Dzidziso Yokusarudza: Chisakiso Chekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzazvino Uno

Kubatanidza igadziriro yebumbiro remitemo iyo Dare Rapamusoro-soro reU.S. rakashandisa nayo gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza neGute Eccess Clause yeKineth Amendment. Iyi dzidziso yapamutemo yakagadziridzazve zvikuru kodzero dzavagari veAmerica, kuumba nzvimbo yedziviriro yorudzi imwe neimwe iyo hurumende imwe neimwe inofanira kuremekedza. Nepo rugwaro rweChiviko chekodzero dzavanhu pamavambo rwaidzo bedzi, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kwakaita kuti zvibvumikiso zvimanikidzwe mukurwisana navatambi vehurumende, kugovera chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwemitemo inodenha hurumende, mufambiro wamapurisa, uye miraudzo yetsika. Chitendero chehurumende chinoshanda mukusashanda kwenguva imwe chete asi mukushanda kwayo mumhaka yayo, kubvumira matare kuti achinjire rusununguko kutsika mitemo yemitemo uye pamutemo.

Mavambo Enhau Ne Amendedzero Yegumi Negumi

Nhau Dzeimba Yokuuraya Neropafadzo Kana Kuti Masangano a Claus

Pamugumo weHondo yeChiviko, Reconstructon Congress yakaita kuti Irenate Amereka ichengetedze maruramiro echiNgezi achangobva kusunungurwa. Chikamu Chokutanga chine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmunitai Claus, iGuther Ecroate Procement Claus, uye Figment Protection Claus. Vatsigiri vazhinji vapakuvamba vakadavira kuti Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus aigoveidza nyika kumanikidza kuti ikudze Bill yekodzero dzavanhu vose. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rinoganhurira zvikuru chitsa muChikamu cheSangano cheSangano cheSangano chapavhuro [[Foct:0] [1873], [FLT], richiita kuti ringodzivirira bedzi kodzero shomanene dzekodzero dzougarikanhoka, zvakadai sokufamba kuchigaro chogaro chapamutemo chehurumende kana kuti chigaro chamagenyuko. Chino Chino Chino Chino Chino Chino chakavanwa chapamusoro chaGro chaGro chaGro chaGroripo

Kuyera Kupfurikidza Negadziriro Yakafanira

Pashure peSaughter-Nyumba, vaparidzi vakatendeukira kuGungano reBattle Claus, iro rinorambidza kunyima munhu upi noupi “upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.” Dare rakavamba kutsanangura“ maribherty” sekodzero dzinokosha dzakaiswa muBill of Rights. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa sechisarudzo, inobvumira Dare kuyera munhu mumwe nomumwe nokusarudza ndokusarudza kana riri “mufungo werusununguko rwakarongwa” (sokufanana noMutongi Cardozo anotaurwa mu [Foct:0] Plat. Connecticut [19737])[FL:1]). Muzana ramakore rakatevera, Dare rakashandisa uku kunzvera kukura kunenge kubatanidza urongwa hwose hwekodzero dzehurumende, kugona kusimbisa rusununguko rwaBill, kuvimbisa rusununguko rwaMadoko, naGeneth, Greadnervey, G.

Zvisakiso Zvenyika Zvinokanganisa Kusarudza

Kupindirana Kwokutanga Kwechibvumirano

Rwendo rwokubatanidza rwakavamba neFirst Amendment. Mu Gitlow v. New York (1925), Dare rakafunga, pasina kusarudza zvizere, kuti Free Spee Speecooke yakashanda kuruwa kupfurikidza neGungano rapamberi peProgramme. Mhaka yakatsigira rusununguko rwehurumende asi yakazarura suo rekubatanidza kwomunguva yemberi nekodzero. Mune gumi, Dare mu Nearch v. Minnesova (1931) [FL:] yakabatanidza zvakajeka rusununguko rwechidhindo, kudzika mamiriro ezvinhu apamberi yapanhau. [Foctson] gare gare gare gare gare] v. [54]

Chinjo Yeutsotsi

Pakati pa1961 na1969, Dare Repamusorosoro rakashandisa zvinenge zvinhu zvose zvaiitwa nemapurisa, vachuchisi, uye matare munyika yose, richichinja nzira iyo mapurisa anoshanda nayo.

