Zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinoumba kuchengeteka kwezvokudya zviri pandiro yako nemvura yaunoshandisa. Kupfurikidza negadziriro yemitemo, mitemo, uye zviito zvokuchengetedza, hurumende, nyika, uye nzvimbo zvinogadza mipimo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira utano hwevanhu. Asi zvisarudzo izvi hazvisipo pasina chinhu. Zvinoratidza kutsvakurudza kwesayenzi, zvematongerwo enyika, zvinodzvinyirira zvebhizimisi, uye zvinopindwa pachena. Kunzwisisa kuti muitiro uyu unoshanda sei kupfuudza vanhu kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvokuziva, vatsigiriridziri vedziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru, uye kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvi vazvidzwe. Nyaya inoongorora ukama husinganzwisisiki pakati pekugadzira uye kuchengeteka kwezvokudya zvedu, kuongorora masangano anobatanidzwa, mamiriro emitemo, zvinetso zvinoramba zvichivapo, uye izvo zvichazoitika munguva yemberi.

Chisakiso Choutano Hwavose: Chikonzero Nei Zvokudya Nemvura Zvichikosha

Zvokudya zvakanaka nemvura yakachena zvinova mativi enzanga ine utano. Apo utarisiri hwehurumende hunokundikana kana kuti hunononoka kuparira tyisidziro dzinobuda, miuyo inokwira munzanga, gadziriro dzezvoutano, uye upfumi. Mukuwirirana neCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), munenge mutanhatu weAmerica anorwara nehosha dzinokonzerwa nezvokudya zvinogara zvichiitika gore rimwe nerimwe, zvinotungamirira kukuva kwemaparenda ne 3000. Zvirwere zvinoparirwa nemvura, nepo zvisingawanwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, zvinogona kuparira kuvamba kwechipoporisi, giardisosis, uye gurosis, zvikurukuru mumiga yomuviri ine gadziriro dzokuzvidzivirira kwehosha dzinoderera. Chirwere. Chirwerengo hachingori choutano chete; mari. USDA inofungidzira kuti kurwara kunotengwa kwezvokudya.

Zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinonyatsoita kuti zvisashande. Kana mitemo yokuchengetedza yanyatsoshanda, kuderera kwemabhajeti. Kana mabhajeti akatemwa, kuderera kwemashandiro emari, uye njodzi yokurwara ichikwira. Kubatana pakati pemitemo noutano hwevanhu hakurambiki, uye ndicho chikonzero nei kukurukurirana kwose kwokuchengetedza kuine simba kuchikosha.

Hurumende Inoda Kuitirwa Zvinhu Nemabasa Ayo

Kunzwisisa masangano aya kunobatsira kujekesa kuti chii chinokonzera kuti sangano rimwe nerimwe rive nenzvimbo dzakati kuti risachengeteke.

Zvokudya Nemirimo (FDA)

Ichishanda pasi peDhipatimendi reUniversity and Human Services, FDA inodzora inenge 80% yezvokudya zveUnited States, kubatanidza michero, mirivo, mukaka, zvokudya zvomugungwa, uye zvokudya zvakagadzirwa. Inotarisirawo mvura yakagadzirwa mumabhodhoro sechinhu chezvokudya chakagadzirwa. FDA inogadza mipimo nokuda kwokunyora zvokudya, kubvumira zvokudya zvinoiswa muzvokudya, uye inoita kuti itsigire kuti Food Safety Modertization Act (FSMA). Chitendero chayo chinokudza nguva pfupi yapfuura pakudzivirira, kutevererwa, uye mhinduro yokukurumidza kukuputika.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA ndiyo inonyanya kuchengeta mvura yokunwa. Pasi peFited Admia Water Act (SDWA), inoita kuti pave nemwero wakawanda wezvinonhuwira zvinopfuura 90, kubatanidza mutobvu, arsenic, uye microbial parations. EPA inodzorawo kukura kwemvura inobuda senzizinzi, nyanza, uye mvura yapasi. Basa rayo rakasiyana neFDA neFDA nechinhu chinotengesa mvura, EPA inoisawo mipimo yemvura inoiswa mupombi inoendeswa negadziriro dzemvura. sangano racho rinoitawo basa rinokosha mukudzora zvinouraya, izvo zvinokanganisa zvokudya nokuisa zvokudya mumakemikoro.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Food Safety and Inspection Service yeUSDA (FSIS) ndiyo ine mutoro wekotsekano yenyama, huku, uye zvigadzirwa zvemazai zvakagadzirwa. Kusafanana neFDA-yati, izvi zvigadzirwa zvinodzorwa nenzvero dzinopfuurira yehurumende. USDA inoshandisawo National Orcalic Program ne Agriculturation Service yeIndarime yeSangano rePromatiki. Nokuda kwezvokudya nekotsekano yemvura, USDA inoshanda neFDA panhau dzakadai sekudzivisa utachiona nezvinoronzeve.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

