Hwaro Hwoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa navanhu hweAmerica: Kunzvera Nedzikamo

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yakasanorongwa inozivikanwa segadziriro yecheki nedzikamo. Iyi nheyo, yakaumbwa muBumbiro remitemo naVanababa Vanosimudzwa, inovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rehurumende(kuuraya, kuronga, kana kuti kutonga) rinotonga vamwe. Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba nokupa midziyo yakananga yokunzvera nokuganhurira zviito zverimwe, tsika inodzivirira mukurwisana norusununguko rwavanhu. Kunzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinova rinova rinozvidavirira sei kukunzwisisa kuvakwa kwedenderedzwa kwedemo yedemocracy. Munyaya ino, tichanzvera aya mashandisirwo muudzame, tichinyora mienzaniso yenhau negadziriro dzemitemo izvo zvinoratidzira kumhanya pakati pamapazu.

Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru: Purezidhendi Souremu Hunorwisa

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, rine mutoro zvikurukuru wokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende nokuitisa mitoo yokumwe.Simba raro, zvisinei, harisati riri rakakwana.Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Purezidhendi maturusi anokosha anoverengeka okunzvera mapazu emitemo neokutonga, richivimbisa kuti chiremera chavakuru chinoramba chichidzikamiswa namamwe mapazi maviri.

Simba Renyuto Neganhuriro Dzaro

Imwe yenzvero dzakananga zvikurusa Purezidhendi akabata pamusoro peChibvumirano iTsarudzo I, Chikamu 7 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinobvumira Purezidhendi kuramba mutengo upi noupi unopfuudzwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress. Iri simba rinomanikidzira bazu rewirirano remitemo kurangarira murangariro waPrezidhendi pamberi pokuisa mitemo. Panhau yeAmerica, vapurezidhendi vakashandisa wiro yemiitiro yedanga rokuumba(___mitengo), nokuda kwemienzaniso, Andrew Jackson anoramba kudzosa mubatanidzwa weBhangeri yeChipiri yeUnited States, uye Franklin D. Rooselt [1] Rovelt yakaita mazana emabhiri mukati meno gumi. Zvisinei, magweve haa haasati ari akakwana: Congresssioner anogona kudzora purofesa mukuru wemite yezvipomenderomeseromeseromeseroseti mbiri mudzimba mbiri dzose mbiri mbiri nedziyose.

Simba Rokugadza: Kubvisa Chikamu Chinoshandiswa Kunyora

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare guru redare, ne “kubvuma nokubvumirana” kweDare. Iri simba rinobvumira bazu rinodzora kupesvedzera kuumbwa kwebazu rinotonga uye, somuuyo, kududzirwa kwaro kwomutemo kwezvizvarwa. Nguva yejeresa yehurumende inoreva kuti kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kungava nemiuyo inopfuudzira. Somuenzaniso, Mutungamiriri weProfente Franklin D. Rooselt anobvumira “kuisa dare” (kunyangira) kwapapo) kwakasimbisa kuoma kuri pakati pamapazu edare neatongi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kugadzwa kweruramisiro seRuter Ginsburg (kwakarongwa naBill Clinton) naBrett Kret (avht) (akagadzwa naDonald Trump) kuratidzira kuti purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe ae aedzei kudzikama kwechikaro yechikaro yechipoti.

Mirayiro Yavane Chinzvimbo Chacho: Kutungamirira Hurumende

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru imitemo yakapiwa naPurezidhendi kuti itarisire kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Pava panofanira kutakura simba romutemo, zvinofanira kuiswa pasi muchiremera chiripo kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo. Mirairo yechiremera inobvumira Purezidhendi kuita chiito nokukurumidza panhau dzakadai sechengeteko yenyika, kubuda munyika, uye gadziriro inodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Harry Truman’s Truman anobvisa gadziriro yehurumende (International Programme 9981) mutsika huru yenzanga. Zvisinei, mirayiro yavakuru vakuru vanogona kuita chiito mudare kana kuti kudzorwa nomutemo. [[FLTG:0] Miteotown + Tuamp; Cove. v.

Mitemo Yebazu: Dare Senzwi Ravanhu

Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa neImba yaVamiriri neDare, rinoronzeswa kuita mitemo, kumirira nyika, uye kudzora bhajeti rehurumende.

Kurayira: Kuongorora Kuzvibata Kusina Kufanira Kunonyanya

Congress ine simba rimwe chete rokutonga uye kubvisa Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSanihesi, uye vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe “kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru.” Imba yaVamiririri inovamba zviitiko nokupfuudza nyaya dzokusabvumirana nevhoti yavose. Ipapo Serten rinotonga, rinoda kuti voruzhinji varinganire, kuti vape mhosva uye vabvise mukuru mukuru. Yakashairwa nesimba. Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson akanzi aipiswa muna 1868 (asina mhaka), Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akasairwa muna 1998 (akanga yatonge), uye Donald Trum akashairwa kaviri kaviri ka2020 uye 201, kose kaviri). Mutongi mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende weGhos. Anonzi Ghosner anobvisa basa rokubvisa mutongo raDhosson muRutemu.

