Gadziriro yehurumende munyika ipi neipi inoita basa guru mukuumba zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvezuva nezuva zvevagari vemo vayo, kazhinji kazhinji munzira dzisingacherechedzwi chose. Mugariro wemigwagwa yaunofambisa, kunaka kwechikoro chako, kuchengeteka kwemvura yaunonwa, uye kukurumidza uko mabasa ekurumidziro anopindura njodzi migumisiro yose yakananga yezvisarudzo zvakati wandei. MuUnited States, gadziriro yehurumende yakaoma kunzwisisa inokamuranisa simba nomutoro pakati pomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye masangano ehurumende. Nepo iyi dzimwe nguva inogona kunzwa kuva isinganzwisisiki kana kuti inodzorwa, miuyo chaiyo yenyika yacho inozivikanwa uye inodzorwa. Nyaya inoputsa mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende inoita sei, ichishandisa mabasa makuru edzidzo uye mibato yedzidzo kuti iratidzire migumisiro inooneka.

Kunzwisisa Zvinoitwa Nevatongi

Kunzwisisa tapuro yehurumende paupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunokosha kutanga kunzwisisa mabasa akasiana anoitwa nezviremera zvomunzvimbomo, hurumende, uye zvehurumende.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Chinokomberedza Munharaunda

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo(kubatanidza chiverengero, maminisita, mataundikishi, uye maruwa ezvikoro) ndiwo mwero wokutonga kuri pedyosa navanhu. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinooneka nokukurumidza zvikurusa uye zvakananga zvinotapura kunaka kwoupenyu munzanga. Chiremera chehurumende yomunzvimbomo chinobatanidza mabasa anokosha akawanda:

  • Dzidzo: Mabhodhi ezvikoro omunzvimbomo negadziriro dzoruwa zvinova nechiremera chikuru pamusoro pezvidzidzo, vashandi, kuronga bhajeti, uye kugadzirirwa kwenzvimbo nokuda kwezvikoro zveK-12. Ndokuno "ruber inosangana mugwagwa" mudzidzo yavose, sezvo mitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo inowanzoumba manyuko makurusa emari yechikoro.
  • Public Safety:[ Maparekita emapurisa, zviteshi zvokudzima moto, uye mabasa okurapa ekurumidziro (EMS) anowanzotarisirwa pamwero womunzvimbomo. Nguva dzedavidzo, gadziriro dzokudzivirira utsotsi, uye kodi yemwoto zvose zvinosarudzwa nemirao yomunzvimbomo nebhajeti.
  • Indaneti: Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinotarisira kugadziriswa kwemigwagwa yomunzvimbomo, nzira dzomumugwagwa, magetsi emugwagwa, nzvimbo dzokurapirwa tsvina, uye masangano okuronga kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, kusarudza kana munda wava chikoro, nzvimbo inotengerwa zvinhu, kana kuti kukura kwedzimba. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinopesvedzera zvakananga mipimo yezvinhu, mitoo yemotokari, uye magariro enzanga.
  • Madhipatimendi outano omunzvimbomo anotarisira kunzverwa kweresitorendi, kunzvera hosha kwapanhambo nenhambo, uye gadziriro dzepfumbano yenzanga. Kuunganidzwa kwetsvina nemabasa okuenzanisa ndiwo mabasa omunzvimbomowo.

Hurumende: Mutungamiriri Wenharaunda

Hurumende dzinobatira senhevedzano huru dzapamutemo nedzokutonga mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa. dzine chiremera chakafara panharaunda dzisina kupiwa zvakajeka kuhurumende yehurumende yeUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo. Idzi chiremera chinobatanidza kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, mutemo woutsotsi wehurumende, kugadzira mari, uye gadziriro yehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzimene.

