Kunzwisisa dare rehurumende kunokosha pakunzwisisa kushanda kwegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kubvira kudare dukusa reparamende kusvikira kuchiremera chikurusa chehurumende.iyi nyaya inonzvera mhindumupindu kubva kumaguta kusvikira kudzimbahwe, ichisimbisa mabasa noukoshi hwezvivako zvehurumende zvakasiana - siana uye nzira yazvinobatana nayo kuumba nayo upenyu hworudzi nohwomunzvimbomo.

Kukosha Kwokudzora Kwehurumende

Ganhuriro yehurumende inonongedzera kusangano rechiremera nesimba mukati megadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Inosimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, zvinozviita, uye ukama pakati pemitezo yakasiana yehurumende. Pasina dare ravafundisi rakajeka, miganhu inodzorwa nerwisano dzechiremera zvinogona kuomesa utongi. Somuenzaniso, mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakadai seUnited States, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvisa masimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende, apo hurumende dzinowana chiremera chadzo mumutemo wenyika. Iyi dare rakanamwaro inovimbisa kuti nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzinobatwa pamwero wakakodzera zvikurusa: nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sedzoro netsvina dzinodzorwa namaguta, nepo kudzivirira nyika nemitemo yokumwe . Gastereo redare rinogoverawo gadziriro yezvokunzvera nedzikano.

Kubva Mumaguta Kuenda Mumadzimbahwe

Kuchinja kubva mumaguta kuenda kumadzimbahwe kunomirira kuchinja kukuru mukutonga. Madzimbahwe kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika, nepo maguta anogona kubatira mabasa akasiana - siana, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzemari netsika. Zvisinei, haasi maguta makuru ose ari maguta makuru kana kuti anokosha zvikurusa mune zvemari. Washington, D.C., somuenzaniso, akasikwa sedzimbahwe rakavakwa nedonzo rakasiana nenzvimbo huru dzezvokutengeserana dzakadai seNew York kana kuti Chicago. Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pedzimbahwe namamwe maguta makuru kunoda kunzvera mabasa awo, mavambo enhau, uye ukoshingidzo.

Maguta Senzvimbo Dzinotongwa Nehurumende

Maguta anoita basa rinokosha mukudzora kwomunzvimbomo. Anowanzodzorwa nameya namatare eguta, ayo anotarisira nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai semibato yavose, kufambiswa kwenzvimbo, kubudirira kwenzanga, uye chengeteko yavose. Kuzvitonga kwamaguta kunosiyana zvikuru: mamwe maguta anopa maguta murairo mukuru wemusha, nepo mamwe achiadzora zvakasimba kupfurikidza nehurumende kana kuti utariri hwenyika. Nzvimbo dzeMetropolitan kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinotarisana nedenho dzechienzi dzakadai semijaho yemotokari, dzimba dzinodhura, uye kuchengeteka kwemhoteredzo. Somuuyo, maguta akawanda akakudziridza mienzaniso mitsva inodzora, kubatanidza coul-coc[FLT], zvimiro zvedare, kana kuti kunyange zvigarudzo zvakasarudzwa namasimba makuru makuru.

Basa Redzimbahwe

Maguta makuru anosarudzwa kuti ave maguta anoshanda senzvimbo yehurumende yenyika kana kuti nharaunda. Ane masangano makuru ehurumende, kubatanidza mukuru mukuru, dare, uye mapazu okutonga. Madzimbahwe anowanzonangidzira ngwariro kusimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, mabasa okutonga, uye mabasa okutarisira. Kupfuura kudzora kunoshanda, dzimbahwe rine chiyero chikuru chechiratidzo. Kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo yezvivako zvevhu, maparamende, uye dzimba dzapamutemo. Madzimbahwe mazhinji akasarudzwa namaune kana kuti kuvakwa kuchinzwano chorudzi, somuenzaniso, Brasília akavakwa muma 1950 kuti ashandukire kusimutsiridza nyika iri kure.

  • Madzimbahwe anowanzomirira kuzivikanwa kworudzi uye kudada.
  • Kazhinji kazhinji inzvimbo yezvinoitika zvinokosha zvenhau nezvinoitika.
  • Madzimbahwe anokombamira kuva nepfuma yakawanda negadziriro zvinoenzaniswa namamwe maguta, kubatanidza nhandare dzendege dzamarudzi ose, mabasa okuchengetedza, uye zvifambiso zvavose zvikuru.
  • Dzimwe nyika dzine dzimbahwe rakawanda nokuda kwamapazu akasiyana - siyana ehurumende, akadai seSouth Africa (Puria nokuda kwemukuru, Cape Town nokuda kwemitemo, Bloemfontein nokuda kwedare).