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961)[FL:1] yakabatanidzwa nomutemo weFreadterment weC5 Amendment, kuvhara hurumende kubva mukushandisa ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo nepfari.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) yakabatanidzwa maruramiro eSixth Amendment kuzano, ichida hurumende kugovera magweta kuvapomeri vanopomerwa mumhaka dzemhosva.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) yakabatanidza ropafadzo yeFindrencement mukurwisana nokuzvitutumadza, ichizivisa kuti mapurisa anonyumwira kodzero dzawo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero yekodzero yekodzero.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) yakabatanidza maruramiro eSitanhatu okutonga kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba dzoutsotsi.

Izvi zvisarudzo zvakatanga mipimo miduku yakafanana nokuda kwemipimo yehurumende yetsotsi. Pamberi pokubatanidza, migariro yaigona(uye kazhinji kazhinji) kuita (kutyaidza gadziriro dzeutsotsi dzehurumende. Pashure pemap, somuenzaniso, ufakazi hunowanwa pasina rugwaro hwakava husingakodzerwi mudare rehurumende. Uku kuchinja kwakawedzera zvikuru kushanda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo dzehurumende, sezvo vatongi vaigona kudenha miitiro yokuchengeta mutemo zvakananga mudare rehurumende pasi pe U.S.C. . . . . .6 1983

Kubatanidzwa kweTemplement Yechipiri

Kwemakumi amakore, Supperment haina kushandiswa kunyika. Iyo yakachinja McDonald v. Guta reChicago (2010), umo Dare Gurusa rairangarira kuti maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwe-difense anokosha uye naizvozvo akabatanidzwa muGuvi reGuer Proces Claus. Chicago yakaderedza chirambidzo chemaoko ndokugadza mwero weRemetion yeChimbishittal Yechipiri. [[FLT:] MuNew York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association Association is Association. [FL.20222], Dare rakajekesazve kuti ganhuriro yemitemo inofanira kuratidzira kuratidzira gamuchidzanwa renhau. [[FLT]

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Negadziriro Inokosha

Kubatanidzawo kwapanhambo negadziriro yapamberi yemasangano akaenzana nedziviriro yakaenzana munhau dzakatanhamara dzekodzero dzavagari vemo. Mu Lovating v. Virginia (1967), Dare rakakurira zvirambidzo zvenyika paroorano yemarudzi akasiyana, richivimba nezvose zviri zviviri pamutemo weCends Prom Claus (kubatanidza kodzero huru yokuroora) uye Nhungamiro yakaenzana yaClaus. nguva pfupi yapfuura, Oberge v. Hodge (20:5) (20) akadzivirira maruramiro eroorano echienzi kudzivirirawo. Dare gurusai.

Kubudirira Mukuziviswa Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Kwazvino Uno

Kusachinja Kodzero Munyika Dzose

Rubudiriro runooneka zvikurusa rwekusarudza kubatanidzwa nderwokusachinja munyika yose. Pamberi pokubatanidza, dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzomugari wemo dzakatsamira chose chose pahurumende yavakararama mairi. Kunzvera uko kungava kusiri kwapamutemo mudare rehurumende kungabvumirwa zvakakwana muhurumende inopfuurira. Nhasi, neinodokuva miitiro yose yeutsotsi yakakomba yakadzivirirwa, munhu anopomerwa mhaka muAlabama yomumaruwa ane maruramiro akafanana okupa zano mumwe munhu muNew York City. Uku kubatana kungaderedza kurongeka kwekodzero dzehurumende dzehurumende dzakafanana nehechipiri. Mitemo yekodzero yehurumende yekodzero dzehurumende dzakafanana ne1914434 inogona kudzorwa mukurwisana nekodzero dzehurumende dzakajeka zvakajeka.

Simba Ramapoka Mumwe Nomumwe

Kusarudza kuisa vanhu simba rokudenha mitemo nemiitiro zvehurumende zvakananga. Mutongo unozivisa kuti torongo rehurumende rakaputsa kurambidzwa kweSendromendment kwechirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose zvinogona kuunza chirango mudare rehurumende, kududza mienzaniso yeDare Gurusa iyo yakabatanidza kurambidza ikoko. Dzidziso inogonesawo kubvumira sututi dzekodzero dzechikwata chehurumende, zvakadai sedenho kudzorora mitoo yemapurisa kana kuti migariro yetorongo. Kupfurikidza nokugovera chirevo chakajeka chemitemo chemitemo, kubatanidza simpligition: magweta haadi kupikisa kuti maruramiro anofanira kushandisa zvakarurama; ivo vanofanira bedzi kuratidza kuti maruramiro ehurumende anoputsa migariro yapamutemo inoumbwa.