  • [[FLT: 0] Dzidzo:[ Madhipatimendi eHurumende edzidzo anogadza mipimo yedzidzo nokuda kwezvikoro zvavose, anotungamirira nzvero dzenyika yose, anodzora rugwaro rwekunyora mudzidzisi, uye anogovera mari kuruwa rwomunzvimbomo. Gadziriro dzedzidzo yakakwirira yehurumende, kubatanidza mayunivhesiti avose nekoreji dzenzanga, zvinodzorwa pamwero uno.
  • Indaneti: Madhipatimendi eHurumende ezvokufambisa (DOT) ane mutoro wokuvaka nokuchengeta migwagwa yehurumende, migwagwa yesendineri, uye mabhiriji zvisati zviri pagadziriro yehurumende. Anokwanisawo kunyoresa motokari, uye mapurisa ehurumende kana kuti mumugwagwa mukuru.
  • Nyika dzinotarisira gadziriro huru dzezvoutano dzakadai seMedicaid neChildren’s Health Inishuwarenzi Program (CHIP). Dzinotarisirawo zvipatara zvehurumende, dzinotarisira marabhoritari outano, uye dzinotarisira garikano yavana navanorera.

Hurumende Yehurumende: Murongi Wenyika neFonkner

Hurumende yehurumende ine mazita amasimba ane chokuita nedziviriro yorudzi, muitiro wokumwe, kutengeserana kwenyika, uye mari. Nepo basa rayo rakananga mumabasa omunzvimbomo ezuva nezuva ringaratidzika kuva rakaganhurirwa, pesvedzero yayo yakakura, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nesimba rayo remari uye mano ayo okugadza mipimo yenyika.

  • Tsamba: Dhipatimendi reDzidzo reU.S. rinogovera mari inokosha kunyika namaruwa(kazhinji kazhinji netsananguro dzakabatanidzwa. Mitemo yakadai seMudzidzi Ari Wose Wekubudirira (ESA) uye Ambuya Yedzidzo Yakaoma Kushanda inoita kuti mipimo chaiyo nedziviriro zvitsinhane ne $5 yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inomanikidzirawo mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo pamusoro perusarura muzvikoro.
  • Indaclactive: Hurumende yehurumende inopa mari yezvitsama zvikuru zvemikwidza yakadai seInterstate Highway System, zvirongwa zvepanomiramira napanhandare yendege kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seFederal Highwa Administration (FWA) neFederal Transit Administration (FTA). Federal inopa ruwaro runowanzofukidza chikamu chikuru chendyiro yezvitengo zvebasa rehurumende, kupesvedzera zvinhu zvinokosha zvomunharaunda. Environmental Protection Agementation Agency yenyika (EPA) inogadza mipimo yenyika nokuda kwemvura yakachena nemhepo izvo hurumende yomunzvimbomo inofanira kushandisa.
  • Rubatsiro ne Emergency Management:[[FLM] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) inobatira pamwe nemhinduro yengwavaira uye inogovera betsero yemari kuhurumende nevomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuvakazve pashure pengwavaira dzomusikirwo. Iri shati rekotsekano yehurumende ndichinhu chinokosha chokusimba kwomunzvimbomo.
“ Ndichimwe chezvinoitika zvinofadza zvegadziriro yomubatanidzwa kuti Hurumende imwe yakashinga, kana vagari vayo vakasarudza, ingabatira serabhoritari; uye edza kuedza kuedza kwemanovhero enzanga neemari pasina ngozi kurutivi rwose rwenyika. — Justice Louis Brandeis

Dzidzo: Kubva Mukirasi Dzemunharaunda Kuenda Kumitemo Yorudzi

Dzidzo inoshanda sefundo ine simba zvikurusa mumugariro wehurumende. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichiita pesvedzero kupfurikidza nokupa mari nedziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo, uye nyika dzinogadza mipimo yakafara ndokuparadzira zviwanikwa, kushanda kwezuva nezuva kwezvikoro kunoramba kuri bhizimisi romunzvimbomo. Ikoku kunotanga gadziriro yakaoma yokuzvidavirira uye kutsigira mari izvo zvinotapura zvakananga miuyo yavadzidzi.

