Sumo kuUnited States Constitution inopfuura zvikuru kutanga. Mashoko okutanga akarongwa noune, akarongwa nenzira yokuchenjera ayo anosimbisa nheyo youzivi yeripabhuriki yeAmerica. Kuvamba namashoko okuti "Isu Vanhu," vagadziri vakaratidzira chinjo huru mumanyuko echiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika (kubva kumadzimambo navakuru kuvagari vomunyika vamene. Uku kutaura kwokutanga, uye zvinangwa zvitanhatu zvinotevera, zvinopfuurira kuumba kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokugovera mashoko akafanana edonzo rorudzi. Mutevedzeri wePregatori haapi masimba; panzvimbo pezvo, anojekesa mipimo inoruramisa chimiro cheBumbiro remitemo nemabasa okuzvitonga. Kunzwisisa kuti kupesvedzera kwokutanga kwokuzviumba kunoda sei kunzvera kwadzo yenhau, uzivi, basa rezvouzivi, basa rinopfuumbirwa roupenyu hwenguva dzose.

Nhoroondo Yezvidzidzo Zvemavambo

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1787 yakaungana muPhiladelphia pakati pokusagutsikana kwakapararira neZvikamu zveConfederation. Hurumende yenyika pasi peZvikamu yakanga isina chiremera chokutera mutero, inodzora mitemo yokutengeserana, kana kuti yokugombedzera, ichitungamirira kukusagadzikana kwezvemari uye kusagadzikana kwomukati (zvikurukurukuru kushambadza. Varongi vakaziva kuti mubatanidzwa wakasimba waida kwete bedzi gadziriro itsva yokutonga asiwo mufungo unosunda nokuda kwoururamidzi hwayo. Preging yakanga iri mhinduro yavo: ziviso yakajeka yemidziro yemite yama iyo Bumbiro remitemo rakagadzirirwa kuita.

Achishandisa mutauro webumbiro remitemo rehurumende uye Gwaro reKuzvimirira, Dare reRuzivo rwezvitayera rakagadzirwa naGouverneur Morris. Morris anorumbidzwa zvikuru nemitemo yakaisvonaka yakachinja ndaza yezvinangwa zvemitemo kuva mashoko akajeka echido chenyika. Mashoko okuti "Isu vanhu" takanga tava kutanga zvinhu zvitsva zvikuru; akatsiva marongedzerwo ainyanya kuoma ehurumende, nokudaro ichisimbisa kubatana kworudzi pamusoro pouchangamire hwehurumende. Iyi yakasarudzwa yakaitwa noune urongwa: yakatanga Bumbiro remitemo sechiito chouchangamire hwakakurumbira, kwete chiito chakaumbwa pakati pehurumende dzakaparadzana.

Zvinyorwa zvenhau zvakabva kuFederal Convention zvinoratidza kuti Preggery yakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka. Mapepa apakuvamba akabatanidza mitauro inonongedzera ku "vanhu vehurumende," asi shanduro yokupedzisira yakasiya kutaura kwehurumende kupi nokupi. National Archives[ inotaura kuti iyi chinja yakaratidzira chishuvo chavagadziri venzanga imwe yorudzi. Pregaget yakava nokudaro kuratidzirwa kwechiziviso chenyika yeAmerica yehurumende.

Mavambo Akasiyana - siyana: Kubatana Kwenzanga uye Kunaka

Kupesvedzera kweVakocheni neRepublican

Kusimbisa kwaPregagey panharidzano dzakabatana. Kusimbisa kuratidzira iyi pesvedzero youzivi hweSangano reSangano reSangano, zvikurukuru rondedzero dzemunzanga dzaJohn Locke nemirangariro yeRepublica yaMontesquie. Locle akatsigira kuti hurumende yapamutemo inotsamira pabvumirano yedzoro uye iripo kudzivirira maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye pfuma. Kuisa iyi pfungwa kupfurikidza nokuisa "Isu Vanhu" samanyuko echiremera uye kupfurikidza nokubatanidza ku "kuchengetedza Zvikomborero zveRugare. ” Bva vagadziri vacho vakafamba kupfuura kupfurikidza nokududza mitoro yehurumende yakanaka: ruramisiro, chengeteko, chengeteko, chengeteko, uye chengeteko. Izvi zvinangwa zvinowirirana negamuchidzanwa reRepublicration iro rakasimbisa kunaka kworuzhinji uye kurangarira vagarika.