CDC haidzoreri zvokudya kana kuti mvura zvakananga, asi inoita basa rinokosha mukuronda kutanga, kuzivisa manyuko okushatisa, uye kugovera nhungamiro yakavakirwa pasayenzi kumamwe masangano. Foodborne Disease Monetic Surveillance Network (FoodNet) neWaterbornet Disease Outbruble Surveillance Sy inoita kuti mashoko anozivisa miitiro inoita zvisarudzo. Apo kutanga kwemiitiro yakasiyana - siyana kunoitika, CDC inobatana namadhipatimendi ezveutano ehurumende neFDA kuti ione manyuko ndokuva neradziro.

Hurumende Nezviremera Zvomunzvimbomo

Madhipatimendi ehurumende outano nakurima anomanikidzira mitemo mizhinji yehurumende uye ane mipimo yawo amene yekotsekano. Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo anonzvera maresitorendi, zvikoro, uye nzvimbo dzokupa zvokudya. Anonzverawo matsime emunhu oga namasangano maduku emvura anodonha kunze kwesimba reEPA. Iyi gadziriro yakavharwa inoreva kuti kushanda kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira pasimba nenzvimbo yokutanga zvinopiwa nehurumende navatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo.

Maitirwo Anoitwa Tsika: Kubva Kusayenzi Kuenda Pakudzokororwa

Kugadzira nzira itsva yokudzora zvokudya kana kuti mvura yokudzivirira ngozi muitiro murefu, une nhanho dzakawanda dzinodzikamisa ufakazi hwesayenzi, mubatanidzwa wezvemari, uye zvinobatanidzwa navanhu vose. Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anoda kupesvedzera muitiro.

Ngozi Yokuongorora Nokutsvakurudza Kwesayenzi

Mitemo mikuru iri yose inovamba nenzvero yengozi. Masayendisiti anobva kumasangano akafanana neFDA, EPA, kana kuti USDA anohwirudzura fundo dziripo, anonzvera, uye anoyera ngozi dzoutano dzinoparirwa nechinhu chakati kana kuti muitiro. Somuenzaniso, FDA isati yagadza miganhu mitsva yomutobvu muzvokudya zvavana, vaongorori vakanzvera mashoko kubva kuzviuru zvemienzaniso uye vakaenzanisira fambiro pakukura kwepfungwa dzevana. Sayere inoyera sayenzi inoumba hwaro, asi inowanzokwikwidzwa namapoka enzvimbo dzinogadzira zvinhu zvinoumba mipimo kana kuti mari inokunda mibayiro.

Mashoko Anobudiswa Nevanhu Vose

Kana mutemo unokarakadzwa wangorongwa, unobudiswa muFederal Register uye unozarurwa nokuda kwetsinhiro dzavose. Iyi nhevedzo inogamuchira muuyo kubva kuvagadziri vezvokudya, zvinoshandisa mvura, vatengi vadzori vezvibvumirano zvokushandisa, nyanzvi dzedzidzo, uye vagari vemo voga. Komishinari yacho inofanira kuhwirudzura tsinhiro iri yose ndokupindura nhau duku isati yagumisa mutemo. Uyu muitiro wakazaruka unobvumira kuti mirangariro inokosha inzwikwe, asi unoparirawo mikana yemapoka anosanopindwa kuti anonotse kana kuti aredze dziviriro. Vatsigiri veSangano revo vanopikisa kuti muitiro wetsinhiro unoda kuganhuridzwa kwepesvedzero yebhizimisi.

