Mitemo yePropostal Imirau yehwaro inodzora kuti nzanga inotendeutsa sei vavhoti mumwe nomumwe kupinda musimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chegadziriro yakati — Harbon yePest-Past- Post, gadziriro yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMaritial, kana kuti chimiro cheProportationIgation — chinopesvedzera tsika yebato, inopesvedzera mufambiro wevhoti, uye inopesvedzera manzwi anowedzerwa muhoro dzesimba. Kurevesa kuva udzame husingashandisi, kugadzirwa kwegadziriro yetsika yevhiyanisiro ichisarudzo zvikuru ine migumisiro mikuru yehurumende inova nomugariro wapamutemo wehurumende, kudzika kwenzanga, uye kunaka kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa masangano ezvokutengeserana uye kushambadzadzo mune zvenyika dzinoda kufanana nezvinoitwa negadziriro dzinosarudzwa.

Nheyo Dzapakuvamba Dzoururami

Pamberi pokuenzanisa gadziriro, kuri madikanwa kutanga mipimo iyo "utsanana" hunotongwa nayo. Utsanana hahusi murangariro womunhu mumwe; hunobatanidza mipimo inoverengeka yakasiana, uye inowanzokwikwidzana. Gadziriro inorangarirwa kuva inosakafanira mune imwe nharaunda ingava yakashatiswa zvikuru muimwe inotsamira painoiswa nheyo.

Mumiriri

Gadziriro yakarurama inofanira kushandura zvisarudzo zvomuvhota kuva mutengi wedare uyo unoratidzira zvikuru mhatsa yemifungo yavose. Ikoku kunobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri kumirira nzvimbo yenzanga dzakasiana--shavika uye kumirira kwakaenzana kwepfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Vamiriri vakuru vanovimbisa kuti chigadziko chidukuduku chorudzi.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuziva Chisarudzo

Vadzori vanofanira kukwanisa kuziva zvakajeka kuti ndiipi mubato kana kuti mutevedzeri ane mutoro wezviito zvehurumende ndokukwanisa kuzvibvisa muhofisi kupfurikidza nomuitiro wevhota. Masangano anofarira hurumende dzakasimba, dzine chikamu chimwe zvikurukuru anowana kuzvidavirira kwakananga, sezvo vatongi vasingagoni kuisa nyore nyore mhaka kuvakwanyina vakabatanidzwa.

Kukwanisa Kutungamirira uye Kusatya

Gadziriro inofanira kuva inokwanisa kubudisa hurumende inogona kudzora nenzira inobudirira. Kukamuraniswa kwakanyanyisa kwechirongwa chedare kana kuti zvikarakadzo zvakashata zvokuva nomutemo wegadziriro yose yedemocracy zvinogona kusekesa kuva yapamutemo. Gadziriro iyo iri mumiriri mukuru asi inotungamirira kukuputsika kwehurumende kwenguva dzose pakupedzisira inokundikana vanhu vainorehwa kubatira.

Kubatanidza uye Kugona Kudzora

Gadziriro yakanaka inokurudzira kutora rutivi kwakafara uye inovimbisa kuti zvikamu zvose zvinokosha zvenzanga zvinonzwa kuti zvine njodzi mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro idzo dzinobvisa nenzira yakarongwa mirangariro miduku kana kuti "kupambadza" zviverengero zvikuru zvamavhoti kupfurikidza nokuaita kuti asakodzere muuyo zvinogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu uye kupedza kuora mwoyo.

Idzi nheyo dziri munyanduko dzenguva dzose. Kurerutsa mumiriri kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kukuderedzwa kwokuzvidavirira nokushanda kwapamutemo kunodzora, uye kupesana. Gadziriro ye "farest" nokuda kwenyika yakapiwa inotsamira pakuti ndeipi yeiyi mipimo yainoisa pakutanga zvikurusa, chisarudzo icho icho chimene chinofanira kuitwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wapamutemo wehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kunamata uye Masangano Ezvikepe Zvikuru

Iyi mhuri yemiitiro inoratidzirwa nenzvimbo imwe nemufungo wose unohwina. Pfungwa huru ndeyokuparira muwiridziri akajeka nebatano yakasimba, yakananga pakati pechakananga chenyika nemumiriri wayo. Nepo gadziriro idzi dzakananga, dzine zvikwaniriso zvakasanonyorwa.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPP igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa yezvisarudzo: muvhoti ane zvisarudzo zvikurusa mumitambo inohwina yoruwa, pasinei zvapo kana vachiwana voruzhinji. Betsero dzayo huru ndedzokupfava kwadzo, kumhanya kwemiuyo, uye simbiso yakasimba yewirirano yainoparira. Zvinoitawo kuti pave nehurumende imwe inotora rutivi, iyo inozvidavirira zvikuru kukuita kuti ive nechakaipa. Zvisinei, FPPP inoshorwa nguva dzose nokuda kwezvigaro zvayo zvakashata. Chikamu chinogona kuwina ruzhinji nezvigaro zvishoma zvevhoti, chinoitika chinowanzoonekwa mu [FLT: 0] . . Chinosimudzira pamutemo apo "mutengi wacho anotsiva mudaro wakaipa" pane kutsigira tsvina, uye vanopfumisa tsvina vanotsigira varwi veboka duku. Chiono chinoonekwa nedare rinongodzokorodza mutemo wamarudzi maviri.