Miganhu Nokutsoropodza

Kushandiswa Kwechikamu

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kubatanidzwa kwechisiko chokuwedzera kunosiya mikana nokusavimba. Haisi gadziriro iri yose yeBill of Rights yakabatanidzwa. Somuenzaniso, chirambidzo cheThird Amendment pavarwi vokupedzisa mativi mana hachina kutongobatanidzwa nenzira yapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo kusingabviri kuparira nharo dzazvino uno. Kutonga kukuru kwedare rinotonga kunoramba kusina kubatanidzwa; hurumende dzingashandisa kunzwika kwokutanga panzvimbo pezvo. Chinonyanya kukosha, kodzero yeSevendiger Amendmentedment kudare redare revagari vemo haina kubatanidzwa zvizere, kuparira kusabvumirana kwekupesana mutsika. Uku kunoreva kuti zvimwe zvinodikanwa zvedare zvinodzivirira zvinoramba zviripo panzvimbo yehurumende.

Kunetseka Nemagariro

Kubatanidza kunoitwa kunoitwa nehurumende kunofanira kuderedza utongi. Vashori, kazhinji kazhinji mumurangariro wehurumende, vanotaura kuti dzidziso yacho inosekesa mano enyika okubatira semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Pamberi pokubatanidza, hurumende dzakaedzwa nemitoo yakasiana kururamisiro youtsotsi, chengeteko yavose, uye maruramiro avanhu. Pashure pokubatanidza, matare ehurumende nematare zvinofanira kuwirirana nerondedzero dzedare. Uku kuoma kwakanga kuri pachena mumigumisiro ye [FLT: 0] McDonald v. Chicago, apo maguta akadai seChicago naSan Francisco akamanikidzirwa kurega kurambidza chibharo chemaoko. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti dzidziso yacho inopa Dare repamusoro redare simba risina kufanira kudzora tsika munzvimbo dzetsika dzinodzorwa nemitemo, sedzidzo, sedzidzo, uye kudzoromakurukuru.

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Vatsoropodzi pamativi ose ari maviri ezvamatongerwe enyika pane dzimwe nguva vanopomera Dare remitemo yekotsekano yedare apo rinowedzera kuva nzvimbo itsva. Vatsigiri vakaramba kubatanidzwa kwekodzero yezano nomutemo wehurumende sezvingwanwa; manyawi kubatanidzwa kweChipiri cheMitemo semitemo yekotsekano yepfuti. Kubatanidzwa kwacho kunoratidza kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rejadhidiary mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa wehurumende. Vatsigiriri vanopindura kuti kunongova kurava kwakatendeka kwechibvumirano cheNhengedzero yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeChinese, uye kuti pasina izvozvo, Bill of Rights rehurumende kuchava chipikirwa chisina maturo nokuda kwevoruzhinji veAmerica.

Zviitiko Zvenguva Yapfuura Nemaonero Enguva Yemberi

Kudzorerwa Kweropafadzo Kana Kuti Kugamuchirwa kwaClaus

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, vatongi nenyanzvi vakaraira kuti Vatongi Thomas vabvumirane asi vapindure Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti Claus senheyo ine mashoko zvikuru yetsika nokuda kwokubatanidza. Mu McDonald v. Chicago[, Mutongi Thomas akabvumirana asi akapikisa kuti Dare reChipiri rinofanira kubatanidzwa neMaropafadzo kana kuti Immuniti Claus panzvimbo peredition Procession. Pfungwa shomanene dzechikamu chemite yakabatana neiyi gakava, asi Dare Rapamusoro harina kudzora Supremetodzo-Isting Case Magame. Kana Dare pakupedzisira rikagamuchira maropafadzo kana kuti Immaclaus semotokari yokutanga nokuda kwokubatanidza, ringagona kuwanda kwamaruramiro okupfupikisa kodzero anobvira, kupfuvura kodzero dzinogona kupfuudzira kudarika kodzero dzemari dzinogona kupfuuriranwa, kupfuudza kupfumura maruramiro ezve mari kana kuti adzodzodzodzodzodzodzo dzinodzo dzinodzo dzinodzo dzinodzorwa zvikuru dzinonzi dzinonzi dzinonzi dzino

