Mumakore gumi apfuura, kudiwa kwokudzora kwakakuchinjira kubva pakufunga nezvemasangano anongwarira kunzvimbo dzinotarisirwa zvikuru vagari vemo munyika yose. Kubva parusununguko rwemashoko kuti vavhure mitemo yemahofisi enhau, hurumende dzinoramba dzichisungirwa mipimo yokuva pachena yaisambofungwa. Chimiro chikuru chinomanikidzirwa: apo vagari vemo vanogona kuona zvinoitwa nehurumende yavo, vanogona kuita kuti irambe ichizvidavirira. Zvisinei, ukama pakati pekujeka nemabasa ehurumende chaiyo hunogadziridzwa, hwakaumbwa nezvido, simba rehurumende, uye magadzirirwo ezvokuoneka zvakanaka kwehurumende. Nyaya ino inoongorora migumisiro yakasiyana - siyana pakutsvakurudza, kuongorora kwakaenzana, kuongorora, uye kugadzira kurongwa kugovera kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri zvipikirwa uye njodzi dzinobatsira muboka ravose.

Kunzwisisa Kutarisika Kwehurumende

Kuona chitarisiko muhurumende hausi murangariro mumwe asi mhatsa yemiitiro inoita mashoko pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende, zvisarudzo, uye miitiro zvinosvikwa navanhu. Pakati payo, inobatanidza kuziviswa kwamashoko uye kupindura kuzvikumbiro zvavagari vemo zvamashoko. Sangano reEconomic Cooperation and Development (OECD) rinorondedzera kujeka se "kuziviswa kwamashoko akakodzera nguva, akavimbika, uye akajeka, uye kunoita kuti vagari vemo vagone kutora rutivi mukuitwa kwechisarudzo chavose." Iyi rondedzero inosimbisa mipimo miviri yakakomba: kunaka kwemashoko nemukana wokuvimbisana vagari vemo.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvinoumba kuonwa kwehurumende zvinosanganisira:

  • Kuvhura nhano dzemashoko — maseti anowanika pachena emapepa anofukidza mabhajeti, kubhadharwa, mitemo, uye kuendesa basa.
  • Mitoo yokushuma nokuzvidavirira — yakadai semishumo yegore negore, zviwanwa zvokunzvera, uye mabhodhi okufambisa.
  • [ Sarudza zvikuva zvokuvimbisana [ — kuronga mari yokushandisa, kubvunza vanhu, uye gadziriro dzokupindura dzinobvumira vagari vemo kupesvedzera muitiro.
  • Mitemo yorusununguko rweInformation (FOI) — gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinopa vagari vemo maruramiro okuwana zvinyorwa zvehurumende uye dzinoda mhinduro dzakakodzera nguva.

Zviratidzo zvenyika yose zvakadai seOpen Baccount Index (OBI), yakabudiswa neInternational Bacter Partneidaship, uye Transparency International Uority Perceptions Index zvinoratidzira mhatsa huru munyika dzose. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzakadai seNew Zealand neSweden dzinoramba dziri panzvimbo yakakwirira zvikuru mukuoneka, nepo dzimwe dzichiri kutamburira kugovera kunyange magwaro makuru ebhajeti. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano inobetsera kutsanangura nei tapuro yokuona pakuita ichigona kupesana zvikuru zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza.

Betsero Dzokuva Nomutsetse Nokuda Kwebasa reHurumende

Hufakazi hunowedzera hunokarakadza kuti kujeka kunogona kuvandudza kushanda kwehurumende mumativi akawanda. Apo kunoitwa nenzira inobudirira, kunoparira nhambo yakanaka: mashoko akajeka anovaka chivimbo chavose, chivimbo chinokurudzira kutora rutivi muvagari vemo, kutora rutivi kunotungamirira kumiitiro yakaumbwa zviri nani, uye miitiro iri nani inoparira miuyo iri nani. Masendisiti anotevera ano udzame betsero huru.

