Mitero inowanzorangarirwa semutoro, bva inoumba mavambo emari epepuko yazvino uno. Kubva kunzira dzatinoendesa kuzvikoro zvinodzidzisa vana vedu, mari yomutero zvakananga yemari inoita mabasa avose anoita kuti upenyu hwenzanga hubvire uye husawirirane. Kunzwisisa muuyo wemitero pairi mibato yehurumende hakusati kuri bedzi chinhu chedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yevhu. Iyi fambiro yezvekunzvera yakakura pakati pemitero nezviwanwa zvavose, mavambo enhau emhindu yeukama inobvira neyakarurama, uye zvinetso izvo upfumi hwazvino unonangana nazvo mukutsigira gadziriro yokuchengetedzwa nohuwakanaka nemitero inobudirira.

Kunzwisisa Mitero: Kupfuura Musengwa

Pamwero wayo mukurusa mukurusa, mutero mutero unosungirwa wemari kana kuti rumwe rudzi rwelevy runoiswa pamubhadharo wemutero (munhu mumwe kana kuti sangano rapamutemo) nesangano rehurumende kuti riwane mari yendyiko dzavanhu vakasiana - siana. Asi mitero inopfuura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenzanga. Inomirira chibvumirano chenzanga: vagari vemo vanopa chikamu chemari yavo kana kuti pfuma mutsinhano nokuda kwebetsero dzeboka izvo munhu upi noupi angagona kuzvigovera amene nenzira inobudirira.

Internal Revenuence Service (IRS) yeUnited States, somuenzaniso, yakaunganidza inopfuura $4,9 mabhiriyoni emari yakakomba mumari mugore ra2023, mari yaigoverwa kuchinhu chiri chose kubva kudziviriro yerudzi kusvikira kunzvero dzezvokudya. Mukuwirirana na CD [OLD] , nyika dziri mitezo dzinounganidza avhareji ye 34% yeGDP mumitero, nhamba inosimbisa mwero mukuru yemari inodikanwa kuchengeta chengetedzo yavose namabasa avose azvino uno.

Mitero Yakasiyana - siyana Nezvinangwa Zvayo

Kunzwisisa rudzi rumwe norumwe rwemari kunobatsira kuona kuti mari yavo inoenda kupi uye nei mimwe mitero iripo.

  • [[FT:0] Kubhadharwa Mutero: Mutero pamari inotambirwa nomunhu mumwe nomumwe nebhizimisi. Iyi iteshi inofambira mberi, kureva wedzero nemari, inoitirwa kuderedza kusaenzana kwemari uye kutsigira mabasa akavakirwa pamusha wakafara sedzidzo nechengeteko yenzanga.
  • Mitero: Mutero unoiswa kukutengeswa kwezvinhu namabasa. Inowanzodzoserazve, sezvo mhuri dzinowana mari yakaderera dzinopedzera mwero wakakwirira wemari yadzo pazvinhu zvinobhadharwa. Nyika zhinji dzinoderedzesa zvinodikanwa zvakadai semutero nemishonga kuderedza iyi purofiti.
  • Mutero wemari: A levy yakavakirwa pahuvaki hwezvinhu, zvikurukuru nzvimbo. Iwayo ndiwo manyuko makuru okutsigira namabasa omunzvimbomo akadai sezvikoro zvavose, mapurisa, madhipatimendi omoto, uye maraibhurari. Nemhaka yokuti mipimo yezvinhu inoratidzira migariro yomunzvimbomo yemari, mitero yezvinhu inogona kutungamirira kumari inosarira mari yechikoro pakati peruwa rwamapfuma nerwerombo.
  • Mutero wemari: Mutero unonangidzirwa pazvinhu zvakati, zvakadai sepeturezi, chinwiwa chinodhakisa, nefodya. Izvozvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinonzi "chivi," zvakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza apo zvinosimudzira mari nokuda kwemitengo ine chokuita nechero (chirevo, mari yepeturo inochengetwa mumugwagwa; mitero yehomwe yemari yehomwe yehomwe).
  • Mutero wePurse Community: Mutero pamubhadharo nemiripo unoshandiswa zvikurukuru kutsigira mapurogiramu einishuwarenzi yenzanga yakadai seSocial Security neMedicare. Vashandirwi navashandirwi vose vari vaviri vanopa mupiro, uye iyi mari inovimbwa nokuda kwavabhadharwi vomunguva yemberi.
  • [ Hurumende neMitero: Mutero pakutamisirwa kwepfuma kubva kuchizvarwa chimwe kuenda kune chinotevera. Matunhu mashomanene anotera kuuyu mutero nemhaka yokusapinda mumitero mikuru, asi inoramba iri chishandiso chokutaura pamusoro pepfuma.