Kukura Kwemabhodhi Echikoro Cheko

Mhiri kweUnited States, inenge 13 000 dare rezvikoro zvinosarudzwa munzvimbomo rine chiremera chakakura pazvikoro zvehurumende. Mabhodhi aya ane mutoro wokugamuchira zvikoro zvechikoro, kutendera mari, kukurukura zvibvumirano zvevadzidzisi, uye kutarisira kuvakwa kwezvikoro. Nemhaka yokuti mari yechikoro inowanzobatanidzwa zvakananga nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, upfumi hwenzanga hunogona kupesvedzera zvikuru kunaka kwezvikoro zvahwo. Ruwa rune mitengo yakakwirira runogona kuparira mari yakawanda nokuda kwezvikoro zvarwo zvine mwero wemitero yakaderera zvikuru, nepo ruwa rurombo rungaparapatika kutsigira kutsigira mabasa makuru kunyange pamwero mukuru zvikuru wemitero. Iyi tsinhirano yakananga pakati pepfuma yomunzvimbomo nedzidzo ndiyo yemigumisiro mikurusa yenyika yehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Mipimo yeHurumende Nokuzvidavirira

Hurumende dzinobatira sesimba rokuenzanisa mudzidzo. Kugadzirisa kusiyana kwemari yemo, masangano akakudziridza nzira dzokutsigira nadzo mari dzakagadzirirwa kuparadzira kuyamura kwehurumende nenzira yakaenzana. Zvikamuwo zvinotanga mipimo yedzidzo yedzidzo (zvakadai seCommon Core State Sound Soundes, inotendwa nehurumende dzakawanda) uye inoita nzvero dzakakodzera kuyera fambiro mberi yavadzidzi. Uku kunzvera kwenyika kunoshandiswa kuchengeta zvikoro namaruwa zvine mutoro wokushanda. Mapasa edzidzo akagadzawo zvinodikanwa nokuda kwokupedza chikoro chapamusoro uye kudzora kupedza kupfumba kwavadzidzisi navatarisiri, kuvamba mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kupota nyika yose.

Basa Rehurumende Mukusasarura Nokuwana

Basa rehurumende yehurumende mudzidzo rinonangidzirwa zvikurukuru pakuenzana, kunzvera, uye tsigiro yakarongwa. Nepo richigovera isati iri 10% yehwerengedzo yemari yeK-12, pesvedzero yaro inobviswa nemhaka yemigariro yakabatanidzwa nemari iyoyo.

  • Umutwe IndiHwokubhadharira: Rutivi rweElementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), musoro Inogovera betsero yemari kuzvikoro zvine nhamba dzakakwirira dzavadzidzi vanobva mumhuri dzinowana mari shoma. Purogiramu iyi yakagadzirirwa kubetsera kuvhara mukaha wedzidzo pakati pamaruwa akapfuma nearombo.
  • Vanhu vane Mitemo yeDzidzo yeUrema Hurema (IDEA): IDEA itsika yehurumende inovimbisa "dzidzo yapachena yakafanira" (FAPE) kuvadzidzi vane urema. Inoraira mabasa chaiwo nedziviriro, kuisa mitoro inokosha yebasa nemari pahurumende napamaruwa ezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo.
  • Chivil Rights Inforcement: Department of Education Office for Civil Rights (OCR) inonzvera nzvero dzorusaruro dzakavakirwa padzinza, vatano (kubatanidza Thit IX), urema, uye zera. Kupindira kweFederal kunogona kusunda chinjo dzemiitiro mumabatirwe ezvikoro vadzidzi.