Kuzvidavirira Kwakawedzerwa

Kuzvidavirira zvimwe ibetsero yakananga zvikurusa yokuona. Apo zviito zvehurumende zvinooneka kuvanhu uye kumasangano anotarisira, vakuru vakuru sezvingabvira zvikuru vanoita chiito mufariro yavose nokuda kwokutya kufumurwa nemigumisiro inosarudzwa. Nzvero yechiratidzo yakaitwa neWorld Bank yakawana kuti vamiri vaBrazil vakabudisa migumisiro yakabudisa migumisiro yakaoneka kuva kuderera kukuru muushati uye kuwedzera kwemwero wekusarudzwazve kwameya vakatendeseka. Nenzira yakafanana, muIndia, Ruramo rweInformation Act yakapa vagari vemo simba rokudaidzira kukumbira kutsananguriro mumabasa avose, kuchitungamirira kukuvandudza kuoneka zvakanaka mukufambisa zvinhu. Kujeka kunoshanda sokunzvera simba, kumanikidza vakuru vakuru kururamisa kururamisa zvisarudzo zvavo nemigumisiro nokuda kwokusaruvadziko.

Kuwedzera Kuvimba Kwavanhu Vose

Chivimbo ndicho chinova chinhu chinodzorwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kuoneka kwaro ndeimwe yembiru dzapamberi pekunaya kukuru. Mukuwirirana ne2022 Cursutution yeOECD, vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vanogona kuwana mashoko pamusoro pemibato yehurumende vanodokupeta kaviri kuratidzira chivimbo muhurumende yavo. Uku kuvimba, kunogonesa kubatira pamwe nemitemo, kudisa kubhadhara mitero, uye tsigiro nokuda kwechinjo dzenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCHOVAID-19, hurumende idzo dzakagovera mashoko chaiwoiwo, unyanzvi hwepamberiso yechipatara, uye kuparadzirwa kwemishonga kazhinji kazhinji kunowana mwero yakakwirira yebatira batira nzanga yavose nemirautano.

Kuita Zvisarudzo Zvakavandudzwa

Kuoneka kweUSA kunopfumisa kunaka kwezvisarudzo zvemiitiro kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mifungo yakasiana- siyana nemhinduro. Mashoko akavhurika anobvumira vanzveri vanozvimirira, vatori venhau, uye masangano enzanga kunzvera kushanda kwehurumende ndokukarakadza zvimwe zvinopesana noufakazi. MuUnited States, kuumbwa kweUSASpending.Gov yakagonekwa kuzivisa mapoka emichina inonangidzira mari yemadhora mumari inopambadza kana kuti yokunyora purofiti, zvichitungamirira kukuronga mashandisirwe emari inodzoresa. Uyezve, apo vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi mumibato inoita semari inosanowirirana zvikuru nenzanga, sezvinoratidzirwa mumaguta akadai sePorto Alegre, Brazil, uko kuronga mari yokushandisa mutengo kwapamari inoparira kuwedzera 30% mukushandisa utsanana uye dzidzo.

Kuderedza Uori

Uori hunobudirira murima. Kuona chitarisiko chinoshanda sechinodzivisa mikana yokuti mabasa akaipa achaonekwa ndokurangwa. Kushanda kwefundo 116 dzinobudiswa mumagazini .Pubic Truble Pervece kwakawana kuti kuoneka kwakabatanidza zvikuru pamwero yakaderera youori hunofungwa munyika dzose. Masangano echirongwa anobatanidza kuwanikwa kwevoruzhinji kuzivisa mashandiro anoitwa, kusawirirana kwefariro nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kuva nenzvimbo dzinobetsera nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvehurumende zvinogamuchira. Somuenzaniso, kuitwa kweSlovakia kwapanoloji inoderedza zvikuru migove yezvibvumirano zvinozivikanwa munyika dzose kubva pa40% kusvikira ku 10% yamakore matatu, kuchengetedzwa kwamamirioni eeuro muzviito zvakagadzirwa. Nepo kutadza kubvisa uori hwemari bedzi, kuhudzodzo nokupfumisa magetsi mukuita kuti ive.