Kubatsira Kunoita Munhu Kubhadhara

Pfungwa huru mutsika dzemitero ndi "kukwanisa kubhadhara"".Ndokufunga kuti avo vane mari yakawanda vanofanira kugovera mugove mukuru kumabasa avose. Iyi nheyo inoparira gadziriro dzemitero inofambira mberi yemari inotambirwa. Economist Adam Smith yakaronga nenzira yakakurumbira marusando mana emitero: inowirirana, yechokwadi, yakanakira, uye inobhadhara mari. Kusada kurayira kuti mitero iwirirane nemano omubhadharo, kuvimbisa kuti tsika haiisi dzvinyiriro isakafanira kune avo vasingakwanisi kubhadhara.

Maererano ne Office yeBajeti (CBO), gadziriro yomutero yeUnited States inowanzofambira mberi, 1% yemhuri ichibhadhara mwero wemari inobhadharwa we30% nepo pasi pa20% inobhadhara zvikwereti zvisina kunaka zvakafanana neIndation Possece Cer. Iyi mupiro unobetsera kutsigira mitero inotsigira mhuri dzinowana mari shoma, dzakadai seyamuro yezvokudya nedzimba dzavose.

Kushanda Kwemitero Mukutsigira Kushandiswa Kwemasangano Evanhu

Masangano avose ndiwo mashandiro anoshanda okuisa mari yezvikwereti muboka. Pasina mari yomutero, hurumende dzingadai dzisingakwanisi kupa zvinhu zvinokosha zvinotengeswa pasi pokuchengetedzwa (8) zvakadai semhepo yakachena, masangano outano, uye dzidzo yepasi pose. Ukama pakati pemitero nemabasa hwakananga: apo mitero inoderera kana kuti inoshayiswa zvakanaka, mabasa avose anoderera, zvichikuvadza vagari vemo vanonyanyova nyore kukuvadza.

Dzidzo: Hwaro Hwebasa

Dzidzo yavose ndirimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa anogoverwa mitero. MuUnited States, inenge 90% yemari yechikoro yavose inobva kunyika nenzvimbo, mitero yezvinhu yakawanda. National Center for Education Statistics inoshuma kuti zvikoro zvavose zvinopedzerwa munenge $5 000 pamusha pagore muna 2020, nemari yakasiyana- siyana neruwa, kunyange zvazvo mamwe achipedzera mari iri pasi pe $8 000 pa $1 000 pamusha mumwe mudzidzi apo vamwe vanopfuura $30 000. Uku kupesana mugumisiro wakananga wokutsamira pamitero yemari yomunzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, uko kunoparira chiteshi chetsikano yoruwa yakapfuma: zvikoro zvakaisvonaka, zvichikwezva vapfumiwo zvikuru uye mitengo inokwira zvinhu, nepo inopfumisa mipfumbadzo ihombe kuti vachengete nzvimbo huru yedzidzo.

Kupfuura K-12, makoreji emari yemitero, mayunivhesiti ehurumende, uye yamuro yemari yavadzidzi. Federal Pell Grants nedzidzo dzemari dzinorumbidzwa nehurumende zvinotsamira pamitero yemari yomutero. Gadziriro yedzidzo yakasanopfuudzwa inoparira mabasa ane unyanzvi zvikuru, inoderedza urombo, uye inosimudzira kufamba kwenzanga. Nenzira yezvedzidzo inoparira kuderera kwekupedza kupedza kufunda, kuderera kwemitengo yemari, uye ndyiko dzakakwirira dzenzanga dzakadai sekubhadharwa nokutsamira pautano.