Mashoko Okutanga Sesungano Yechibvumirano

Mugadziriro yebvumirano yenzanga, mavambo ebasa sesumo yechibvumirano chimene, kuonesa zvinangwa izvo vagari vemo vanobvuma kudzorwa. Kunoumba chisungo chetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika chinoumba kuzivikanwa. Vagari vanoisa zvinangwa izvi mukati mazvo ($v), ruramisiro, rugare, dziviriro, garikano, rusununguko (hwukudziridza pfungwa yokuva munzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika ine zvishuvo zvakafanana. Izvozvi zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinopa kuzivikanwa kwomunhu oga mukuita chiito: Pregetget inogovera nhau inobatanidza kuzvibatanidza kwomunhu oga negadziriro yeboka rehurumende yake amene.

Murangariro we e pluribus unum (kubva kwavazhinji, mumwe) unojekeswa mudanidzo yePregation ku "umba wirirano yakakwana zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nokukumbira iyi donzo rakarurama, Pregation inokurudzira vagari vemo kuzvirangarira vamene serutivi rweyakasiana asi yakabatanidzwa. Nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakadai seJürgen Habbermas dzakataura kuti kutsigira pamutemo kwakadaro kwenheyo panzvimbo pezvinozivikanwa zvetsika kana kuti tsika kunokosha nokuda kwedemocracyism yakatsiga. Rugwaro rwePregist runogovera hwaro hwakagadzirirwa nokuda kworudzi urwu rwokudanti, rwakavakirwa mumipimo yakakwirira kana kuti yeruwa.

Mashoko Anokosha Nebasa Rawo Pakuzivikanwa

Kuongorora mashoko aya muudzame hukuru kunoratidza mashandiro anoita mashoko okusuma anoratidza kuti mashoko acho anotsigira kuzivikanwa pamwe chete.

"Isu Vanhu"

Chitsama ichi ndicho chinhu chine simba zvikurusa chinoumba. Nokusimbisa kuti "Vanhu" ndivo vatambi avo "vadain ndokutanga" Bumbiro reMitemo, rinovaka kuva vagari vemo sechiremera chakakwana chezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kune revo huru nokuda kwezivikanwo yehurumende: inoroverera pfungwa yokuva namaruramiro. Vagari vemo havasi vanhuwo zvavo vadzorwi vomutemo; vakanyorwa naVatongi vakakwirira mumiitiro yakakurumbira, yakadai se [[FLT:].[5] Constitution:] Georgia[FL:] [12] [17] [17] [17]) uye [[FLT] .[FLT]

,

Iyi donzo rinobvuma kuti mubatanidzwa pasi peNhevedzo dzeConfederation wakanga usina kukwana uye unoraira kuvandudzwa kunopfuurira. Shoko rokuti "kwakapfuura" rinoreva kuti kukwana muitiro, kwete nzvimbo. Nokuda kwezivikanwo yavagari vemo. Chitatiso ichi chinokurudzira vagari vemo kurangarira rudzi sebasa riri kufambira mberi, kuraira chipikirwa chinopfuurira. Chinokudziridza kutarira mberi uko kunokosha kugadziridza nokuchinjirwa kuvimbika. Chitsauko chacho chakakumbirwa munharo pamusoro porumbiso, maruramiro avagari vemo, uye chinzwano yorudzi, chinosimbisa pfungwa yokuti kuzivikanwa navanhu kunoshanda uye kufadza.

