renyika, uye kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzapamutemo. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unowana maruramiro awo kubva kumanyuko akasiyana- siyana: hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kubva kumitemo yadzoro kana kuti mutemo, hurumende yavanhu kubva kumitemo yavo vamene yeUS. Hurumende yeMitenth Amendement, uye hurumende yenyika yeU.

Kodzero Dzinoonekwa Nenzvimbo Dzakasiyana - siyana Dzehurumende

Kodzero hadzisi kuparadzirwa zvakafanana pamwero yehurumende. Nepo Bill of Rights ichiganhurira zvikurukuru chiito chehurumende, dziviriro dzakawanda dzakatambanudzirwa kunyika kupfurikidza neSCIRMmentation Procession ye14th Claus. Zvisinei, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona kupawo dzimwe maruramiro kupfuura idzo dzakadzivirirwa norudzi. Iyi gadziriro yakavharwa inoreva kuti kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinogona kusiana zvichitsamira panzvimbo yadzinogara uye mwero wehurumende iri kushanda.

Kodzero Dzomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowanzopa maruramiro kupfurikidza nemirau yepepuresi nemitemo. Idzi dzinobatanidza maruramiro okutora rutivi musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, kutaura pakutonga kwavose, kupinza zvinyorwa zvavose mumitemo inopisa zuva, uye kushandisa nzvimbo dzavose nokuda kwegungano. Vanasanzi vezvinhu vane maruramiro ezvokushandisa nyika yavo mukati memitemo yenzvimbo, kubatanidza maruramiro okukwidza. Mamwe maguta akagadza "kodzero yokuvanda" kana kuti mitemo inorwisana nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inopesana inopfuura nyika kana kuti dziviriro yenyika. Somuenzaniso, vagari vagari vemo vane kodzero dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata maruramiro omunzvimbomo anobata nyunyuto pamusoro pedzimba kana kuti rusarurano rwebasa.

Kodzero Dzehurumende

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anowanzogovera maruramiro makuru kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anovimbisa maruramiro kudzidzo yakakwirira, mhoteredzo yakachena, kana kuti kuvandika. Masangano angawedzerawo maruramiro okuvhota, zvakadai sokubvumira kunyoreswa kwezuva rimwe chetero, kunyoreswa kwokuvhota kwoga, kana kuti kuvhota. Rukudzo rwokutakura pfuti runopesvedzerwawo nomutemo wehurumende: mamwe masangano ane "nhau yechisaririra" inovanza mitemo nepo vamwe vanobvumira kusatakura. Mukuwedzera, nyika dzinogona kuziva kodzero sedzingadzoserwa nokuda kwokuvhotera vashandi voruzhinji kana kuti mari shomanene kupfuura mwero womubatanidzwa.

Kodzero Dzenyika

Hurumende yenyika inodzivirira maruramiro makuru zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. negadziridzo dzaro. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, rudzidziso, gungano, uye chikumbiro (Fommerce yeChikonzero cheSangano); maruramiro okutakura zvombo (Second Amend Amendment), dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo netsvina. Muitiro wakaenzana nedziviriro (Fort neGrandmentation Reformation); uye kodzero yokuvhotera pasina rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, vatano, kana kuti zera (Feteenth, 197, uye makumi maviri eT Refectivementations). Masangano akadai [FLD: 0] U.S. Hurumende yeparvicervicel yebut yebututions [FFFoct:] uye [Foctive Cooctivement] procealitions] Hurumende inodzivirira kupfurikidza nekodzero dzenyika zvenyika.

Mabasa Anobatanidzwa Nenzvimbo Yoga Yoga yeHurumende

Vagari vemo vane mabasa akasiyana - siyana, akadai sokubvuma mitero uye kubatanidzwa mumabasa aya anobatsira kuti hurumende irambe ichishanda uye kudzivirirwa kwezvinodiwa nevanhu vose.