Kutarisira Utano: Inhau Youpenyu Nenduramo Yenguva Refu

Gadziriro dzezvoutano dzakarongeka dzinosiana zvikuru munyika yose, asi nyika dzose dzakabudirira dzinoshandisa mari yemitero kuva nechokwadi chokuwana kwezvokurapa kunokosha. MuUnited States, Medicare (kwavakuru) uye Medicaid (nemhaka yavanhu vanotambira mari shoma) inobhadharwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yemitero nemitero yavose. Hurumende yeU.S. inopedzera inenge $1,80 000 000 000 000 pazvoutano muna 2023 kupfurikidza neidzi purogiramu, dzichiva dzinobatanidza 28% dzemari yomutengi kana kuti mifanikiso yebasa renyika, zvakadai seCanada neUnited Kingdom, mari inobhadhara mari inodokuva yose yemari kupfurikidza nemitero yavose.

Zvirongwa zvoutano hwavanhu vose ((kunzverwa kwemitero, zvirongwa zvenhomba, mipimo yemvura yakachena, uye kukurumidza kuchengetedzwa kwemvura) zvakasimbisawo kuoma kwemitero. Denda reCHOVAD rakasimbisa kuti mari iyi yakakomba sei: kukura nokuparadzirwa kwemishonga yakaitwa kuti ibvire nokuwandisa mari kwehurumende kwakawanda zvikuru kubva kumari yomutero. Pasina mitero, nzanga yaizotarisana nemwero yakakwirira zvikuru yehosha dzinodzivisika uye rufu rusati rwasvika, uye mari yezvoutano yaizotsaurirwa chose chose chose, kuchitungamirira kukurasikirwa nemari nemigariro yokusashanda zvakanaka.

Dzidzo: Unyanzvi Hwokutengeserana Noupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Migwagwa, mabhiriji, nhandare dzendege, mitanhiko yemvura, kufambiswa kwavanhu vose, uye mitsetse yemagetsi zvose zvakaiswa mutero mukuru. Mutero wepeturu weUnited States wemasendi 18,4 parita (kwete kuchinjwa chifo cha 1993) unodyisa Highway Trust Fund, mari iri kuvaka mugwagwa mukuru nokuchengetedza. Hurumende nemitero yegasi yomunzvimbomo zvinowedzera rumwe rutivi. Zvisinei, sezvo motokari dzinova dzinowedzera mari nemagetsi, uku kuyerera kuri kuderera, kuchiparira njodzi nokuda kwokushandisa mari.

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) inopa gadziriro yemagiramu eU.S. musimboti wemari yeC- $2,6 mabhiriyoni emadhora mumakore gumi. Kupa mari mumitero kunopa mibayiro yakakwirira: $5 yemadhora ose anoshandiswa pakugadzira motokari munguva yemberi inochengetedza mari inotambira mari inokwana $5 (Z $5) mumibayiro yemari. Zvivako zvinonangwa zvinoderedzawo kuwanda kwemitengo yemotokari, uye zvinobatanidza vanhu kumabasa nedzidzo.

Kuchengeteka Kwavanhu: Chivako Chokurongeka

Madhipatimendi emapurisa, mamiriro emoto, kurapa kwekurumidziro, uye gadziriro yokutonga zvinotsigirwa zvikurukuru nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo nemitero yemari yehurumende. Masangano aya anoshanda masikati ose kuti adzivirire upenyu nezvinhu. Maererano neBureau of Justice Statistics, hurumende dzinoshandisa mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni US $95 (Z $2795) pamapurisa, kururamisa, uye matare muna 2020. Pasina mabasa aya, utsotsi hungadai husingadzorwi, moto waizopararira pasina mhinduro, uye gakavadzano dzavagari vemo dzaizova chisimba.