Zvinetso Nezvakaoma Zvokuita Kuti Matanho Ave Akanaka

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero idzi, kujeka hakusati kuri mushonga. Kushanda kwenyika chaikoiko kunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinokosha, uye nhano dzokuona dzisina kugadzirwa zvakanaka dzinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa, zvichitungamirira kunyongano, kunyanyowandisa, kana kuti kunyange kuderedza kuzvidavirira. Kuziva izvi zvinetso kunokosha mukugadzira chinjo dzinobudirira.

Kudzivisa Kuchinja

Kudzivisa kwaBreautaricracy ndiimwe yemhinganidzo dzinopfuurira zvikurusa. Masangano ehurumende akatangwa anowanzorangarira kujeka setyisidziro kukuzvidzora kwavo kana kuti sekubvuma kuti basa ravo rakavanzwa kare. Uku kurwisa kunoratidzirwa muzvimiro zvamanomano: vashandi vangagovera mashoko asina kukwana, kushandisa mutauro unonyanyoshandiswa, kana kuti kunonozeka kumhinduro kumashoko. Muzvimwe zviitiko, mapoka ezvirongwa zvemhindu ane simba anoshora kuoneka nemhaka yokuti anotyisidzira kukumbira kutsvakwa. Somuenzaniso, munyika dzine maindasitiri akasimba, kukundikana kuzivisa zvibvumirano zvemigodhirobho yakabatanidzwa nouori hwakapararira. Kukunda kunoda utungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika hwakasimba, murairo wapamutemo wakajeka, uye chinjo mutsika dzesangano dzinopa mubayiro wokujeka panzvimbo pokuzviranga.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Kushandisa nhano dzokuona napane pokuwana zvinhu zvinopinza mari. Hurumende dzinofanira kuisa mari mumibatanidzwa yemiunganidzwa yemiunganidzwa, rovedzo yavashandi, mapombi avose, uye masangano anotarisira akasununguka. Nyika dzinobudirira, zvikurukuru, dzinotarisana nenzvimbo dzakakomba. World Bank inofungidzira kuti 40% bedzi yenyika dzinenge dzakaderera zvikuru dzashandisa mahotera okuisa mashoko, kana kuenzaniswa na 90% yamarudzi anowana mari yakawanda. Kunyange apo pfuma inowanika, inofanira kutsigirwa munguva inotengwa; chinyorwa chimwe chemari yemari yemari chinova chinoshanda zvishoma zvikuru kupfuura kupfuurira kupfuurira, kujekerwa kwakakodzera. Pasi pokuwana tsigiro kwakakwana, nhamburiko dzokuoneka panzvimbo pokuva nechenge mukuoneka, kuvaka ruvimbo rwapachena panzvimbo pokuvaka.

Mashoko Akawandisa uye Kududzira Zvisizvo

Kubvisa mashoko akawanda zvikuru pasina mashoko akapoteredza kunogona kukurira vagari vemo uye kudzikatidza nzwisiso dzavo dzinokosha. Ichi chinoitika, pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi "transparency firferal," chinoitika apo hurumende dzinobudisa mashoko asina kutsarukana ayo akaoma kuashandisa kana kuti kunzwisisa. Somuenzaniso, nhamburiko dzehurumende dzokutanga dzehurumende dzakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokurasira mashoko mumichina isinganzverwi, kuderedza kushandisika kwavo. Kuwedzerazve, pasina kurovedzwa kwakafanira, vagari vemo vanganzwisisa mashoko, kuchitungamirira kumhedziso dzenhema pamusoro pokushanda kwehurumende. MuUganda yakawana kuti kugovera vagari vemo vane bhajeti yebhajeti haina kuvandudza mano avo okuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vadane mhosva; apo vakabatanidzwa nemisangano yenzanga yakagadziriswa zvinhu zvakatungamirira kuoneka zvakanaka. Uku kusimbisa kukosha kwokubatanidza mashoko okubudisa basa rokuvaka nokuvaka nokukurukurirana.