Mitoro Yomunzvimbomo

Panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, vagari vanofanira kuteerera mitemo yehurumende, yakadai semirau yeruzha, mitemo yereash, uye mitemo yokuvaka. Kubhadharwa kwemitero yenzvimbo ibasa guru, sezvo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinovimba zvikuru nemari yemitero yezvinhu nokuda kwezvikoro, migwagwa, uye mabasa ekurumidziro. Vagari vanokarirwawo kutora rutivi munhamburiko dzenzanga, zvakadai sokubatira pamapuranga omunzvimbomo kana kuti kupinda misangano yehoro yetaundi. Mune dzimwe nyika, mune zvinodikanwa zvokubviswa kwechando mumigwagwa kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo yebasa. Mitoro yomunzvimbomo inobatanidzawo kudzosaidzo nemitemo yokuisa matsvina, uye kucherekedza zviremera kunjodzi dzomunzvimbomo.

Mabasa Ehurumende

Mitoro yehurumende inobatanidza kuteerera mitemo yehurumende yeutsotsi nemotokari, kubhadhara mari yehurumende nemitero yokutengesa, uye kunyoresa motokari. Vagari vanofanira kuwanawo marezenisi ehurumende okutyaira, okuredza, kana kuti mashandisiro ebasa semishonga nomutemo. Basa reJury rinowanzopiwa padare rehurumende, uye vagari vemo vanofanira kubatira apo vanodanwa. Kuvhota mukusarudza hurumende mutoro wakarurama nowehurumende; nyika dzakawanda dzinokurudzira kana kuti dzinonyoresa. Mukuwedzera, vagari vemo vangadikanirwa kutora rutivi mumapurogiramu outano anofambidzana nehurumende, akadai seayo ezvinyorwa zvemirimo kana kuti kunyoresa kubereka.

Mitoro Yorudzi

Mitoro yenyika inobatanidza kuteerera mitemo yomubatanidzwa (g., kutama, kusatora mitero, mitemo yepfuti dzehurumende), kubhadhara mitero yemari inotambirwa yehurumende, uye kubatira pamadare edare ehurumende muruwa. Vagari vanofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zveSocial Security neMedicare, kubatanidza kubhadhara mitero yemitero. Zvichida mutoro mukurusa kuvhota muvhoti yehurumende. Nepo isiri pamutemo, idikataro yehurumende yehurumende. Rimwe basa rinokosha riri kuramba richiziviswa pamusoro penhau dzorudzi uye kubatanidzwa navamiririri. Kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwebasa kwapamutemo kunoramba kuri chinodikanwa chapamutemo nokuda kwavagari veruwa vamakore 1825. Uyezve, vagari vemo vanofanira kuremekedza nheyo yemitemo yemutemo sehwaro yekodzero dzose.

Kupindirana Kwehurumende

Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha pakunzwisisa kuti miitiro yakadai sokutarisira utano, dzidzo, uye zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadini chaizvoizvo, kubatana kwehurumende dzehurumende, hurumende, uye nzvimbo dzinotarisirwa.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunoshanda pamwe chete pazvinetso zvakafanana, kazhinji kazhinji nemitemo yemari nemitemo zvinoyerera kubva kuhurumende yorudzi kuenda kunyika nenharaunda. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kubatana kwehurumende yeMedicaid (zvinotsigirwa zvinotsigirwa uye zvinodzorwa), National Highway System (nhungamiro dzehurumende nokuvakwa kwehurumende), uye Disaster Relief Fund (FAMA inobatana nehurumende negadziriro yekurumidziro yomunzvimbomo). Iyi nzira inogona kuparira mipimo yakafanana yorudzi nepo ichibvumira kuchinjika mukushanda.

Kufurwa uye Kusunungurwa

Musi weSupremacy Claus (Article VI weBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.), mutemo wehurumende unogona kutangira mavambo pamutemo wehurumende unorwisana. Ikoku kunogona kubviswa kana kuti chiito chomunzvimbomo munharaunda dzakadai sekutama, murairo wemhoteredzo, kana kuti dziviriro yezvigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende haigoni kubvumira mbanje kuva yapamutemo nokuda kwokushandisa nhandaro pasina kutarisana nerwisano inobvira nomutemo wehurumende (kurambidza kwadzikwakareruswa). Kusunungurwa kunogona kuva kwakajeka (Koneiwo mutemo wehurumende unodzora) kana kuti unorehwa (hurumende inopfuudzira kwazvo kwazvo haisi nzvimbo nokuda kwechiito chehurumende). Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo yoruwa inowanzoshatisa miraudzo yomunzvimbomo, zvakadai apo hurumende inorambidza maguta kudzora kupfumba.