Kuongorora uye Kushandisa Gadziriro

Pashure penhambo yetsinhiro, sangano rinohwirudzura mutemo ndokubudisa shanduro yokupedzisira iyo inobatanidza musi unobudirira nemirairo yenguva dzinowirirana. Hofisi yeDzidzo nedzokuronga Zvemari inohwirudzura mitemo inokosha nokuda kwetapuro yavo yemari. Kana yapera, sangano rinofanira ipapo kusimbisa mutemo kupfurikidza nokunzvera, zvinodikanwa, uye kunzvera. Mukaha pakati pokugamuchira mutemo nokushandisa kwawo kwakazara unogona kutambanudza makore, zvikurukuru apo kushaiwa mari kana kuti unyanzvi hwebasa.

Mitemo Yapamutemo Yapanyika Netapuro Yayo

Mitemo mikuru inorondedzera mashandiro anoita masangano.

Muitiro weSafety Modernization Food Act (FSMA)

Yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2011, FSMA inomirira kuchinja kukurusa kwemitemo yekotsekano yezvokudya muU. Yakachinja kuisa pfungwa pakutanga ndokudzidzivisa. Gadziriro huru dzinobatanidza kudzora kusingachinjika kwenzvimbo dzezvokudya, dzinobudisa mipimo yekotsekano, mitengo yokumwe yokugovera nhevedzano, uye zvinowedzerwa zvinodikanwa. Mutemo wakapa FDA chiremera chokuraira kuti iyeuke, panzvimbo pokutsamira pachiito chokuzvidira. FDA's webrep inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwemitemo nokufambira mberi. Nepo zvikwaratiso zvayo zvakavandudza kuchengeteka, tave takaita zvisina kufanira. Mapurazi maduku negadziriro anoramba achidzorwa.

Muitiro Wemvura Yokunwa Wakachengeteka (SDWA) uye Kutonga Kwemutobvu Nekopo

Yakapfuudzwa pakuvamba muna 1974, SDWA inosimbisa mipimo yenyika nokuda kwemvura inonwa. Kugadziridzwa kukuru muna 1986 na1996 kwakasimbisa dziviriro. Gave neCopper Rulage (LCR), yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1991 ndokudzokororwa muna 2021, inotsvaka kudzora mutobvu nomutobvu mumvura kupfurikidza nokuda kuti mvura iedze nokurapa mvura inoshatisa. Mativi eFT emvura akafushaira kundika kwakakomba mukudzika kwemitemo nokutarisira LCR. Mukupindura, EPA yakahwirudzudza mutemo kuraira mutsivi nomutezo webasa. ZVITAUPUPU zveSWWA peji[FFOLD:1]

Mitemo Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura nenhau Dziri Kutanga

Muna 2020, FDA yakatanga Food Registry kuti iendi kuronda zvinhu zvakashatiswa. 2021 Infrablicture Information Information Information and Jobs Act yaibatanidza mabhiriyoni $5 (Z $55) nokuda kwePFOR State Revolifer Fund yeD. Parutivi rwezvokudya, FDA yave ichishanda pagadziriro yakabataniswa yezvokudya iyo inodzivirira nyika nenhamburiko dzomubatanidzwa. Munguva ino, funganyo itsva pamusoro pePFAS (per-per-poolkylal) mukunwa mvura nezvokudya zvakasunda EPA kuti ishake muganhu uye nhambo yezvokudya kuti ishande.

Matambudziko Anoramba Achinetsa Pakutsvaka Kuchengeteka

Pasinei nemitemo yakasimba uye masangano akazvipira, zvinetso zvikuru izvi zvinoramba zvichida kutarisirwa uye kugadziriswa kwemitemo.