Asi ukama huri pakati pemari yomutero nokuchengeteka kwevanhu hwakaoma. Kuderedza mutengo wemari yemapurisa kunogona kuderedza kuchengetwa kwemitemo uye kukurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu. Ukuwo, kunyanyoshandisa mapurisa pasina kutsigira mari yemabasa enzanga akakwana — kupindira kwoutano hwemagariro evanhu kana kuti kurapwa kwakapindwa muropa nejeko kungatungamirira kusungwa kwevakawanda pasina kugadzirisa zvinokonzera. Maonere anoita vanhu anonzwisisa kuti migove yemitero nokuda kwokuchengeteka kwevoruzhinji inofanira kuenzana nokudzivirira nokugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu.

Murangariro Wakanaka Pamitero

Mumurangariro wehurumende, mitero hachisi chirango kana kuti kuba; ndiwo mutengo wechaunga chakabudirira. Vazivi vakabva kuna Thomas Hobbes kusvikira kuna John Rawls vakarangarira kuti vanhu vanobvuma kubhadharwa mutsinhano nokuda kwebetsero dzokurarama muhurumende yakatsiga iyo inogovera mutemo, nhevedzano, uye zvinhu zvavose. Chibvumirano ichi chamagariro chinoda vagari vemo kubhadhara goverano yavo yakaisvonaka uye, mukurangarirawo, kuraira kuva pachena nokuzvidavirira muhurumende pamusoro pokuti mari iyoyo inoshandiswa sei.

Betsero Dzokubatanidzwa Mumutemo Wemutero

Vanhu pavanonzwisisa kuti mitero inobhadharwa sei, kazhinji kacho vanopinda mumabasa ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

  • Kuvhota muzvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo pazvisungo zvechikoro, ndyiko dzehwaro, uye zvikarakadzo zvemitero.
  • Kupa hurukuro mukutonga kwavose apo kugoverwa kwebhajeti kunokurukurwa.
  • Kutsigira chinjo dzemitero idzo dzinovhara mabudiro kana kuti kuita kuti gadziriro ive inowirirana zvikuru.
  • [ Kuwedzera kana kuti kugovera kuwedzerwa mabasa avose munzanga dzisina kutsakatika.

Vagari vemo vakabatanidzwa vanogona kutsigira mitemo inoronga mitoro yemitero nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga. Somuenzaniso, vagari vedzimwe nyika vakatsigira nokubudirira nokuda kwokuwedzera mutero wegasi kuti vatsigire kuvandudza kwezvifambiso kana kuti kupfuudza mitero ye "miripo yemari" kutsigira dzidzo yavose. Apo vagari vemo vanorega kunyoresa, muitiro wemitero unowanzobatira fariro dzezvitoro zvinosanobhadharwa panzvimbo pezvakanaka zvavose.

Kusimudzira Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka uye Kuvimba Nazvo

Kuona kuti mitero inopedzerwa sei kunokosha kuti ichengete ruvimbiko rwavanhu vose. Hurumende dzinokurukurirana zvakajeka uko madhora omutero anofambiswa nekombiyuta (8) kupfurikidza nekombiyuta, mishumo yegore negore, uye inobudiswa mari yebhajeti ($foster ipfungwa yokubatira pamwe navagari vemo vavo. A 2021 Centre Research Center yakawana kuti inenge hafu bedzi yevagari veAmerica inodavira kuti hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa mari yemitero nenzira yokuchenjera. Uku kusavimbana kunobviswa nemitemo yemitero yakaoma kunzwisisa uye miitiro yemari inobhadharwa.

Apo vagari vemo vanogona kuona miuyo chaiyo ." Mutero wenyu wezvinhu unobhadharwa nokuda kwerori itsva yomwoto yakasvika mumaminiti matatu kuponesa imba yomuvakidzani wako""".Nenzira inopesana, tsodzo dzinobatanidza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemari yemitero (zvakadai sokuwanwa kwamamirioni mumari inopambadza inopfumbadza yeyamuro mune dzimwe nyika) dzinoparadza chivimbo nechinonyandura mirangariro inodzivisa mitero, iyo inoparirawo kuziya mutengo wavose yemari inodikanwa.