Mukoto Wamadhora Maviri (TRS)

Mugadziriro ine zvikamu zviviri, inoshandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo dzapurezidhendi muFrance neBrazil, mudaviridzi anofanira kuwina voruzhinji chose chose (vanopfuura 50%) kuti ahwine mumativi okutanga. Kana pasina mutendi anosvika pachikumbaridzo ichi, rutivi rwechipiri runochengetwa pakati pavadaviri vakakwirira. Iyi purogiramu inovimbisa kuti muwiridziri wokupedzisira ane tsigiro. Zvisinei, kunogona kuva kunodhura kugovera chiverengero chamaruvara maviri, uye kurukurirano dzapakati dzinowanzobatanidza zviito zvekudzosadzosa zvingagona kuisa mucheto wavada kubvisa. Vatsoropotesi vanopikisa kuti mativi haavaki zvikuru sezvo isati ichigombedzera chisarudzo chinoratidzira chisarudzo chamarudzokoro.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) / Runoff Voting yapakarepo (IRV)

RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuti vatsigiri vaende kunzvimbo dzinoda. Kana pasina mutsigiri anogamuchira vhoti yokutanga, mutsigiri wokupedzisira anobviswa, uye vhoti dzavo dzinoparadzirwa kune zvinotevera zvinoratidzirwa pabhorati rimwe nerimwe. Iyi nzira inodzokororwa kusvikira mukundi mukuru abuda. Vatsigiri vanoipikisa kubvisa "migumisiro yeboka reboka," vanokurudzira kuumba kwakananga, uye vanovimbisa kuti muwinwi ane chikumbiro chikuru. Fairvote inopa rondedzero huru yeRV inoshandura marusaitirwo okupfuura neUnited States. Zvisinei, vanotsoropodza, vanonongedzera kukuoma kwenhamba kwamashoko uye kufundo apo muvhoveri mukuru unorasikirwa nevoti wokutanga anorasikirwa nezvinovhotera.

Miitiro Yokuratidzira

Gadziriro dzePropogational Imadictionation (PR) dzakagadzirirwa zvakajeka kuwirirana nechiverengero chezvikamu zvinogamuchirwa nechiverengero muzana chezvigaro izvo zvinowina muimba yomutemo. Ndidzo gadziriro huru dzinoshandiswa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno, zvikurukuru muEurope yose neLatin America, uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinodiwa nokuda kwomwero wadzo wakakwirira wokumirira.

Kuratidzwa kwezvirongwa

Mundanda PR, vavhoti vanowanzovhota nokuda kwendaza yebato. Maruwa anogoverwa kumativi parutivi rwavo rwevhoti, uye vadaviri vanosarudzwa kubva parusarudzo rwebato. Kuvapo kweRol PR kunotsamira zvikuru pachinhu chakananga chakashandiswa (g., D’Hondt, Sainte-Laguë) uye ukuru hweruwa (nhamba yezvigaro paruwa rumwe norumwe), uye mativi adzo angada kuita migumisiro yakawedzerwa. Kuvapo kwechikumbaridzo chapamutemo, zvakadai se 5% yemukova muGermany, igadziriro yamaune ungwarudzo kudzivirira kuwanda kwezviduku, zvikwata zvinonyanyisa uye kusimudzira budiriro zvakanaka. Kunyange zvazvo PR inopfuura pakumiririrwa nokushata, inogona kuderedza chibvumirano pakati pezvikamu zvayo zvakavhari, zvikurukuru mumiteveridzo yadzo, mibatanidzwa yakananga mumiteve. [5]

Mubato Mumwe Woga Unotakurika (STV)

STV igadziriro inoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji, yakadai semuRepublic of Ireland neMalta. Voters derders vanobatira PR, uye "Droopquotition" inorangarirwa kusarudza mutambo wokuhwina chigaro. Kuvhota kubva kuvada kuhwinwa uye vhoti vanobva kuvaparadzi vakabviswa kunoparadzirwa mukuwirirana nezvinodiwa zvinotevera. STV inobatanidza mufungo wePR nechepakati pemaruwa enhengo imwe. Kunowana kumiririrwa kwakaisvonaka uye kunopa vhoti consotion inokosha mutra - parate. Kuvhotera kwayo kukuru ndiko kuoma kwokuverenga mavhotera uye kugona kwebato rakasimba kuti idzore kusarudza, zvinobvira kuderedza zvimwe migove yemitengo yemitengo yemasangano.