Kusiyana Kwakaita Mizinda Yacho Nenzvimbo Dzikuru Dzezvemari

Nepo dzimbahwe riri nzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, simba remari kazhinji kazhinji rinonangidzira ngwariro kune imwe nzvimbo. Madzimbahwe ezvemari akaita seShanghai, Mumbai, kana kuti Frankfurt angapfupisa dzimbahwe rawo muchiverengero chavagari vemo nebupinyi remari. Uku kuparadzana kunogona kuparira dzikamo ine utano: zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinoitwa mudzimbahwe zvinogona kuvharwa mudzvinyiriro dzapakarepo dzefariro dzezvokutengeserana, nepo nzvimbo dzemari dzichiramba dzisina kudzongonyedzwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, kusawirirana kunogona kumuka apo dzimbahwe rinorangarirwa serinobviswa mumibatanidzwa yezve yemari yenyika. Somuenzaniso, makwikwi pakati peNew York City neAlbany muNew York State kunoratidzira kuti guta guru ringafukidzwa sei. Kunzwisisa izvozvi nesimba ndiko chinokosha kunzvera kudzora zvivako zvoukurukurukuru hwenyika nyika.

Marudzi Ehurumende

Hurumende dzinogona kuiswa muzvivako zvakasiyana - siyana, imwe neimwe ine dare rayo nemabasa. Kunzwisisa marudzi aya kunokosha pakunzwisisa kuti simba rinoparadzirwa nokushandiswa sei. Kusarudzwa kwakapararira kwakavakirwa pamwero wokutora rutivi kwevagari vemo uye kuiswa simba.

Hurumende Dzehurumende Dzinotonga Nehurumende Dzinotonga Vanhu

Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, simba rinobva kuvanhu. Vagari vemo vanoitawo zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nokuvhota nokumirira.

  • Kumirira Hurumende inosarudzwa: Vagari vakasarudzwa vamiriri kuti vavasarudzire. Ichi ndicho chimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa chinoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited States, Germany, uye India.
  • Vagari vemo vanotora rutivi zvakananga mumiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvokushandisa. Switzerland muenzaniso unoshamisa, umo vagari vemo vanosarudza nhau dzakawanda dzenyika nedzemunzvimbomo zvakananga.
  • Constituanical Monarchy: Mhosva inobatira semutungamiriri wehurumende mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo, nepo vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vachitonga. Mienzaniso inobatanidza United Kingdom, Japan, uye Sweden.

Gadziriro yehurumende dzinotonga dzinoda masangano akasimba, matare anozvitonga akazvimirira, uye muchina wokubudisa nhau wakasununguka kuti ushande zvinobudirira.

Hurumende Dzine Simba

Hurumende dzinotonga dzinoisa simba muchiremera chimwe kana kuti boka duku.Vagari vemo havatori rutivi rushoma mukudzora. Mitengo mikuru inobatanidza:

  • Simba rezvikepe: rinoitwa nomutungamiriri mumwe, kazhinji kazhinji netsigiro yehondo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza North Korea neBelarus.
  • Simba rinoitwa neboka duku ravakuru vakuru, kazhinji kazhinji rakavakirwa papfuma, zvisungo zvemhuri, kana kuti udzori hwehondo. Russia pasi paPutin inowanzorondedzerwa seoligarchy, kunyange zvazvo mitsetse yakavanzika neudzori.
  • United States imwe: rimwe boka rezvamatongerwe enyika rinodzora hurumende, richidzvinyirira chishoro. China ndiwo muenzaniso mukurusa wenyika.

Mumiitiro yakadaro, dare ravafundisi rakaoma uye rakaderera, nemwero yakaderera yehurumende inoshanda sezvishandiso zvokudzora kukuru panzvimbo pevaiti vechisarudzo vanozvitonga. Madzimbahwe munyika dzinodzorwa nehurumende anowanzova zviratidzo zvesimba rehurumende, nezvivako zvehurumende zvinowedzera nenzvimbo dzinogarwa nechengeteko.

Hybrid Kana Kuti Semi-Democratic Systems

Hurumende dzakawanda dzinowa pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu noudzori. Iyi miitiro yezvikwata zvedemocracy (miitiro, mapoka akawanda) inobatanidza miitiro yehurumende yehurumende yavanhu (kudzorwa kwekutaura kwakasununguka, miitiro yokusarudza isina kururama). Mienzaniso inobatanidza Hungary pasi paViktor Orbán naVenezuela pasi peNicolás Maduro. Muidzi gadziriro, vakuru vakuru vavafundisi vangaratidzika kuva vedemocracy papepa, asi mukushanda, simba rinonangidzirwa zvikuru pamusoro, kazhinji kazhinji nedzimbahwe rinoita basa guru mukudzora nharaunda nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Mabasa Ehurumende Panzvimbo Dzakasiyana

Kunzwisisa mwero iyi kunobetsera kujekesa kuti kudzora kunotapura sei upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kuvambira pakugadzira zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kusvikira kuzvibvumirano zvepabonde.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo

Hurumende dzemo dzinotarisira zvinodiwa nenzanga uye mabasa anokanganisa vagari vemo zvakananga.