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzakawanda uye Kuoma Kunzwisisa

Kushambadza kweU.S. kunenge 15% yezvokudya zvayo, kubatanidza 60% yemichero mitsva ne 80% yezvokudya. Izvi zvinhu zvinopfuura nomuketani dzemigodhi yakaoma dzinoyambuka nyika dzakawanda nemipimo yekotsekano yakasiana- siyana. FDA inonzvera bedzi chikamu chiduku chezvokudya zvakapinzwa kumuganhu. Kuvamba kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kweFSMA's Foreign Procecterr Provitiation Program kunoda vatengesi kuti vapinyi vawa kuti vasadziri vavo vokumwe nyika vasangane U.S. Mipimo yekotsekero inova inova yakaoma zvikuru kusava kubvirira apo chinhu chakasvibiswa navamwe kana kuti chinogadzirwazve.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nedzvinyiriro Dzemhoteredzo

Kukwira kwetembiricha, zviitiko zvemamiriro okunze akanyanyisa, uye kuchinja kwemvura zviri kuparira ngozi itsva nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri zvokudya nekotsekano dzemvura. Mazambiringa anogona kukurira zvirimwa zvokurapa ndokuparadzira kubuda kwemichetura ine utachiona nemakemikari mumvura kukuva matsime emvura. Droughts dzinoisa mvura mumvura inonhuwira uye dzinoderedza kuwanikwa kwokudiridza mvura. Tembiricha dzehondo dzinosimudzira kukura kwemuchetura kwemuchetura unokuvadza munyanza nomumatsime. Papurazi, kupisa kunogona kuwedzera kuwanda kwezvipembenene zvezvokudya zvakadai seSalmonellalla muzvipfuwo. Masangano eHurumende ari kutanga kugadziridza mamiriro okunze enzvimbo okuchengeteka mamiriro okunze enzvimbo dzadzoko, asi kuchinja kunowanzoita kudarika kukurumidza kugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa.

Zvinhu Zvinosanganisa Mabhakitiriya: PFAS, Microplastics, uye Kupfuura

Makemikoro enzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu aimbofungwa kuva akakotsekana zvino anozivikanwa setyisidziro dzakapararira dzemhoteredzo. PFAS, inozivikanwa se "makemikoro okugara," inowanwa muzvinhu zvisingaisiki, zvipfeko zvisingapindi mvura, mafreyimu anopfura moto, uye mapepa ezvokudya. Anoramba ari mumhoteredzo uye anoungana mumuviri womunhu, akabatanidzwa nekenza yegoriyo, uye kukuvadziko yokubereka. EPA yakabudisa muganhu woutano nemukanwa mvura inomanikidzirwa nokuda kwemisanganiswa yePFAS, asi inongomirawo. Nenzira yakafanana, microplastiki nemicroplasticss zvinooneka mumvura yomupombi, mvura inonayinwa, uye kunyange mumuviri womunhu. Vatsvakurudzi vezvokutsvaka zvokudya vachiri kuyera ngozi dzoutano, uye hapana miganhuro iripo.

Kuganhurirwa Kwemari Nekushanda

Kunyange mirau yakanakisisa yakarongerwa inoshanda bedzi seyazvo zvinoshanda. Kuderedza bhajeti kwakaderedza nhamba yeFDA neUSDA Speciers, zvakawedzera nguva pakati penzvero, uye kuganhurirwa kwemipimo yerabhoritari. 2022 kubva kuHurumende yeMatare Authori akawana kuti FDA haisati ichinzvera nzvimbo dzose dzokunze dzinowanzodikanwa. Mitemo yemvura mumitemo yakaderera neyamaruwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoshaiwa mari yokuvandudza kukwegura kuti isvitse mipimo mitsva. Mukahahaha pakati pevavariro dzemitemo nechinhu chaichoicho chinopfuurira muzvokudya nekotseka chapasi pevhu inoramba iri imwe yedenho inopfuurira zvikurusa muzvokudya nekotseko yemvura.

Basa Resayenzi Nounyanzvi Mumutemo Wokukanganisa

Fambiro mberi musayenzi neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinopa zvishandiso zvitsva zvokudzivisa kushatisa nokuwana mavambo pakuvamba. Genome yose inobvumira CDC neFDA kuronda dzvinyiriro yebhakitiriya kubva kumunhu anorwara kudzokera kupurazi rakati kana kuti nzvimbo inogadzirwa mumazuva. Iyi ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakachinja kunzvera kwokutanga uye kukurumidza. Vagadziri vemichina vanofanirawo kushandisa pfungwa dzakavanzika nemuchina kudzidza kufanoziva kuti zvinhu zvinofambiswa zviri pamusoro pezvikepeyi nezvinoda kuongororwa. Kuongorora nokuongorora kwemichina kwechetura kunogona kuzivisa zvinetso zvemvura zvingabvira muzvinobviswa mumvura. Asi kubatanidza izvi zvinhu zvinochinja kuva zvokuchinja zvinhu zvinodzokororwa kunoda nguva uye kupfuudza mutengo. Vagadziri vemichina vanofanirawo kukurukura zvinhu zvokuvandika uye kuvimbisa kuti ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa rwokugadzirwa hazvikwedzere kuwanda pakati pezviwirira.