Fundo Yenhau: Kusaenzana Kwendyiko Yezvikoro Zvavose

Kutsamira pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo kwakatungamirira kunhau refu yemari inopesana. Munhau yechiratidzo San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1773], Dare guru reU.S. rakatonga kuti dzidzo haisiri maruramiro anokosha pasi peBumbiro reMitemo remitemo renyika, zvinobudirira kusiya chikoro zvinonetsa kumatare ehurumende. Iyi mhedziso yakatungamirira kumakumi amakore okutonga mumatare enyika. Mudzimwe matare, kufanana neNew Jersey neCalifornia, matare makurusa anotaura kuti chinjo huru inoraira kutsigira mari pakati pemaruwa. Zvisinei, mumarudzi akawanda, pfuma yetsika yevana inochengeta chinyorwa chakavimbika zvikurusa chomugariro wechikoro chavo. Iyi nhau ino inoratidza sei kudzorwa kwemitemo yemitemo yomunzvimbomo uye kudzorwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo nokuda kwemirioni yamamirioni amamirioni amamirioni.

Dzidzo: Migwagwa, Mabhiriji, uye Magadziriro Anobatana Nesu

Kubva pamugwagwa wemunzvimbo yaunogara uri pamberi pomusha wako kusvika kumugwagwa mukuru unobatanidza nyika, mutoro wokuvaka nokuchengetedza zvinhu izvi unokamuraniswa pakati pemitengo yehurumende. Mamiriro ezvinhu izvi nemari yemari (jeri remari), kuchengeteka, uye nzvimbo yezvokushandira) iratidzirwo yezvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinoitwa pamwero uri wose.

Migwagwa Yemunharaunda Nemashandiro Anobhazinesi

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzine mutoro weyakawanda yemadaro enyika, kubatanidza migwagwa yomunharaunda, migwagwa inounganidza, uye miganhu yomunzvimbomo. Masangano aya anotarisira chinhu chiri chose kubva mukubviswa kwechando nokugadziriswa kwemichero kusvikira kukushandiswa kwemikoto yemotokari nokugadziriswa kwenzira. Madhipatimendi anoshanda anoshandisawo mvura netsvina, kubuda kwemvura, uye nzvimbo dzokurasira. Ruvara rwamabasa aya anotapura zvakananga mitengo yezvinhu, utano hwavanhu vose, uye kunaka kwezuva nezuva kwevagari vemo. Kunonoka mumugwagwa womunzvimbomo kugadziridza basa kana kuti kundika muhoshonga yemvura huru kunogona kurondwa zvakananga kutsaudzira kubhajeko rebhangidzo remari renyika nenzvimbo huru.

Migwagwa Yakakwirira yeHurumende Nemanetwork

Hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru nokuda kwemigwagwa inobatanidza maguta nenharaunda. Hurumende inotarisira mibatanidzwa inowedzera yemigwagwa namabhiriji, kutungamirira kuvakwa, kugadzirirwa, uye kutarisirwa kwemotokari. Dzinoshandisawo gadziriro dzokunyoresa mutyairi nemotokari kupfurikidza neDMV, iyo inogovera mashoko anokosha nokuda kwokuronga kwezvokufambisa. Hurumende dzine mutorowo pakufamba kwakawanda kwemugwagwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwemotokari, kuvimbisa chengeteko pamakwarakata makuru. Mari dzezvokufambisa dzehurumende, dzinotsigirwa nemitero yegasi uye mari yemotokari, dzinodzorwa kutsinhirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvo dzine muuyo wakananga pakubudirira kwemari yomunharaunda yezvokufambisa nokushanda kwemotokari.

