Nheyo Dzenhau Dzokudzivirirwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788 uye yakabudirira muna 1789, yakaberekwa muzvikanganiso zveZvikamu zveConfederation nezvinoitika zvokutonga kwehurumende yeBritain. Vagadziri, kubatanidza James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, naGeorge Washington, vakanga vachiitira hanya zvikuru kudzivirira kuiswa kwesimba kwakanga kwatungamirira kuudzvinyiriri muEurope. Vakagadzira gadziriro yokunzvera nokudzikamisa, kuparadzanisa masimba, uye kutara maruramiro anoumba pamwe chete chisakiso chorusununguko rweAmerica. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau inokosha zvikuru kunzwisiswa kwechikonzero nei maruramiro eBumbiro remitemo achidzivirira saanoita. Chinyorwa hachisati chichipa kodzero kuvanhu; panzvimbo pezvi, chinonzwisisa kodzero dzomuzvarirwo dzinovapo neganhuriro dzehurumende kuti dzivangane. Iyi fambise kufurira zvikuru nedzidziso yezvokuzvizivisodzodzo. Chiziviso chenhau chaManyoro anonzwisisa zvikuru nemitemo aMasmonetics, chitsarutsungiriso chaMath.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kudzivirirwa Pakudzvinyirirwa Nehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba raiva nedziviriro dzakati (mutoo, kurambidzwa kwemitemo yepashure pePurezimendi nepepa remuwadhi muChikamu I, Chikamu 9), vaAnti-Fedalist vakawanda vakaraira chibvumirano chakananga chekodzero semamiriro ezvinhu okuita kuti dzive dzakarende. Mugumisiro wacho waiva kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga, pamwe chete kunozivikanwa seBill of Rights, yakanyorwa pana December 15, 1791. Idzodzi dzinoderedza zvakananga simba renyika uye, kupfurikidza neKinneth Amend Rendection’s’s Proces Claus, dzakava dzinobatanidzwa nenzira inosarudzwa kuti dzishande kuhurumende saidzo. Bill of Rights haisati iri ndaza hwuse chose.N.N.N.V.V.V.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Cornestone Yokutora Rutivi Rwechiito Choutongi

First Amendment inorambidza kuita Congress ipi neipi “inoremekedza kutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurirwa kworusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kuti maruramiro avanhu okuungana norugare, uye kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwedzidzoreso dzezvichemo. [[5] Iyi dziviriro inodzorwa chose chose. [5] Iyi Dare guru rakarangarira kuti mapoka akati avana vavana vamashoko akasiana: rudzidziso (zvose zviri zviviri Chigadziko neFrance) (Zvenzi Clausdia Clausce) uye California (mubatanidzwa), California, gungano, uye kukumbira. (kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira kukurusa, kunyange zvazvo kusati kuri chose chose. Somuenzaniso, Dare repamusoro rehurumende rakarangarira mashoko anoshandiswa mumhoshoresa] [54], rinodzivirira zvikuru mumitevedzero yenhau youganda.[5]

Mhedziso Yechipiri: Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe Ane Kodzero Yokuchengeta Nokutakura Zvombo

Second Amendment inoti: “Chisarudzo chakatanhamara cheDare gurusa mu [[FLT]], chichiva chiri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, hachisati chichizodziviswa.” Nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeAmerica, revorororo yacho yakakurukurwa. Chisarudzo chenhau chakatanhamara mu Decurecure of Columbia v. [[FLT] [[FLD]] [FLD]] [2001] [200] [200] [200] yakajekesa kuti kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero yomunhu woga yemadonzo madonzo apamutemo, zvakadai sedifense mumusha, yakasununguka muhurumende inorevesaidzo yogaro. Hurusaro yehurumende inorambira mumifungo yemitemo uye inosarira zviri pachena nokuda kwemifungo yemitemo yapamutemo. [Ntsumo yeChitsumo]

Kuchinja Kwechina: Kuva Woga uye Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Kusina Kuchenjera

Game Refelment inodzivisa “kunzvera kusina mufungo nokusurumuka” uye inoda kuti zvibvumikiso zvitsigirwe nezvikonzero zvinobvira uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Pakati, kugadziriswa kunodzivirira kariro dzezvakavanzika izvo nzanga yakagadzirira kuziva sezvine mufungo. Dare Rapamusoro rashandisa iyi dziviriro kumashoko azvino uno: somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT:] Karter. v [FT]. United States[FLT:] [197] [197], Dare raidavira kuti kurukurirano yomunhu muimba yorunhare inodzivirirwa, kunyange pasina chikanganiso chapa. Musipi wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, mumiedzo inopfuuyiswa nouri womutemo. [[5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakafanira, Kuzviparadzanisa, uye Kushandira Pamwe Kwakarurama