Kunetseka Nezvokuchengeteka

Kudzikamisa kuoneka nokusazivikanwa uye chengeteko yenyika chinhu chinonetsa. Mazita ehurumende anowanzova nemashoko omunhu oga anorwadza (akadai semashoko outano, mitero, kana kuti mirariro youchenjeri) ayo asingagoni kuziviswa zvizere pasina ngozi. Mapepa akagadzirwa nenzira isina kutsarukana akatungamirira kuungwa kana kuti tyisidziro kuvanhu vamwe navamwe. denho iri mukuita kuti mufambiro wehurumende ushandurwe pasina kuputsa kodzero dzehurumende. Kupinda kwakadaro kunopesana, pane dzimwe nguva kunorwisana nezvikumbiro zveFOI. Nenzira yakafanana, munhau dzekuchengeteka, hurumende dzingataura kuti kuisa kujeka kuoneka kwemie. Chinetsoro mukuita kuti mufambiro wehurumende ushandukire nokuda kwokunzvera maruramiro ehurumende pasina kuputsa kodzero dzapamutemo. Kuwana kwakadaro sokuwana kwokupinda kwomugariro wakavanzika, apo mashoko anodzorwa kana kuti anoshatirwa neaputswa anoiswa mudenga, kunogona kuramba kuripo chikwa chapachena chapachena, chipfuno chapachena chinokwanisa kuramba chiripo.

Fundo Dzenyaya: Kuoneka Muchiito

Kuongorora nyika dzakaita kuti kuonekwe kuti kwafamba sei kunogovera zvidzidzo zvinokosha.

Sweden: Nhaka yeHurumende Yakasununguka

Sweden’s Freedom of the Press Act, yakaitwa muna 1766, itsika yekaresa yenyika. Nheyo ye yakapa mari kutendiro yakakwirira yemapepa ehurumende (kuwana kwavose mutsika dzehurumende) yakadzika midzi mutsika dzehurumende yeSweden. Sweden pakati pavatambi vepamusoro inodikanwa pamutemo kuita kuti magwaro awanike pakukumbira, nokuganhurirwa kwapakarepo. Uku kujeka kwenguva refu kwakaparira mwero yakakwirira yokuvimba (kupfuura 60% yeSwedens) uye uori hwakaderera. Kubudirira kwehurumende kunobatanidza chiverengero chakasimba chakasimba chakazvimirira chakazviwanira, gamuchidzanwa chokushuma nokusaidzwa kwamashoko.

New Zealand: Kuzaruka kweDurse - Driven

New Zealand yakaronda nenzira yamasimba masimba nhano dzakazaruka dzenhau chifo cha2010, dzichitungamirirwa nechirongwa cheSangano rePublic Governmental Licenship renyika. Mitemo yehurumende.govt.z inogovera kutambanuro dzemishumo yenhau dzinofukidza zvinhu zvose kubva panhamba dzeutsotsi kuenda kukuita kwechipatara. Kuchinja kwakatanhamara kwakanga kuri kutanga kwe "Alcol Reguaritation Leajantring Leances Public Public Public Public, public Officetion, divition, iyo inobvumira vagari vemo kuti vasaruki vasaidzo kutevera zvisarudzo zvemidzanyo uye kuzivisa mitoo inoparira ngozi. Migumisiro yacho yave yave inoorora nokubudirira kweNyika nyika dzose nguva dzose muNew Zealand muruware uye runako rwenzanga yavose. Hurumende veNew Zealand vanobvumira kugadzirwa nehurumende yehurumende kugadzirwa nevoruzhinji.