  • Dzidzo (zvikoro zvepuraimari nezvesekondari, mabodhi ezvikoro)
  • Kuchengeteka kwevanhu (hurumende, madhipatimendi okudzima moto, mabasa okukurumidzira)
  • Kugadziriswa kwezvinhu (migwagwa, mabhiriji, mugove wemvura, kutarisirwa kwetsvina)
  • Nyika inoshandisa kuronga nokuvaka
  • Mapaki nevaraidzo

Mune dzimwe nyika, hurumende dzemo dzine chiremera chikuru chokubhadhara nokushandisa mari; mune dzimwe, dzinovimba nezvipo zvinobva kune vanhu vakawanda.

Nyika Kana Kuti Hurumende Yomunharaunda

Hurumende dzinotarisira nzvimbo huru uye dzine mabasa akawanda, anosanganisira:

  • Kurapwa (Medicaid muzviremera zvoutano zvomunharaunda yeU.S.)
  • Zvekufambisa (nzira dzakakwirira, kutakura vanhu, zviteshi zvengarava)
  • Kubudirira mune zvoupfumi (zvido zvebhizimisi, kurovedza vashandi)
  • Dzidzo yepamusoro (yunivhesiti dzepamusoro)
  • Kudzivirira mhoteredzo (pfuma yomusikirwo, kudzora kushatisa)

Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzakadai seUnited States, Germany, kana kuti Australia, nyika dzine utongi hunokosha uye dzinogona kupa mitemo panhau dzakawanda dzisingachengeterwi hurumende yorudzi.

Hurumende Yorudzi

Hurumende dzenyika dzinogadzirisa nyaya dzinokanganisa nyika yose.

  • Miitiro yokumwe (kutengesa, zvibvumirano, kutengesa nyika dzakawanda)
  • Dziviriro yorudzi (pfuma yehondo, yehondo)
  • Mitemo yehurumende nemirau (kodzero dzenzanga, kodzero dzekodzero dzomutemo, kurambidza kunyora rugwaro rusina kufanira)
  • Muitiro wemonetary (mabhangi ecentral, mari)
  • Garikano yenzanga (Nzanga Yechengeteko, Medicare muNzvimbo yokutarisira utano yeU.S., yapose pose munyika dzakawanda)

Hurumende dzenyika zvikurukuru dzine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvikurusa uye nhevedzano yakafara zvikurusa yezvishandiso. zvisarudzo zvazvo zvinogona kukurira hurumende kana kuti miitiro yomunzvimbomo mumigariro yakati, zvikurukuru munhau dzechengeteko yenyika kana kuti kutengeserana kwapakati penyika.

Utongi Hwenyika Dzakawanda

Munyika inowedzera kuva netsinhirano, masangano enyika dzakawanda akafanana neEuropean Union, United Nations, uye African Union anowedzera imwe nzvimbo kuboka revafundisi. Kunyange zvazvo isiri hurumende mupfungwa yegamuchidzanwa, EU, somuenzaniso, ine mitemo, zviremera, uye masangano okutonga anogona kutanga mitemo inobatanidza nyika dziri nhengo. Izvi zvinoomesa mamiriro echikwata cheguta chekare chemabhiritari kupfurikidza nokutanga mwero wehurumende yenyika. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yeEU pamusoro pezvokutengeserana nemitemo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo inofanira kuitwa nehurumende dzenyika neyomunzvimbomo muEurope. Kunzwisisa iyi mitsetse yakakwirira kunokosha nokuda kwemufananidzo wakakwana wehurumende yazvino uno.

Kushanduka Kwemadzimbahwe

Madzimbahwe akawanda akachinjwa kana kuti kusimbiswa nokuongorora zvinhu zvinokosha, kusanganisira kuchengeteka, kukwanisa kuwanikwa, kuenzana kwevagari vemo, uye kubatana kwekufananidzira.