Nyika Itsva: Kodzero Dzemadhigita Nezvinhu Zvisiri Zvemunhu

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runopfuura mashoko echigumi namasere eChikamu cheRevotion, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kuchatarisana nedenho itsva. Chirambidzo cheFourth Amendment cheChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari chakashandiswa kumitengo yemitengo, asi matare ehurumende namasangano emitemo pane dzimwe nguva anonyudza nhau dzakadai senzvimbo yeserura nemiraudzo yemazita. Chisarudzo cheDare reSamende reChikurusarudzo mu [[FL:0] Carbateb [United States] Carbert v. [208] , iyo yairangarira kuti kusvika kusina kufanira kunzvimbo yenhau dzekare-sero inoputsa zvinyorwa zveNhetembo yeChishanu, yakashandiswa kutaura kupfurikidza nokubatanidza. Nguva yemberi ichaedza kana kuti kodzero dzokushambadza zvinyorwa zvemapepa kana kuti kunyora mashoko kurudyi kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kunzi “zvidzoronzeroro zvokuko dzama. [FLT) dzakaratidzwa zvakakwana kuti zviko. Dare renhau renhau renhau dzakaitika naMakurukurukurukuru muChicherekedzo dzaka

Kusarudzwa Mudare Rakagadzirwa Nounyanzvi

Kukamuranisa pfungwa kwazvino uno kunopesvedzera kubatana kwokusarudza. Zvisarudzo zveConservative zvinokombamira kubvumira kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment nekodzero dzezvinhu, nepo ruramisiro dzinopa mipimo yokuisa panzvimbo yapamberi yedziviriro dzegadziriro youtsotsi negadziriro inotanhamarisa panhau dzakadai sokubvisa mimba ne LGBTQ+ kuenzana. [[FLT:] Donts] Dov v. Jack’s Health Organization (20222)[[FLY:1], Dare rinotonga Roe v. Wade, rinoita kuti kodzero yokubvisa mimba haina kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau uye nokudaro rusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa zvakananga neMasangano aCrea. Chisarudzo chakaganhurirwa chaMadokero, chingagona kuratidzira kuva chitsarudzo chakakomba kuChisarudzo chitsva. Chino chikwana chinoreva zvikuru kuti chipfurori chitsarudzo chakatirwa mberi chitsarudzo chakatirwa zvikuru.

mhedziso

Kubatanidza kunoramba kuri chimwe chezvinokosha zvikurusa zvekodzero dzavagari vemo veAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokutambanudzira Bill of Rights kuhurumende, dzidziso yacho yakaita mupimo worudzi werusununguko rwomunhu urwo vagari vemo vanogona kumanikidzira mudare rehurumende. Mhaka yayo nechokumusoro, nepo isina kukwana, yakabvumira Bumbiro reMitemo kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva pasina kuraira kuti chishandiswe nechibvumirano chehurumende. Chitendero chedzidziso yacho chishande nesimba hachisi chose; chinosiya miganhuro, chinoparira kukwikwikwidza, chinokurudzira kukwikwikwidzana kwehurumende, uye chinokumbira kukwikwikwidza pabhenji. Kunyange zvakadaro, nokuda kwokutsvaka kudzivirira kodzero huru pamusoro pebasa rehurumende, kuvhotera vanhu vose kugovera kusano kunzvera, chirongwa chine simba. Sezv Supremeterro inopfuurira kuchene kusvika kuEsplasmate kana kuti idzoromeodmist yemicromes)

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Cornell Information Institute yakasarudzwa yebatanidzwa , [[FLT:] [FYEZ] Project yenhau yeDare Gurusa reMitemo] inopeta-pfupikisa [, uye [[FLT:]SCOUSMLYY[ nokuda kwokunzvera zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Kurapa kwakadzama kwenyanzvi kunogona kuwanwa mu [FT:6] iyi kurukurirano yomutemo panzira yazvino uno yeComption [[FLT]]