Masangano Emaoreta Akasangana

Miitiro yakavhengana inoedza kubatanidza kumirira PR nokuzvidavirira kwokusasarura kwegadziriro dzakawanda.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

MuMMP, sezvinoshandiswa muGermany neNew Zealand, vavhoti vakavhota kaviri: mumwe nokuda kwomumiriri womunzvimbomo (kazhinji kazhinji akasarudzwa neFPTP) uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Zvigaro zvemubato zvinogoverwa zvikuru nokuda kwesimba razvo rokuita migumisiro yakarongeka apo zvinochengeta mireza yomunzvimbomo. NewCaldal Commission [[FLFFF:3]] inopa rondedzero yakajeka yemashandiro eMMP. MMP inobatanidza zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma okuisa panzvimbo akaoma kutakura panzvimbo dzakakura dzenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo. New Zealand's Comselm [FLD] inopa ndandanda yezvikamu zviviri zvezvamatongerwe enyika.]

Kuvhengana kweMember Majoritarian (MMM) / Michina Inowirirana

Kusafanana neMMP, gadziriro inowirirana haitsivi [[FLT: 1] nokuda kwokuva anogara munzvimbo dzinogarwa. Zvigaro zvomunzvimbomo nezvigaro zvemubato zvinorongwa zvakaparadzana. Ikoku kunoreva kuti papati inowana mugove mukuru wezvigaro zvomunzvimbomo unobatira pabetsero iyoyo. Masangano akafanana neiyi inoshandiswa muJapan, Mexico, neSouth Korea. Nepo kunzwisiswa zvishoma kupfuura MMP, MMMM kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoitwa nokusaenzana kusingawirirani pane PR kana kuti MMP, uye anogona kuita kuti zvikodzeriso zvakashata nokuda kwezvikamu kuti zvishandure puro dzoruwa kana kuti ndaza pasina nhevedzo dzinorondedzera MMP.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mukuchinja Kwegadziriro Yokushanda Kwepasi Pose

Kuongorora kuchinja kwenyika chaiyo pakati pegadziriro dzevavhoti kunopa nzwisiso yakajeka kwazvo yezvadzinoita uye simba rezvematongerwe enyika rinodzora kuchinja kukuru kwakadaro.

New Zealand (FPP ku MMP):[FTP:1] Muna 1993, New Zealand yakarega gadziriro yayo yeFPTP yakarefu nokuda kweMMP inodzorwa namahesvetimendi maviri anosundwa navose nokusagutsikana ne "hurumende dzinotonga dzoruzhinji" dzehurumende dzakaparwa. Kuchinja kwakashandura nomutoo wakajeka gadziriro yebato, kuchitungamirira kunhambo refu dzehurumende dzinobatanidzwa nehurumende duku. Nepo vamwe vachitsoropodza kusagadzikana kunovapo, vatsigiri vanoramba kuti MMP yakamanikidzira kubvumiranwa kukuru zvikuru, inoita kuti muitiro wehurumende uratidzire zvikuru wekuumbwa kwakafara kwenzanga, uye kuwedzerwa kwemireza.

Itaria'Sevision: Italy yakabatanidza pakati pemiitiro yePR yakachena nemitezo yakavhengana (Porcellum neRsatellim). Rwendo rwayo runosimbisa kuti rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwegadziriro yezvisarudzo runogona kushanda zvakasiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pachimiro chebato netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvakatekeshera. Kuchinja kubva paPR kuitwe rePR kutoo hurusa zvikuru mu 1990 kwakanga kwakaitirwa kuparira gadziriro yebipolative rebitive rebitiotine uye kuderedza zvikamu, asi miuyo yarwo yakarevererwa zvikuru neboka riripo namasimba.

Majeeti muUnited Kingdom neCanada: Nyika dzose dziri mbiri dzakaona masangano akatsigiwa achirevererwa nokuda kwokutama kubva kuFPTPP. UK yakaita serendimendi yorudzi paIndaneti muna 2011, iyo yakarambwa. Dare reLiberal rakavimbisa kuita sarudzo yokupedzisira yehurumende ya 2015 pasi peFPTP asi pakupedzisira rakarega nhano, kududza kushaikwa kwebvumirano. Iyi kurukurirano inosimbisa sei kuzvibatanidza umene unozvipinza, kushatapukira kwavose, uye kusavapo kwe "Chikuru" kazhinji kazhinji kunovhara chinjo huru yegadziriro inosarira, kunyange apo gadziriro iripo inozivikanwa zvikuru kuva neyatiko huru.