Gadziriro yeFindre ine dziviriro dzakasiana dzinoverengeka: kushurikidza kunoitwa nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva huru kana kuti dzine mukurumbira wakaipa (kunze munhau dzehondo); dziviriro panjodzi mbiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo; maruramiro anopesana nokumanikidzwa kuzviita kuti uzvibhadhare; vimbiso yemuitiro wakafanira pamberi pokushaiwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu; uye chinodikanwa chokuti zvinhu zvapachivande zvisatongerwa kushandiswa pasina maruramiro avose pasina kubhadharwa. Chirongwa chapameso chinosanozivikanwa kubva [[FL: 0] Mhara v. Arizona[FL:] [16], izvo zvakaraira kuti chinofungidzirwa kuti chizivikarirwa chiito chiito chekodzero yavo chorudyi chokuramba vakanyarara uye kuva nomurwisivi. Chirongwa chaClausscrea chinobatira sechishandiso chine simba zvikuru chokudzivirira. Chiteshiviso chinodzo chehurumende chinopa muganhu chehurumende chapamusoro, sechipo chinoratidzirwa: [F.5]

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Dzikanaka Dzokutongwa Kwevaipomerwa

Sixth Amendment inovimbisa mupomerwi maruramiro okutonga kwedare rapamutemo nokukurumidza uye ravose kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera risingasaruri rehurumende neruwa uko utsotsi hwakaitika; maruramiro okuziviswa nezvorudzi nemhosho yacho; maruramiro okunangana nezvapupu; kodzero yokumanikidzirwa nokuda kwokuwana zvapupu zvakanaka; uye kodzero yokuva nebetsero yemitemo yedziviriro. Kururama kwapamutemo kwakapiwa navatongi. Kururama kwakakomba kwakawedzerwa zvikuru na [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainright[[[FLT:] [1963], uko kunodikanwa kugovera vapomeri vapari vemhosva mumi vemhosva. [Foct], pasina kundika, zvinodzivisa kudzivirira. [Foctred]

Kuchinja Kunopfuura Bhizi Rekodzero

Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa kamakumi maviri nenomwe, negadziridzo dzakawanda gare gare dzinowedzerawo kana kuti kunatsa maruramiro omunhu oga. Kunzwisisa idzi gadziridzo kunokosha kurondedzero yakakwana yedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Yechigumi Nechitatu, Yechigumi Nechina, uye Yechigumi Nechishanu: Reconstruct Amendments

Yakasimbiswa pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, Reconstructeds yakagadziridzwazve zvikuru mutemo wemitemo weAmerica. Ithth Amendment (1865) yakabvisa uranda nouranda husingazvimiriri, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwoutsotsi. Igumi nerenath Amendment (1868) yakarondedzera kuva mugari wemo worudzi ndokurambidza kudzorwa kwekodzero kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo, kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo, kana kuti kuramba dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Kudzorwa kwechigumi namashanu (1870) kwakarambidza hurumende kurambwa maruramiro ehurumende nekodzero dzorudzi rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvarati, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda.[5][5]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Yasimbiswa muna 1920, Demendition yechi19 inorambidza hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota pahwaro hwevatano. Uku kwakanga kuri mugumo werwisano yamakumi amakore nokuda kwokuenzana kwavakadzi mune zvematongerwe enyika. Kugadziriswa hakuna kuvimbisa nenzira yomuzvarirwo kuwanwa kwokuvhota nokuda kwavakadzi vose vane ruvara, asi kwakaisa hwaro hunodenha nokuda kwemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo inotevedzerwa neridziro.

Kuderedzwa kweChimakumi Maviri Nechitanhatu: Kuderedza Nguva Yokufara

Muna 1971, mukati menhambo yeHondo yeVietnam, Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku18 nokuda kwevhoti dzose dzehurumende, hurumende, uye dzvonero dzomunzvimbomo. Yakanga iri pfungwa yokuti avo vakanga vakura zvakakwana kunyorerwa nokuda kwebasa rehondo vanofanira kuva nenzwisiso mukusarudza vatungamiriri vavo. Iyi gadziridzo yakakudza murairo wokuvhota ndokusimbisa nheyo yokuti kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika ikodzero huru yebumbiro remitemo.

Basa Rokududzira Kutonga

Kudzivirira kweBumbiro reMitemo kwaizoramba kusinganzwisisiki pasina mutoo wokuchengeta. Dare redare reSangano reSangano reUnited States, rinobatira somupikisi wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nesimba rekuhwirudzura, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison[FLT] [1803] [1803]. Pakutonga mhaka dzinobatanidza kodzero dzemitemo, matare anodudzira rugwaro, vavariro yapakuvamba, muitiro wenhau, uye zvinodikanwa nezvinopfuudzira. Uyu muitiro wokududzira wakashanduka kwamazana amakore, wakatungamirira kukudzivirira kusimba kunochinjika kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva pasina kugadziriswa.