Kushatisa Mavhatoes: Kupazve Mutemo Chido Chokuda Kutonga

Apo Purezidhendi anodzosa musengwa, Congress anogona kuuisa mumutemo kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira kuva mukuru wezvikamu zviviri zvamatatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Iyi nzvero inovimbisa kuti bazu remitemo rine kutaura kwokupedzisira pamusoro pomutemo apo panenge pane tsigiro huru. Panhau yeU.S., Congress yakashata anenge 7% yapurezidhendi wevetoes (sokubva muna 2024). Kudzorwa kunobatanidza chisarudzo cheChibvumirano cheChikwaniri cheHurumende cheChibvumirano cheChineimo cheChine chokuita muna 186666, Chigadziko cheHondo cheHondo cheHondo yeHondo yehondo chinodzorongedzerwa naPurezi Richard Nixon’s muna 1973, uye Justicerist Agator Agains of Corgalvier Backer Babbas’s mu2016. Kudzorwa kwenzira yakakwirira kwesimba zvikuru

Simba Rezvikwereti: Kudzora Kushandisa Mari Kwemagariro

Pasi peChikamu I, Chikamu 9, Chikamu chamasangano eChikamu” (“chiremera chechikwama, kukwereta, uye kushandisa mari. Hapana mari inogona kutorwa kuveveveri pasina kurongerwa kwakaitwa nomutemo. Ikoku kunopa Congress pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezvinokosha zvebazu guru. Bazu rewiscioti remitemo rinogona kuramba kubhadharwa mari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvapurezidhendi, kana kuti ganhurira migariro yehurumende yokubhadhara mari. Somuenzaniso, Impondmental Control Act ya 1974 yapfumiswa pashure pemiteo yaPresidenti yemist Nixond yemind yemiteve yaaro yemiteve yaaas aisa mubatanidzwa narongedzero yemitengo; chiito chinoda kuti Purezidhente ape mari yakafanira kutorerwa kwemari kunze kwokutenderwa kwechipo kana kuti chitsarirwe chitsamiro chemari. Mari yegore itsika yegore inodzorongedzerwa kumari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yemari yebazi rinodzororipo yemari yaro. Chikamu 2018. Chikamu

Utariri Hune Mutemo: Kuzvidavirira KunoMutungamiriri

Congress inoitisa dare rinoita kuti nyaya dzinzwiwe, kuongorora, uye kutungamirira kutungamirira kunoitwa nebazi guru. Iri basa rinovimbisa kuti masangano ehurumende anoshanda maererano nevavariro yomutemo uye mutemo. Matare ari mudzimba dzose dzinotevera anogara achitonga nyaya dzinovambira pakuchengeteka kwenyika kusvikira kumitemo yemhoteredzo. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Dare reDare reBatenational Watergate rinonzwa mashoko edare reNixon, uye Imba Inosarudza Dare rinzvengaongorora kurwisa U.S. Capitol (2022). [FL:] Gontation Accounment Accounmentmentation Office [FFLG1:] [GA] [GA] isangano rakasununguka rinotsigira mapurogiramu esangano ezvokuongorora uye mari.

Bazu Rokutonga: Mutsigiri Wemitemo

Bazu rokutonga, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro uye kubatanidza matare ehurumende akaderera, rinodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo nemitemo yehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga: Simba Rokurambidza Mabasa Asiri Omutemo

Yakagadzwa munhau yenjiso. Iyi inhau hurusa, sezvo ichiita kuti judicarium ipedzise mutemo unopfuudzwa naPresidente. (1803), nheyo yokuongorora inobvumira matare ehurumende kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisina kurongwa. Iyi iimwe nguva huru, sezvo inobvumira kuti mutemo wejaji uitwe naProfestaiast. Somuenzaniso, mu Brown v. Board yeDyreat[[FLT:] [5] [194]], Dare gurusa reRefuture reSignoust reReving sistem revolture revolvreant muzvikoro zvisingabvumirwi, kunyange namapatookeromendi yemitemo. [FLT][F]

Kusarudza Nguva Youpenyu: Kudzivirira Kusasarura

Chikamu III chinopa vatongi vehurumende upenyu hwose “pamutoo wakanaka” uye chinorambidza kuderedza mibhadharo yavo vari muhofisi. Uku kuzvitonga kwakarongedzerwa kudzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvabvumira kupa zvisarudzo zvokusasarura zvakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pepfungwa dzakakurumbira. Office yedare reU.[FLT:] . Dare rinopa kupetwa kwemifungo yebasa rokugadza uye kumira. Kugadzwa kwenguva inoreva kuti purezidhendi anogona kuumba dare rejastia zvikuru pashure penguva refu pashure pokubva, asi simba reDare rinoita sechekerero papesvedzero yevakuru vakuru vakuru. Vatongi vangosimbiswa kuti vatonge vatongi avo vakagadza sava John Paul Stence steand, vakagadzwa naPrezidhenter Gerald Stevend, kazhinji gare gare gare gare gare nebasa rake rokuzvitonga nokuda kwebasa ramakuru.