Kuparadza Fariro: Mitambo Nekubviswa Kwebhizimisi

Kusarudza zvakarurama kunoda kufamba kupfuura ruzivo rwokuberekwa narwo rwakapfava uye kushandisa mitsetse mikuru. izvi midziyo zvinobvumira kuenzaniswa kwakarongwa kwenzira iyo miitiro yakasiyana - siyana inoita nayo nenheyo dzakarongwa pakuvamba.

Glaghher Index (Kuratidza Kuchinja Kwakaita Upenyu)

Chikamu chedzidzo chinogamuchirwa zvikuru chekubvisa purotesitation iGlagher Index, inozivikanwawo se "lthemal recure cord". Inoverenga kusawirirana kukuru pakati penhamba yebato nepakati pezvigaro. Chikamu chakaderera cheGalaghher chinoratidzira kunyorwa kwapashoma, shanduro yakawanda yezvigaro. Zvikamu zvakafanana nezviya zviri muNetherlands neSouth Africa zvinowana nguva dzose nhamba dzakaderera zvikuru (pansi 2), nepo gadziriro dzeFPTPP dzakafanana neUK neCanada kazhinji kazhinji dzinoratidzira kushatisa kwavo kwakarongwa kwezvido zvakakurumbira. [[FLT:] Protesystem] systromes Galpars's data [FFFFFF1]]

Nhamba Inobudirira Yemapati (ENP)

Iyi metal, yakakudziridzwa ne Laakso ne Taagepera, gadziriro yemipimo yebato inoumba ENP. Mitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yePP inoumba Everectory jit kuti FP ive inoita kuti pave negadziriro yemativi maviri (ENP ~2), nepo PR inoita kuti gadziriro dzePR dzibvumire kuti pave negadziriro dzakawanda dzemibatanidzwa (ENP >3.5. Hamuna kusikwa kunonzi "fair" NEP; panzvimbo pezvo, kururama kuripo mukuti HENAP iratidzire nenzira yakarurama mhatsa iri pasi pezvisarudzo isina kuita kuti ive. Gadzi rinodzora ENP ringashonge richidzvinyirira rezvamatongerwe enyika rechokwadi.

Kutengeserana Kusingadzivisiki

Chirongwa chikuru chokutengesa mugadziriro yevhota chinowanzoreva hurumende dzinosarudzwa, apo vavhoti vangasaziva chaizvoizvo kuti itsika ipi ichaumbwa uye itsika ipi ichabvumiranwa. Kuzvidavirira kukuru (hurumende dzakafanana) kazhinji kazhinji kunouya pamutengo mukuru wokubvisa projective, apo voruzhinji vemavhoti "vanganzi" pavanorambwa kana kuti mabato. Sangano rechokwadi nderipi ringabvuma pachena kuti kushambadza uku kuchaita uye kuti kunoitwa chisarudzo chipi. Kuzvidavirira kukuru (hurumende dzakaresateverwa) kunowana mari yakakwirira pakubviswa kwenhau, apo ruzhinji rwezvivhoti inganzi "chiitwa" paripo" kana kuti vaparadzirirwe. Tsika zvechokwadi ndeimwe inhau inobvuma pachena kuti kushambadzwa nokuzivikanwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende pamusoro penhau yehurumende.

mhedziso

Hakuna gadziriro imwe "yokusarudza" ingagona kushandiswa munyika yose. Gakava pamusoro pokuchinja vasarudzo inhau huru pamusoro pezvinokosha zvedemokrase izvo nzanga inoda zvikuru. Gadziriro inobudisa hurumende dzine ruramisiro, dzinozvidavirira inoruramisira mupfungwa imwe, nepo gadziriro inovimbisa kuti vashoma vari vose vanowana inzwi rakanaka mune imwe. Gadziriro yegadziriro yeEliactoral system haisati iri unyanzviwo hahwo; iratidzirwo inokosha yemipimo yenzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo pakati petsika inokudza kuenzana kwetsinhirano uye inobvumira kuzvidavirira kuri chitarisiko chaicho. Hurumende inobatira pamutemo ichisarudzo pamusoro pechimiro icho chimene chimene. pamutemo hachingoshandisi chinhu chose chose chose chose chose chose chinoshanda mumugariro wokuvhoteranya nguva dzose, asi kupfurikidza negadziriro yavose inorangarirwa seyakakwana. Kunzwisisa uku kutendwa kunoitwa nokweneteveravidzano kutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika pakati penyika inoteve inoumbwa neya yavose.