Kururamisira kwaEsabhari

Ruramisiro ipfungwa yehwaro inobatanidza tsika dzetsika. Pregeget inoisa ruramisiro senharidzano yokutanga yokutanga inoparirwa nekodzero, inoratidzira ukuru hwayo. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, "Ruramisiro" inoreva kuti mutemo unofanira kuva unoruramisira, usingasaruri, uye unowanika. Uku kutaura kunotsigira chizivikanwo chehurumende icho chinokoshesa mutemo uye kuona gadziriro yokutonga semuchengeti wekodzero. Kurwisana kwenhau nokuda kwokuenzana kwedzinza nevatano kwakapinda pamutauro uyu; Martin Luther King Jr. anonongedzera kuraira kweruramisiro mu "Letter kubva kuBirming Jail". Chitsamiso chinoyeuchidza vagari kuti ruramisiro haisingoriwo mushandisiwo zvawo wehurumende asi mutoro wavose.

"Inifomusa kubereka kwemhuri"

Runyararo rwemhuri runonongedzera kurugare rwomukati nenhevedzano. Mumashoko akapoteredza ama 1780, ikoku kwakareva kudzivisa kumukira kwakafanana noRupanduko rwaShay nokutarisira rwisano pakati penyika. Nokuda kwezivikanwo yavanhu, iri donzo rinosimbisa ukoshi hwegadziro ine rugare netsinhirano yenzanga. Vagari vanokurudzirwa kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavagari vemo uye kuramba masimba senzira yechinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kutaura kwacho kunorevawo kuti hurumende ine basa rokuchengeta nhevedzano, iyo munguva dzazvino yave ichikumbirwa munharo pamusoro pegadziriro dzamapurisa, masimba emigariro yakakomba, uye chengeteko yorudzi.

shopera kuti dziviriro iwirirane"

Chitsama ichi chinosimbisa kuchengeteka kwakabatana uye kugoverana mutoro wekudzivirira nyika. Chinosimudzira kuzivikanwa kunobatanidza kuda kushumira (kunyange kupfurikidza nebasa rehondo, kubhadhara mitero, kana kuti kutsigira muitiro wokuzvidzivirira. Kushandiswa kwe "voruzhinji" kunosimbisa pfungwa yokuti kuzvidzivirira ichinhu chakanaka chavose, kwete fariro yomunhu oga. Uku kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kwave kuri kwakakurumbira zvikurukuru mukati menguva dzehondo uye kwave kuchitaurwa mukurukurirano dzamabumbiro emitemo pamusoro porudzi rwokumutsa mauto nokudzora chengeteko kwenyika.

"Ivai nenzvimbo inogara vanhu vose"

Chitsama chemashoko chegakanwo chave chiri mududziro huru, asi kuva kwake nezviratidzo zvokutanga kuti hurumende iripo kuvandudza upenyu hwevagari vose. Nokuda kwezvinozivikanwa zvavose, ichi chitsama chinokurudzira pfungwa yokubatana nokutsigirana. Chinokarakadza kuti kuva negarikano yomunhu mumwe nomumwe kwakabatana nokugarika zvakanaka kwenzanga. Ikoku kwakashandiswa kururamisa gadziriro dzegarikano, zvirongwa zvoutano hwavanhu vose, uye miraudzo yezvemari. Vagari vemo vanoisa ukoshi ihwo vanganzwa zvikuru kutsigira miitiro inobetsera zvakanaka, kunyange pamitengo yomunhu oga.

Zvirongerei isu neTsinhiro yedu zvikomborero zvorusununguko

Iyi mibatanidzwa yokupedzisira inosunungurwa kupfungwa yebasa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera. Shoko rokuti "Kukomborera" rinokarakadza kuti rusununguko chipo chinofanira kuchengetwa, kwete maruramiro okupambadza. "Kuguma" kunotambanudza kuzivikanwa kwenzanga kupfuura chizvarwa chazvino, kuchiparira rutivi rwenguva pfupi rwomutoro. Mashoko aya akashandiswa mumutemo wemhoteredzo, kurukurirano dzavose dzezvikwereti, uye kududzirwa kwemitemo pamusoro pekodzero dzisina kutsaurwa. Inoita kuti pave nechiziviso chehurumende chiripo kupfuura chizvarwa chazvino, inosimbisa kuti vagari vemo vazvino uno vava vamiriri venhaka.