Kunyengera Kwenyeredzi Nemhindumupindu yeBumbiro remitemo

Matare anowanzotevera muenzaniso mudzidziso yespect decis, asi anobvisawo mitemo yechinyakare apo zvikonzero zvinomanikidzira zviripo. Somuenzaniso, Brown v. Board yeDzidzo inodzora dzidziso ye “isingaparadzaniswi asi yakaenzana” ye Prebes v. Ferguson [1866] [186]. Nenzira yakafanana, LYNLT v.C [2003] [i] pamitemo yakadzikama.[FLT] BV]

Dzidziso Yokutsinhirana: Kushandisa Kodzero kuUnited States

Pamavambo, Bill of Rights yakaganhurira bedzi hurumende yehurumende. Pashure peKirefendment ye 14th, Dare Rapamusoro rakavamba kubatanidza nenzira yakasarudzwa gadziriro dzakananga dzinorwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza neCSCIR Claus. Kubvira nhasi, dziviriro dzinenge dzose dzeBill of Rights dzakabatanidzwa, nedzishomanene bedzi kunze (zvichirevo, Third Amendment inorwisana navarwi, chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFind [Fenetic Amendment]). Iyi dzidziso inovimbisa kuti hurumende, idzo dziri pedyo zvikuru navagari vemo, hadzigoni kudzora kodzero dzinokosha.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kukodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa gadziriro yakasimba, ruzivo rutsva nemhindu dzenzanga zvinoedza miganhu yaro. Zvinetso zvakadai serevo pamiganhu yemitemo yemakombiyuta, kutaura kwakasununguka pamasangano enhau, kudzora pfuti, kodzero dzokubereka, uye kuvhota zvinopfuurira kuparira kurukurirano yavose. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reDare Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202]) pamusoro pechirevo r] r. Wade v. [7] [7] [5] [5] na[FLT] Platectives . Caseltiact.[FFFFF:] [FFLD]] [5] [19] , anodzosa pamutemo.[19]

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Munguva Yokushandiswa Kwemadhigirii

Kudzivirira kwePramende yeChina kudzivirira zvakavanzika kunotarisana nedenho itsva kubva kuruzivo rwokuongorora, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko nemasangano, uye kuwanikwa kwehurumende nemashoko ekombiyuta. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re Riley v. California (2014]) (2014) (inoti mapurisa anowanzoda pamutemo wokunzvera zviri mukati meserura yakabatwa kuti isungwe, kubvumira kuti mafoni azvino uno ane zvitsama zvakakura zvemashoko omunhu oga. Kuramba kukurukurirana pamusoro pezvokunyorwa kwemashoko, kuziva zviso, uye kuongorora zvemagariro enzanga kuchapfuurira kunzvera revo yezvakavanzika muzana ramakore rechi21.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Edzidzo Yemabhaibhii

Vadzidzi vanodzidzisa pamusoro pedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo vanopfuura kudzokororwa. Dzidzo yevagari vemo inoshanda zvakanaka inofanira kukurudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro penzira iyo iyi gadziriro inoshanda nayo muzvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera migariro yokufungidzira inobatanidza kutaura kwakasununguka muzvikoro, kunzvera kwamapurisa, kana kuti kusarudzwa kwedare. Kunzwisisa rugwaro rweConstitution kubva kuNational Archives uye kufunda pamusoro penhau dzeDare guru paOyez kunogovera zviteshingidzo zvinosvikirirwa. Kuwedzera, Kunzvera [[FLT]]

Kugoverana Vadzidzi Namanyuko Makuru

Kuverenga zvakananga Bumbiro reMitemo uye Mapepa eFederal List Caps kunogona kubatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa vavariro dzevagadziri venhau nemaonero edare remazuva ano kunoratidza kuti kutsanangura kwemitemo kunochinja sei. Somuenzaniso, kuenzanisa manyorerwo akaitwa James Madison eChinyorwa chekodzero neshanduro yokupedzisira yakatenderwa kunoratidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye nharo pamusoro pokudzivirira.

mhedziso

United States Constitution inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu kupfurikidza negadziriro yakasanorongwa yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, inoronga rusununguko, uye inotonga yakazvimirira. Kuvambira paBill of Rights kusvikira kuReconstructives uye kuseri kweidzi gadziriro dzakadzivirira zvizvarwa zvavaAmerica muudzvinyiriri nedzvinyiriro. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo haisati iri dziviriro inotsamira pavagari vemo vakangwarira, vadzidzi vanovimbisa kuvimbisa rusununguko, uye vadzori vezvokuzvipira kutsigira mutemo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa gadziriro dzinokosha dzakadai sedzevokutanga, Yechishanu, uye yesitanhatu, sezvo dziviriro yeSangano yeSangano reProviti neramende, vadzidzi navadzidzisi nenzira yakafanana vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani muuyo ugariro inogara, uye basa ravo mukuchengeta chengetera zvinyorwa zvadzo. Dzidzo dzinopfuurira kupfuurira kusimbisa muganhu kwomutemo nokuziva kuti muganhu kudzivirira nokuda kwenguva yemberi.