Kuzvirongera Kwomunzvimbomo Nokutonga Kwomusha

Nyika zhinji dzinopa masimba okutonga kwapamusha kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzichiabvumira kupfuudza mitemo nokutarisira zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo pasina kuda mvumo yehurumende. Uku kuzvitonga kunogona kutungamirira kukutangwa kwezvisakiso zvoutano zvakadai seSan Francisco neNew York, zvakagadzira mitemo yomunzvimbomo youtano, kukwira zvishoma, uye mitemo yemhoteredzo inopfuura mipimo yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende. Zvisinei, kutonga kwemusha kwakaganhurirwa; mitemo yomunzvimbomo haigoni kupokanidza hurumende kana kuti mutemo wenyika. Udzo hwenzvimbo yeko hunorevawo kuti nyika imwe cheteyo ingava nemiraudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzakasiyana zvikuru, kubva pakurambidza kusvuta kusvika pakurongedza dzimba dzinobhadhaka.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakatarisana Nevanhu

Ukama hwemari pakati pemwero hunoumbawo ganhuriro dzakati nemitoro. Hurumende yenyika inogovera mari inopiwa kunyika nenzvimbo (muchirevo, nokuda kwedzidzo kupfurikidza neTit, nokuda kwechokufambisa kupfurikidza neHighway Trust Fund). Mamiriro ezvinhu anowanzoperekedza iyi mvumo, zvakadai sokuda kuti hurumende dziise mwero wakati kana kuti kukwidziridza kuzera rekunwa kusvikira ku 21. Ikoku kunopa simba rehurumende pamutemo pari kusiya kumibato yehurumende kuti iende kuhurumende. Vagari vemo vemitero vanoyerera nomutsika ino, naizvozvo kunzwisisa apo mari inobva uye inopedzwa sei mutoro mariri mariri.

Nzvero Dzemhosva: Kodzero Nemabasa Zvinoshanda

Kuongorora nzvimbo dzakananga dzinoshandiswa kunoratidza kuti hurumende dzinoita kuti kodzero dzayo dzive dzakadini.

Dzidzo Yavose

Dzidzo ibasa renyika neromunzvimbomo. Basa rehurumende rinoganhurirwa kumari inodzorwa (muchib., musoro I wavadzidzi vanoshaiwa, IIIEA nokuda kwedzidzo chaiyo) uye kuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo. Somugumisiro, mari yechikoro inowanzotsamira pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, kuvamba paradzano pakati peruwa dzakapfuma nedzisina kupfuma. Mamwe matare ehurumende akatonga kuti izvi zvinoputsanisa mitemo yemitemo yemitemo yedzidzo yakaenzana, zvichitungamirira kukuchinja. Vabereki vane kodzero yokuenda kuchikoro chapamusha kana kuti kutumira vana kuchikoro chapachivande (pamusoro pemitemo yezvokudzidzira) asi mutoro wokuvimbisa kupinda chikoro. .U.

Kuwana Kwokuzivisa

Kodzero dzokupa mari dzinodzivirirwa panzvimbo yorudzi neConstitution Act, asi dzinodzora kudzorwa kwakawandasarudzo. Ikoku kunoparira mhatsa yakafara: dzimwe nyika dzine kuvhota kwapakuvamba, hadzina kubhadharwa kwapakarepo, uye kunyoresa kunogarwa; dzimwe dzinoda mapikicha makurusa uye dzine nhambo dzapakuvamba zvikuru dzokuvhota. Vakuru vakuru veSarudzo vomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanochengeta zvinyorwa zvevhoti nokunzvera. Vagari vemo vane kodzero yokuvhota pasina rusaruro, asi mutorowo wokunyoresa panguva, kuunza ziviso dzinodikanwa, uye kuziva nzvimbo yavo yokuvhotera. [[FLT:]] Dare rokuvhotera rapakuvamba rinogovera nhungamiro, asi kupfurikidza zviremera zviremera zvehurumende nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Kudzivirirwa kwemhoteredzo kunobatanidza mwero yose. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inogadza mipimo pasi peChene Air Act neClean Water Act, asi nyika dzinowanzoshandisa iyi mipimo kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinobata kutarisirwa kwetsvina, kugadzirwazve, uye kunaka kwemvura. Mamwe maguta akarambidza mapurasitiki anoshandisa magetsi mamwe kana kuti mabumbiro okuvaka anodiwa, kudarika zvinodikanwa zvomuhurumende kana kuti zvehurumende. Vagari vemo vane kodzero yokupinda mumhepo yakachena nemvura (inowanzodzivirirwa nemitemo yenyika) uye mutoro wokutevera mitemo yokushandisa, kudzivisa kusvibiswa, uye kutsigira miitiro inotsigirwa.