Sumo Yedzidzo Yechiokomupiti

Mafekitari

Dzidzo yebic muUnited States inowanzovamba nesumo. Kudzokororwa kwayo nokunzvera zvisaririra zvemavambo nedzechipiri nemhaka yokuti mavambo anobvisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzakaoma kuva dzomutauro unowanika. Ribrary yeCongress inogovera zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvinokumbira vadzidzi kunyorazve mavambo mumashoko avo vamene, kusimudzira batano yomunhu oga nenzwisiso. Iyi nzira yePraggogian inobetsera kuzviona vamene sorutivi rwe "Isu Vanhu" kurondedzera, chiziviso chehurumende chinobva pakuvamba.

Kushingaira Muvagari Vemo Nokudzidza Basa

Kupfuura kudzokororwa, vadzidzisi vanoshandisa Sumo kunyandura kuva vagari vemo vanoshingaira. Zvirongwa zvokudzidza basa, kokorodzano dzetsoropodzo dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kurukurirano pamusoro perevo ye "general Welfare" zvinokurudzira vadzidzi kushandisa mipimo yePregagry kunhau dzenyika chaiyoiyo. Nzvero mudzidzo yezvamatongerwe enyika inoratidzira kuti vadzidzi vanofunda mavambo ndokupinda mumibato ine chokuita namabasa akabatanidzwa vanoratidzira mwero yakakwirira yesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika nebvumirano zvenzanga.

Matambudziko Mudzidzo Yemiviri Yazvino Uno

Pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yazvo huru, Suguar haisati iri isingatapurwi kugakava mudzidzo. Nharo pamusoro perevo ye "ruramisiro" uye "general Welfare" dzinogona kuva mativi epfungwa. Vamwe vadzidzisi vanonetseka kuti kudzidzisa Suguduso semashoko okusatora rutivi etsika dzakagoveranwa kungajekesa kusaruramisira kwenhau, kwakadai souranda uye kuraswa kwavakadzi navaridzi vasina maruramiro echinzvimbo kubva ku "Vanhu" pakuvambwa. Kutaura nezvaikoku, pashure pezviwanwa zvino nekurukurirano dzokutsoropodza kuti mifungo yazvo yakaitwa sei isina kukwana. Uku kuzivikanwa kwenzanga kungasimbisa kupfurikidza nokukurudzira vadzidzi kuti vazvione sevambidziro, vachishanda kuti varambe zvipikirwa zvePregationsssss zvive zvakawedzera.

Kududzira Bumbiro Remitemo Nokutanga Kwacho

Nepo Sunday isingapi masimba chaiwo, matare akanongedzera kazhinji kazhinji kuvhenekera madonzo eBumbiro reMitemo. Mu Home Building & Loan Ass’s v. Blaissell[ (1934]), Dare Rapamusoro rakadudza Dare rapamberi kuti ritsigire nzvimbo inochengetedzwa zvivako zveMinesota mukati mekuderera kukuru, kurangarira kuti njodzi yacho yaida mhinduro inowirirana ne "promot [kudzoroma] na "inur[1] Tracrity". Nenzira yakafanana, mu United States. Constanticus- Iburyo "Right Depress Corp] (193], Sup]

Kushandisa uku kunotsanangura kunoratidza kuti mashoko okutanga haangoshandisi kuzivikanwa kwevezvematongerwe enyika chete asiwo kurangarira kwepamutemo. Nokupa mashoko ezvinangwa zvokupedzisira, kusuma kunoratidza kuti vatongi nevagari vemo vanogona kuyera kana mitemo yakati kana kuti zviito zvichienderana nezvinokosha zvebumbiro remitemo. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuzivikanwa kwevagari vemo sevatori rutivi mukurukurirano yebumbiro remitemo iri kuramba ichiwedzera, umo Pregageing inoshanda sechinhu chokuyera nacho chiito chehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwave Kuchiita Nguva Yazvino: Kuchinja uye Kubatana