Hurumende Yenyika Nenzira Yakakwirira Yepanyika

Basa rehurumende yehurumende mugadziriro dzinoshandiswa rinooneka zvikurusa muInterstate Highway System, mubatanidzwa wamakiromita anopfuura 46 000 uyo wakatenderwa neFederal-Aid Highway Act ye 1956. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari yakawanda zvikuru nokuda kwokuvaka nokugadziriswa kwenzvimbo negadziriro kupfurikidza neHighway Trust Fund, iyo inotsigirwa zvikurukuru nemutero wegasi wehurumende. FWA inogadza mipimo yepurani yemitengidziro yemibatanidzwa, ichivimbisa kuti komuniyumu nerakata yekutyaira yakako inodzivirira nyika. Mutsinhanhanhano yeUnited States, inotaura kuti inamatire kuchengeteko yeko yemagariro, yemhoteredzo, uye miraurongwa. Iyi shambano yeyamuro, apo kutsigira kubhadharwa kwehurumende yehurumende, itsika yehurumende muAmerica.

  • [[FLT: 0] Suwey Trust Fund:[[FLT: 1] Mutoo mukuru wegadziriro yepfuma yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo kuchengeteka kwayo kuchityisidzirwa nokuvandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwepeturu nokukwira kwemitengo.
  • Federal Transit Administration (FTA): Chipo chinopa kumasangano ehurumende neomunzvimbomo nokuda kwegadziriro dzezvokufambisa zvavose, kubatanidza mabhazi, zvitima zvinofamba napasi pevhu, uye njanji yemagetsi.
  • Nationalal Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Anoda masangano ehurumende kuti aone kutapura kwazvinoita zvakapoteredza zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvemarongerwo enzvimbo, muitiro unogona kupesvedzera zvikuru nguva nendyiko.

Fundo Yenhau: Kutapura Kwemari Kunoparirwa Nokuchengeta Nenzira Yakakwirira

Kuvakwa kweInterstate Highway System kunogovera muenzaniso unoshamisa wenzira iyo muitiro wehurumende unogona kuvandudza nayo nzvimbo yeAmerica. Nokubatanidza maguta ari kure nokugonesa kupamba motokari refu, mastate akapfavisa kukura kwemishana, kuderera kwezviteshi zvezvitima zviri mutaundi, uye kukura kwemari yenyika. Pamwero wenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, kuiswa kwemugwagwa mukuru kungasarudza kubudirira kana kuti kukundikana kwemari yetaundi. Nhasi, zvisarudzo pamusoro pokukudza mugwagwa mukuru, kuvaka bhiriji, kana kuti kuisa mari mukufambisa zvinhu zvakashaikwa kwavose zvinoitwa kupfurikidza nokubatanidza upfumi hwenharaunda yomunzvimbomo, uye kutsigira mari, nokuunza zvinhu zvawo zvawo. Mamirire eI-5 kana kuti I-95 zvamakerongwe haangori mugumisiro wakanangana kudzoro mukuru.

mhedziso

Miuyo yemiuyo yehurumende yemwero yehurumende paupenyu hwezuva riri rose yakakura uye yakapararira. Runako rwedzidzo yomwana runosarudzwa nepfuma yenzanga yavo yomunzvimbomo, mipimo inogadzwa nehurumende yavo, uye mirairo yakatengana yehurumende. Kupfava kwemangwana kunodzorwa nokushanda zvakanaka kwedhipatimendi renyika, bhangi renyika, kurongwa kwemari yehurumende, uye mari inogoverwa nesangano reHurumende. Kunzwisisa iyi yakarongwa nehurumende inodzorwa namabasa okudzora kutungamirira vagari vemo kuti vadzore zvakanaka. Kunyunyuta pamusoro pechivako kunoitwa zvakanakisisa kuguta; kutaura pamusoro pemari inoitirwa chikoro kunoendeswa zvakanakisisa kuhurumende; uye kuitirwa hanya pamusoro pekodzero dzedzidzo mudzidzo kwakaisvoko. Kunzwisisa mabasa akasiana, uye kubatana kwezviremera zvehurumende zvomunzvimbomo, uye kufambidzana kwehurumende, kunoitwa nezviremera zvehurumende, zvichigona kusimbisa nzanga dzavo dzinobudirira nokuda kwezviwiriranwa zvakanaka.