South Korea: Gov 3.0

Hurumende yeSouth Korea 3.0 inoita kuti pave nenhamburiko huru yokubatanidza mashoko ose anowanika mumativi ose okutarisira vanhu. Kutanga kurayira kuti masangano ose ehurumende abudise mashoko mumitemo yakateverwa uye ape kumisa kumwe kupfuudza mukati memitengi. Zviitwa zvinobatanidza "Public Proficumentment Service" sisitemu, iyo inoita kuti mashoko ose avepo, kuderedza kugadziridza nokuchengeta mari inofungidzirwa kuva $5,2 bhirioni. Imwe budiriro i "e-Forwation" pajini, apo vagari vemo vanokwanisa kuendesa zvichemo mukati mamazuva. Mutevedzero nefundo neChiteshichengemuchi chinenge 3.0 mukuva chokunaka mumitengo yehurumende inoparira kugutsikana nezvinoitwa nemabasa ehurumende. Chidzidzo chikuru kubva kuSouth Korea chinotemwaro chikuru chehurumende: Gehyth chapakati petroust, kupfurikidza nokudzosera kupfurikidza nokudzosera mberi kwemitevedzo inoteverwa, kana kuziviswa kupfurikidza kujekerwa kujekerwa.

Kushandisa Zvinoita Kuti Zvinhu Zvionekwe Zvakanaka: Kushandisa Nzira Dzinoshanda

Dzichishandisa uchapupu hunobva munzvero dzenhau uye nzvero dzedzidzo, hurumende dzinogona kutsvaka nzira dzakati kuti dzinovandudza kujeka uye nokudaro kuvandudza kushanda.

Gadzirisa Mabhuku Anoshanda Mumutemo Nemitemo

Kuona chitarisiko hakugoni kutsamira parunako runogarwa nadhingi; kunoda nheyo yapamutemo yakasimba. Hurumende dzinofanira kuita mitemo ine revo yose FOI iyo inoratidzira marudzi amashoko anofanira kuziviswa nenzira inoshanda, muitiro wokubata zvikumbiro, uye zvirango nokuda kwokusabatanidza. Mitemo yeOECD yeFrameyFrame inorumbidza kuti mitemo yakadaro ibata kusava norusununguko (i., mashoko ose anozivikanwa navanhu vose kutoti atsaurirwa zvakajeka) uye kutarisirwa kwakazvimirira nomumiririri akazvitsaurira kana kuti ombudsman. Kuwedzera, miitiro yakajeka yemipimo yemitemo (g., giramu, miraudzo inonyorwa nemifananidzo) isimbiseidzo dzakajeka. Pasina mitemo yakajeka, njodzi yokuoneka zviri pachena uye nenzira younyengeri.

Ruzivo Rwokuwana Nokupindira

Maturusi emagetsi anogona kuderedza zvikuru mutengo wokuona paanenge achiwedzera kusvika kwao. Hurumende dzinofanira kuisa mari mumikoto yemateru yakavhurika yematengi inovhurika inoita kuti vashandisi vatsva vashande, vatsvake, uye vagadziri vemakombiyuta. Zvinhu zvakadai sokuona mapurogiramu, mapurogiramu epurogiramu (API) evaitisi, uye mafoni anokwanisa kuita kuti mashoko asvike kuvanzwi vakasiyana - siyana. Uyezve, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runofanira kuita kuti vagari vapfuuyi vakwanise kukurukurirana: zvikuva zvinobvumira vagari vemo kuti vataure pamusoro pemitemo inokarakadzwa, vhotera pamiteve, kana kuti vazivire kukundikana basa. Somuenzaniso, guta reBuens Aires Aires rinoshandisa apply appe anoshandisa apply "Data" kuti vabudise mashoko chaiwo anoshandiswa uye kuti vagone kugadzira zvibvumirano zvinonyumwirwa. Chiko chiko chokugadzira chirongwa chekugadzirwa cheteshichigadzirwa.