Kuziva Uye Kunyengera Kwevatengi: Basa Revanhu

Zvisarudzo zvehurumende hazviitwi mukamuri rinosimudzirwa. Kupesvedzerwa kwezvokudya zvinoparirwa nemhepo, kurukurirano yenhau, uye mamiriro evatengi ezvokugadzirwa kwezvokudya. Njodzi yeFlint, somuenzaniso, inomutsa ngwariro munyika yose kutungamirira mumvura yokunwa ndokutungamirira kuchinjo muMutemo weTole neCopper. Zvirwere zvinoparira hosha dzezvokudya zvinonyandura kuyeuka nokukurumidza uye zvinooneka zvikuru. Vatengi vanogona kugara vachiziva nokusaina kuti vangwarire kubva kuFDA neUSA, zvikurukuru kana CDC ichiripo, uye vachitora rutivi munhambo dzinotaurwa pamiraudzo yavose. Masangano enzanga anogona kusunda nokuda kwokuroverera nokuchengeta zvikuru mari yomunharaunda. Dzidzo pamusoro pokushandisa zvokudya nokuedza zvokudya zvakakotsekana kuti vazvidzivirire, zvikurukuru apo CD inovapo. [FFF]

Zvinetso Zvemari Nezvenzanga Zvokusarudza Kuchengeteka

Mitemo yezvokudya nekotsekano dzemvura ine ukoshi hukuru hwemari. Kuvagadziri, ndyiko dzinodzorwa dzinogona kuva dzakakwira, zvikurukuru kuvarimi vaduku navanogadzira zvinhu. Vamwe vanotaura kuti mirau yakakomba inodzivisa kuvadziko nokukwidziridza mitengo yezvokudya. Vamwe vanonyora kuti ndyiko yenterwo nemhindu, matare, kusavimba navatengi. Kuyeuka kukuru kunogona kuderedza kambani. Nokuti mvura inonakisa mipimo mitsva yePFAS kana kuti kutungamirira inoda mabhiriyoni emadhora okutenga mari inopfuudzwa mari. Uku kurwisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoparira hondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro perumano nero yemitemo. Kufunganya kwavagari venzanga, kuzviisa pasi nenzanga nenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kutakura mutoro mukuru wezvokudya nemvura. Hurumende inokundikana kuisa njodzi yemari yemari mungozi yemari inopfumba inopfumba inopfuurira kudzo nokuda kwemiteveri inopfuu iripo.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kunoramba Kuchiitwa Kwokutungamirira Zvakangwarira

Zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvazvisingaonekwi zvinotungamirira kuchengeteka kwezvokudya zvatinodya nemvura yatinonwa. Kubva mukuongorora kwesayenzi kuti mitemo inodzivirira kumabasa okuchengetedza vatengi, chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinoratidza kutevedzana kwakaoma kwouchapupu, mipimo, uye simba. Sezvo njodzi itsva dzinobuda kubva kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, makemikari eindasi, uye kuchengeteka kwepasi, kudiwa kwokugadziridza, kutsigirwa zvakanaka, uye kudzora kunozvidavirira hakuna kumbova kukuru. Vatendi havasi vasingamiriri veko vakangova vasingadzoreri; ivo vatsigiri vanoshingaira vanogona kukumbira dziviriro dzakasimba, vatsigiri vezvokuchengetedzwa, uye vanogara vachiziva. Nguva yemberi yezvokudya nemvura zvinotsamira pakuungana kwavose uye hurumende inoda kurapa vanhu vayo pane kufarira kufarira kurapa. Kunzwisisa ibasa romunhu wose.