Kududzira Mashoko Anokosha: Kunzwisisa Zvinorehwa Nomutemo

Matare ehurumende anodudzira mirau inopiwa neDare, kazhinji kazhinji achipedza rwisano kana kuti rwisano. Kupfurikidza nokutonga, dare remitemo rinogona kugadziridza nenzira inobudirira nzira iyo mitemo inodzorwa nayo nebazu guru. Somuenzaniso, mu Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Nakav. Revolution Defensence Council [19984] [1] [1], Dare rapamusoro rinogona kugadza gadziriro yezvokunongedzera kutsananguriro dzakakwirira dzemitemo isinganzwisisiki, (a) inonzvera zvomenemene inopa simba mukuru mukuru mukuru mumigariro yakati. Zvisinei, apo matare anodudzira mitemo munzira iyo Dare risina kuda kuita, mutezo wokuita mutemo mutsva kujekesa chinangwa charo. Uku kuratidzira kuti kunzvera hakudzorwi; dare rinodzorwa nemitemo mitevedzerwa nemitemo mitevedzero itsva (no inotongedzerwa pamutemo)

Kupindira Pakati Pemapazi: Kudzikamisa Kukuru

Kushanda kwadzo kunoita kuti mabasa ebazi rimwe nerimwe anyatsoongororwa uye agadziriswe nemamwe.

Nzvero Pazvirongwa Nezvibvumikiso

Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, mitezo yeCabit, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza zvinzvimbo zvakakwirira, asi Dare rinofanira kutendera uku kunyorwa. Irori rinogoverana simba rinovimbisa kuti bazu guru harigoni kuzadzisa nzvimbo huru pasina nguva imwe chete. Dare reDare reDare reMutudiciary rinotonga uye rinogona kuramba vaminene, sezvinoonekwa mukukundikana kwekunyorwa kwaRobert Borkk kuDare Rapamusoro muna 1987. Nha. Nhevedzo, Dare rinogonawo kuita chiito nokukurumidza kusimbisa vapurezidhesi, sekusimbisa kukuru kweMutongi Amy Coney Barrett muna 2020. Iri-shure-wekudzoro rebazu rinoratidzira kuti babhishonge masangano emitemo anogona kutsigira kana kuti magariro edare, kuumba vatongi vebazu.

Ropafadzo Yokutarisira Noukuru Yomutemo

Masimba anotarisira eBazu guru kazhinji kazhinji anopesana nezvinotaurwa nebazu rokutungamirira nokuda kweropafadzo yaro, (ikodzero yokunyima mashoko kuCongress nematare kudzivirira chengeteko yenyika kana kuti kurangarira kwomukati. Mhaka yechiratidzo United States v. Nixon] [7774]) yakagadza kuti ropafadzo yechiremera haisi yakakwana uye inogona kukurirwa nokuratidzirwa kwokuda kwoufakazi mutsotsi rinofamba. Nenzira yakafanana, mukati mekudzora kweObama naTrump, vadzori vezvapupu zvakapuenae nemagwaro, kutungamirira kumira kwapanguva imwe neimwe yaipedzwa mudare. [[FLTL:]]

Zvinetso Zvokutonga Kumitemo Nezviito Zvinotungamirira

Vagari, masangano, uye anotaura kuti kazhinji kazhinji vanodenha mitemo yehurumende kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru mudare, vachigovera nzira yakananga nokuda kwedare kuti vatongi vaongorore vose vari vaviri Congress naPurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, zviuru zvemhosva zvakaiswa pamativi eAffordal Care Act (ACA), zvinoguma nezvisarudzo zveDare rePamusorosoro NFIB v. Selius[FLY] [20] na [[FLT] Californ for an arces [51] v.[FLT] [251].[FLT] [201]., , zvinodenha kurambidza kudzosarusora kwaPresi naPrezi vadzidzi marirositiri vanosvika Dare guru rePurezi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mitemo inoshatiswa ([F.2]

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwekuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Zvinhu

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo inoramba iri pamutemo wehurumende yeAmerica. Bazu rimwe nerimwe(kudzosa pamutemo, chibvumirano, uye dare) rine masimba akasiana anoigonesa kutarira, kuganhurira, uye kukurira zviito zvavamwe. Mukuru mukuru anogona kuisa mitemo ndokugadza vatongi; Misangano inogona kukunda, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kudzora bhajeti; judicaria inogona kuzivisa mitemo nezviito zvisina kurongwa. Mitemo iyi haichinji; inogona kushanduka kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvenhau, nhau dzedare renhau, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokuti vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakafanana, kunzwisisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinochengeta sei vamwe vanhu. Kunzwisisa muganhu inogadzirwa neFramers, tinogona kutsigira rusununguko rwakanaka, uye kupfuumbidzikamiswa kwehurumende.