Nhoroondo

Munhau yose, dzimbahwe rakasimudzirwa nemhaka yehondo, kudzorwa kwamarudzi, uye zvinhu zvemari. Pashure pokuwa kwoUmambo hweRoma, dzimbahwe akawanda muEurope akachinja sezvo masimba matsva akaoneka (somuenzaniso, Constantinople (zvino Istanbul) yakabatira sedzimbahwe roUmambo hweByzantine kwamazana amakore asati akundwa noUmambo hweOttoman, uhwo hwakaichengeta sechigaro choumambo. MuAmerica, masimba ehurumende ehurumende dzakavakidzani akagadza dzimbahwe rakadai seMexico City (pamusoro peTenochtitlan) uye Lima, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achisarudza nzvimbo dziri pedyo nezviwanikwa kana kuti nebetsero zvokudzivirira. Kukwira kwemarudzi muzana ramakore rechi19 kazhinji kwakabatanidza kusarudza dzimbahwe iro raigona kubatanidza nharaunda dzakasiana - siyana, seBernern nokuda kweSwitzerland kana kuti Ottawa nokuda kweCanada.

Mizinda Yamambo Yazvino Uno

Nhasi, dzimbahwe rinowanzosarudzwa nokuda kwokuwana kwaro, chengeteko, uye bviro yemari. Anobatira senzvimbo huru yezivikanwo yenyika nehurumende. Zviitiko zvamakuru zvazvino uno zvinozivikanwa zvinobatanidza:

  • Brasília, Brazil: Kuvakwa muna 1960 seguta rakarongwa kubvisa dzimbahwe munyika yeRio de Janeiro, kuchisimudzira kukura kwomukati uye kuderedza udzori hwamaguta omumhenderekedzo yegungwa.
  • Caberra, Australia: Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati peSydney neMelbourne, kwakavakwa sedzimbahwe rakavakwa nedonzo muna 1913.
  • Astana (zvino Nur-Sultan), Kazakhstan: yakafamba dzimbahwe kubva kuAlmaty muna 1997 kuenda kunzvimbo yapakati yakarongwa zvikuru, inofananidzira chinzwano chorudzi uye kugadziridzwa kwazvino uno.
  • BERlin, Germany: yakava dzimbahwe reGermany yakasimbiswazve muna 1990 pashure pamakumi amakore eparadzano, ichidzorera basa rayo renhau.

Dzimwe nyika dzine madzimbahwe akawanda nokuda kwemabasa akasiyana- siyana kana kuti mapazi ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, South Africa ine matatu: Pretoria (kuuraya), Cape Town (legistive), uye Bloemfontein (diccial). Bolivia inewo dzimbahwe rakawanda: Sucre (constitunion) ne La Paz (Administrative).

Miitiro Mudzimbahwe Rokuronga

Maguta makuru nhasi anotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzechienzi. Anofanira kuisa zviremera zvehurumende zvikuru, kugovera dzimba nokuda kwavagari vemo navashandi vemo, uye kudzora njodzi dzechengeteko dzinouya nokuva zvipfuro zvamatongerwe enyika. Rongedzero yedzimbahwe yazvino uno inosimbisa [ kushata, kukura kwakachenjera, uye kusimba . Madzimbahwe mazhinji anoisa mari yakawanda muzvivako zvemifananidzo nenzvimbo dzavose kuti agadzirise mufananidzo wenyika. Zvisinei, kuiswa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika mune rimwe guta kungaparirawo zvigumburo munharaunda dzechinzvimbo, zvichitungamirira kumasangano okuvandudza kana kuti madzimbahwe matsva. Somuenzaniso, Indonesia zvinovaka dzimbahwe idzva rinonzi Nusanthara pachitsuwa cheBorneakner, iro rinotsiviwa nokupinda munzvimbo dzaDzo.

mhedziso

Kunzwisisa zviremera zvehurumende kubva kumaguta kuenda kumadzimbahwe kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshanda sei. Mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende unoita basa rakasiana, uchiparira kudzorwa kwose kwenyika. Maguta anotarisira upenyu hwezuva nezuva namabasa omunzvimbomo, maruwa kana kuti nzvimbo dzinobatanidza miitiro yakafara, hurumende dzenyika dzinobata uchangamire nenhau dzenyika yose, uye mitumbi yamarudzi ose yamarudzi ose inowedzera ruvara rwetsinhirano yetsinhirano yamarudzi ose. Zvivako zvinobatira somwoyo wokufananidzira newedzoro yetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzetsika dzinodzose, asi basa razvokuchinja nenhau, zvematongerwe enyika, uye zvikamu zvinodavirwa. Nokuziva kubatana kwemitengo iyi mipimo, vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani apo zvisarudzo zvinotapura upenyu hwavo uye kuti vatsigire rutivi rwava. Kana uchigara muguta duku kana kuti guta guru, mikana mikana yehurumende, mikana yehurumende, uye mitoro yakavanzika.

Kuravazve pamusoro pezvivako zvehurumende zvokuenzanisa, ona [[FLT: 0] peji yewappendix paukuru hwehurumende ne Britannica's recum. Kunzwisisa iyi mirangariro inopa simba kuzivisa kuva mugari wemo uye inobetsera kushandura nyika yakaoma yezvamatongerwe enyika.