Matambudziko Mumitero uye Mumabasa Anoitirwa Vanhu Vose

Kunyange mugadziriro dzakasanorongeka, denho dzinomuka idzo dzinoderedza kushanda kwamabasa anodzorwa nemitero. Kukurukura idzi nhau kunokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitero inobatira fariro yavose nenzira inoenzana.

Kudzingwa Mutero Nokudzivisa

Kurega mutero (mumusiano wemitero unobhadharwa) unodarika $600 bhiriyoni gore negore muUnited States moga. Mari dzepamhenderekedzo dzegungwa, makambani esheri, uye kuronga mitero kwemakambani anodenha (g., purofiti dzemitero dzinoderedza mitero inowanika nokuda kwemabasa avanhu vose).

Nyika dzichiri kubudirira dzinotambura kunyange zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru: mukuwirirana ne World Bank, kudziviswa kwomutero namasangano amarudzi akawanda kunoparira marudzi ari kubudirira mabhiriyoni $200 (anopfuura hwerengedzo yeyamuro yokumwe yadzinogamuchira. Kuvhara idzi mhosho kupfurikidza nebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose (se Base Erosiation neIntelligence Shifting) kunokosha mukuvimbisa kuti kudyidzana kwebhizimisi renyika yose hakukanganisi mari yavose.

Kusaenzana Mumitero Nokuparadzirwa Kwebasa

Mitero yose haisati iri yakaenzana. Yakadai semitero yokutengesa nemitero inobhadharwa yakaderera, inoisa mutoro unorema padzimba dzinobhadharwa, dzinopedzera goverano huru yemari yavo pakushandiswa. Munguva ino, vanhu vakapfuma vanowanzobetserwa nemwero yakaderera yemitero inoshanda kupfurikidza nemhindu dzamari, mibayiro, uye mitero. Uku kusaenzana mumitero kunotungamirira kukusaenzana mukuwana basa. Nzanga dzepfuma dzinogona kubhadhara zvikoro zviri nani, migwagwa yakachengeteka, uye mapaki okuchenesa nemhaka yokuti zvinhu zvavo zvinoparira mitero yakawanda zvikuru yomunzvimbomo. Varombo, nemipimo yakaderera yepfuma uye mibato yemari, vanosiiwa namabasa akaderera, kupfuuyisa mberi migariro yeurombo.

Gadziriro dzemitero dzinofambira mberi — apo mwero inokwira nemari inotambirwa(--kamwe kanobetsera kuderedza nzvimbo iyi yokutamba, asi bedzi kana mari yacho ichiparadzirwa nenzira yakaenzana mumiganhu. Gadziriro dzehurumende nemari yemari yakaenzana (seChikamu I chezvikoro zvinowana mari yakaderera) inoedza kutaura nezvayo, asi kazhinji kazhinji inoitwa makwikwi ane chokuita nezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwemari Nemutero

Kukwira kwee-commerce, basa riri kure, uye mabasa emichina zvakaparira denho itsva nokuda kwokuunganidzwa kwomutero wegamuchidzanwa. Mitemo yemitero yakagadzirirwa zvitoro zvezvidhina nemortar; kuishandisa nokuda kwemitengi yepaIndaneti 2018 kunoda chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reChirungu muna South Dakotal v. Wayfair, icho chinobvumira nyika kuva dzinotengwa nemitero iri kure. Nenzira yakafanana, kukura kwemari yegig (Vatyairi, maplatifomu ehmishoni) kunoita kuti mari ive yakaoma kutsika, inotungamirira kukuwanwa.

Mitero inounganidzwawo mumitero yemari inomanikidzirwa sezvo mahombe ezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu anowana mari munyika umo dzine zvinhu zvokunyama zvishomanene. Chibvumirano cheOECD 2021 pamusoro pemwero wemari inoderedzwa yemasangano enyika yose we15% chinovavarira kumisa iri dzinza kusvikira pasi, asi kutora mitero kunoramba kusina kufanira. Kana zvivako zvemitero zvikaparadzwa nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura izvo hurumende dzinogona kuvandudza, mabasa avanhu achatarisana neasingachinjiki.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Mitero Yakaunganidzwa Munyika Yose

Kuongorora kuti nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinotsigira sei uye kuti dzinoita sei mabasa anobatsira vanhu pachishandiswa mitero kunoratidza kuti mitero inochinja - chinja uye inochinja zvinhu pakutengesa mitero.