Kuremekedza uye Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Vose

Mapoka mazhinjisa isangano romunzvimbomo kana kuti rehurumende. Kuchengetwa kwomutemo werudzi (FBI, DEA, zvichingodaro) kunobata mhosva dzehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mitemo yemapurisa, kushandisa mipimo yokushanda, uye nzira dzokuzvidavirira dzinosiyana zvikuru. Vagari vemo vane kodzero yokusununguka pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari, asiwo mutoro wokuwirirana nemirairo yapamutemo. Madhipatimendi emapurisa emo anotarisira mitemo yehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo, uye vagari vemo vangava nekodzero yokunyora zvichemo kana kuti kukwidza kusazvibata pasi pemitemo yekodzero dzevagari vemo (42.S.C.1901). Kunzwisisa uko kudzora uko kunoshanda kunogona kutapura zvikuru mano evagari vemo kutsvaka tsvuku.

Kutarisira Utano Noutano Hwavose

COVID-19 yakasimbisa nhevedzano: masangano ehurumende akadai seCDC neFDA akagovera nhungamiro nemishonga inotenderwa, hurumende dzehurumende dzakapa ganhuriro dzinodikanwa nemirairo yenhomba, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinomanikidzira kuvhara kana kuti kuvharwa kwebhizimisi. Vagari vemo vakanga vane mitoro yokutevera mirairo yokuzviparadzanisa nezvifukidzo mumiganhu yakasiana- siyana, nepowo vane kodzero dzokuva nechetezo dzoutano dzezvokurapa nedzekurumidziro. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services[FLD:1] rinotarisira mapurogiramu outano omubatanidzwa, asi rinofambisa Médicaid nemud, uye madhipatime outano omunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa zvipatara.

Kupa Vagari Vemo Simba Nezivo

Chimiro chehurumende hachisi chinhu chiri kure; chinopesvedzera zvakananga zvaunogona kuita, zvaunofanira kuita, uye zvaungakarira kumasangano avose. Kuziva kana nhau ichiwira pasi pomunzvimbomo, hurumende, kana kuti chiremera chorudzi kunokubatsira kurongera udzori hwako, kunzwisisa misengwa yako yapamutemo, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzako. Somuenzaniso, kana mugwagwa wako une nzvimbo yaunofanira kuita nayo, unofanira kudana guta kuti rishande, kwete Dare. Kana ukadavira kuti kodzero dzako dzevagari vemo dzakaputswa, ungava nechisarudzo pakoro rehurumende yekodzero dzavanhu uye EEOC.

Mugari wemo akadzidza akashongedzerwa zviri nani kushandisa mitoro yakafanana nokuvhota mukusarudza kwomunzvimbomo, achibatira mudare guru rinobetsera vatongi, kana kuti kukumbira chinjo inodzorwa.

Pakupedzisira, kodzero nemitoro zvaunova nazvo hazvina kugadzwa; zvinochinja kupfurikidza nemitemo, zvirevo zvedare, uye kutora rutivi muvagari vemo. Nokuziva kuti mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende unoita sei upenyu hwako, unogona kuita mabasa ako ehurumende nenzira inobudirira zvikuru uye kurayira kuti ubvume kuvakuru vakuru vari pedyo newe. Nokuda kwokuwedzera, kunzvera zviwanikwa zvakadai . Hurumende yeUSA, uye hurumende yomunzvimbomo inoita kuti uite basa rako kana kuti Control Information Institute yezve reSangano yehurumende . Zivo ndiyo nheyo ibasa rinoita kuti unzi unzi ugari hwebasa uye unzwe.