Vakuru Vakuru Vehurumende Nevapfumi Vanodzidzisa Tsika Yokusununguka

Mufambiro wavanhu kazhinji kazhinji imhinganidzo hurusa kuoneka. Gadziriro dzokurovedza dzinofanira kudzidzisa vabatiri vose vehurumende pamusoro pemisengwa yavo yapamutemo, kurangarira kujeka, uye unyanzvi hunoshanda nokuda kwokutarisira zvikumbiro. Zvinokosha zvikuru, hurumende dzinoda kusakurira tsika dzinokoshesa kusununguka. Ikoku kunogona kukurudzirwa kupfurikidza nokuenzanisira kwoutungamiriri, mitauro inopa mubayiro wokubudisa mhepo, uye mikoto yakakotsekana yokubudisa magetsi kushuma kusabatanidza. MuMexico, National Institute for Transreancy yakatanga chirongwa checlacy chavakuru vavakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye masangano ane vashandi vanotenderwa anoratidza kuwirirana kukuru nezvikumbiro zvemashoko (85%.60%). Chinjo dzetsika dzinotora nguva asi dzinodikanwa kuti dziwane.

Itai Vanhu Vane Ugandanga Nevenhau Seshamwari

Kuona chitarisiko kunoshanda zvakanakisisa apo kunenge kune vareveri vanoshingaira vanogona kutsanangura nokuparadzira mashoko kuvanhu vakawanda. Hurumende dzinofanira kushandira pamwe nokushingaira nemasangano enzanga, vatori venhau, uye vadzidzi kuti vakudziridze simba remashoko akaziviswa. Somuenzaniso, International public Ban Batting Officership[[[FLL:1]] inorovedza mapoka omunzvimbomo kunzvera magwaro ebhajeti uye vatsiri vechinjo. Nenzira yakafanana, World Bank Profetanceancealties [ kushandisa mashoko akazaruka kufambira mberi. Kubatana kwakadaro kunogona kubetsera kushandura mashoko asina kunyorwa kuti apfuure revo nokuda kwavagariwo zvavo, kusimudzira kuzvidavirira kwekuoneka.

Kuongorora uye Kuedza Kuona Kutarisika

Pakupedzisira, hurumende dzinofanira kubata kujeka sechiito chinoyera, kwete chinoitika chimwe chenguva. Kunzvera kwenguva dzose (M&E) kunofanira kunzvera kana mashoko akaziviswa ari kushandiswa chaizvoizvo, kana ari kutungamirira kukuvandudza migumisiro, uye uko nzvimbo dzasara. Chishandiso chimwe chinobetsera ndicho [ Transpabilible Poration Perceptions Index[[FLLT:1], icho chinobatanidza nezviratidziro zvehurumende. Zvikamu zvenyika nechevo zvinonzvera zvinobudirira zvinogona kugovera nzwisiso chaiyoiyo chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, UK's "Trancatency Exation Fractal" inoda kuti dhipatimendimendiro imwe neimwe iratidzirwe `scratementscrectal's'. Pakuedza kushambatiswa kwemiedzo dzinokundikana kugovera uchapupu.

mhedziso

Kuona chitarisiko hachisi mushonga unorapa zvirwere zvehurumende, asi chinhu chinokosha pakuvandudza basa. Nokuwedzera kuzvidavirira, kuvimba, kuita zvisarudzo, uye kuedza kurwisa uori, kuoneka kunoparira mamiriro ezvirongwa zvinobudirira zvikuru uye zvinodavirira. Asi kubudirira kwazvo kunotsamira pagadziriro yokungwarira: kupiwa kwapamutemo, zvishandiso zvakakwana, ruzivo rwakakwana, kuchinja kwetsika, uye kushandira pamwe kwevagari vemo. Zvinetso zvokusagona kudzora, kuoma kwemitengi, kurema kwemashoko, uye kuvandika kunofanira kubvumwa. Zvidzidzo zveSweden, New Zealand, neSouth Korea zvinoratidzira kuti kujeka unogona kubudisa purofiti apo kunoitwa nechido chezvamatongerwe enyika uye kupfuurira. Vagari vadzo vadzorwi vanoramba kukumbira kusununguka, sezvo hurumende isati iri bhokisi rokushandisa zvakanaka, asi inoda kudzorwa kwemitemo yemitemo yavose, uye kupfuutsana kupfuutsa.