Muenzaniso Wacho wokuScandinavia: Mitero Yakakwirira, Vashandi Vakakwirira

Nyika dzakadai seSweden, Denmark, uye Norway dzine pakati pemipimo yemitero yakakwirira zvikurusa munyika (inopfuura 40%). Dzinopa dzidzo yapachena yeyunivhesiti, tarisiro youtano yapose pose, zororo roubereki, uye betsero dzourovha dzakasimba. Idzi nyika nguva dzose dzinomira pamusoro pomufarwa wenyika yose nekoshekero dzavanhu. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mitero yakakwirira inodzivisa bhizimisi, asi vatsigiri vanocherekedza kuti mambure okudzivirira nzanga akasimba anoita kuti pave nengozi uye kuvandudza kupfurikidza nokuderedza mutengo womunhu oga wokukundikana.

United States: Dederal Mitero, Basa Rakadimburwa

Mitero yeU.S. painenge 28% yeGDP, pasi peavhareji yeOECD, uye inotsamira zvikuru painishuwarenzi yomunhu oga yakavakirwa pavashandiri nemari inotsigirwa yapamutemo yezvikoro. Muuyo igadziriro ine kusatsarukana kwakakwirira: mabasa akaisvonaka munharaunda dzakapfuma nedzisina kuvimbika mune dzine upfumi. American Rereplation Plan neInfladiation Reduction Act zvakapinza mari yehurumende mugadziriro nemamiriro okunze enzvimbo, asi kundikano kwenguva refu kunotyisidzira chengeteko yenzanga neMedicasare.

Singapore: Kuderera, Kununurwa Kusingashandi

Singapore ine mitero inotambira mari yakaderera (mwero wapamusoro wa 22%) asi mipiro yakakwirira yeChiteshi chayo cheCentral Presentent Fund, iyo inofukidza tarisiro youtano, pokugara, uye penjeni. Hurumende inotsamirawo pakutenga nyika nemari inodzorwa. Uyu muenzaniso unoita mabasa avanhu ose akaenzana nemitoro yemitero yakaderera zvikuru pavanhu vamwe navamwe, asi vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inodzvinyirira mari uye inopa ngwariro kupfuma.

Mugumisiro: Kushandiswa Kwokunyora Mutero

Kushanda kwemitero pamabasa avose hakusi kungovawo zvako nhau yemari yokushandisa. Kusarudza kunoita rudzi kubhadhara mutero vagari vemo varwo ndokurongedza mari iyoyo kunotema kunaka kwezvikoro zvarwo, utano hwevagari varo, kuchengeteka kwemigwagwa yaro, uye simba rezvivako zvaro. Kubva kunzanga, kunzwisisa ukama ihwohwu hahusi hwokusarudza; ibasa romugari wose muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Vagari vemo vakadzidziswa vanogona kutsigira mitemo yemitero inoruramisira, inoshanda zvakanaka, uye yakakwana kugovera zvinodikanwa zveboka. Vanogona kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire nokuda kwokupambadza nokumanikidzira kuoneka mumashandisirwo emari yavose. Uye vanogona kuziva kuti kubhadhara mitero hakusi chibairo asi kuchengetedzwa kwemitero mune ramangwana rakagoveranwa , (8) nguva yemberi umo mwana ari wose anogona kuwana dzidzo yakanaka, mhuri iri yose inogona kubhadhara utano, uye nzanga iri yose inogona kutsamira pamigwagwa yakakotsekana uye mabasa ekurumidziro.

Murangariro wehurumende wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu unotiyeuchidza kuti tose tiri vatarisiri mubhizimisi iri, uye kuti simba rokuumba muitiro wemitero riri mumaoko avagari vemo vane zivo, vanonyatsokwanisa kubhadhara mitero kwete nokuti mitero yacho yakaderera zvakadini.