Munhambo yemubatanidzwa mukuru wezvamatongerwe enyika, Pregge inogovera donzo ringabvira. Madonzo awo (‘Kurongeka, ruramisiro, runyararo, dziviriro, garikano, rusununguko( yakafara zvakakwana kuwiriranisa nedudziro dzakasiyana- siyana asi yakananga kugovera pfundo rimwe. Masangano eCPICO, kubva Kubatanidzwa kweNational and Community Service Service kumapoka enzanga, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kukumbira Pregit kuisa mibato yawo. Chitsamiso chinoti "Isu Vanhu" chazova chikumbiro chemasangano anokwidza nokuda kwemitengo yezvamatongerwo enyika, kubva mukutsigira purodziro dzemari dzekutsigira maruramiro enyika dzehurumende kuti dzitsigire kodzero dzehurumende.

Zvisinei, kuumbwa kwePregagery kunogonawo kuva manyuko erwisano. Masangano anokamuranisa rimwe nerimwe anotaura kuva vadziviriri vechokwadi ve "ruramisiro" kana kuti "liberty," kunotungamirira kukuzivikanwa kwenyika panzvimbo pechinzwano. Chizivikanwo chavanhu munzanga ine mizhinji chinoda kusangodzokorora bedzi kuvamba asi kupinda mumaitiro okubvisa pfungwa kuti vakurukure revo. Vamwe vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika, vakadai saAmy Gutmann naDen Thompson, vanotaura kuti democracy inotsamira pavagari vemo vanogoverana kuzvipira kuzvinokosha apo vanenge vanoramba vasingabvumirani pamusoro pokushanda kwavo. Mumurangariro uyu, kugovera matauriro emashoko edemocracy, kwete mhinduro yokupedzisira.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kutsemura Munyika Yose

Basa resumo mukuita zivikanwo yevagari vemo rinogona kujekeswa nokuienzanisa nemashoko okutanga edzimwe nyika. Mabumbiro emitemo emazuva ano akawanda anobatanidza kutaura kwefungidziro kunoshanda mabasa akafanana. Somuenzaniso, kusuma kuBumbiro remitemo reIndia kunovamba ne "Isu vanhu veIndia" uye zvinangwa zveruramisiro, rusununguko, uye kubatana kwehama dzechiGerman Grundgesetz (Mutemo wapakuvamba) zvinotanga nenongedzero ku "Vanhu veGermany" uye kusimbisa chiremera chomunhu norugare. Tsiginifo yeSouth African Constitution inobvuma zvakajeka kusaruramisira kwaparwa kwapfuura uye zvipikirwa zvokurapa kupesana, chishandiso chine simba chokuvaka chizivika chavanhu pashure pokusarurana.

Zvisinei, kuenzanisa uku kunoratidza kuti kusataura nezvemagumo chete hakungoitwi mumutemo asi kunoitwa zviito zvokuzivikanwa nenyika.

mhedziso

Sumo yeUnited States Constitution igwaro remhindu rokuumbwa kwezivikanwo yavagari vemo. Mashoko ayo akafadza kwamazana maviri amakore, achiumba kuti vaAmerica vanonzwisisa sei ukama hwavo nehurumende uye nomumwe nomumwe. Nokubatanidza nhevedzano yemiganhu yakaenzana yejere(whono), ruramisiro, runyararo, dziviriro, garikano, uye rusununguko () mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika anopa kambasi yetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika iyo inotungamirira vose vari vaviri vanhu namasangano. Pesvedzero yayo inotambanuro kubva mukirasi kuenda kumadare, kubva kumiitiro yehurumende kusvikira kukurukurirano yemitemo. Munzanga inoratidzirwa nemhatsano nekusabvumirana, Pregtion inoramba iri chirevo chetsika yepfungwa yokuti, pasineiwo kusawirirana nemhesano yedu, isu tichiri "Vanhu".