Sumo

Rusaruro rwezera rinoramba riri mhinganidzo inopfuurira nokuda kwamamirioni avashandi vakwegura kupota nyika. Pasinei hapo namakumi amakore egadziriro dzapamutemo dzakagadzirirwa kudzivisa zvimiro zvendangariro zvekusaruramisira pazera, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira dzinopfuurira kutarisana nemirangariro yamanomano uye yapamberi inoganhurira mikana yavo yebasa, fambiro mberi yebasa, uye chengeteko yebasa. Dambudziko rekushandira rakakurumidza rinoramba rakadai sebasa uye kuchinja kwemiitiro yetsika, asi iro rinofutunurawo kudzivirira nokuwedzera ganhuriro dzezera razvino. Nyaya iyi inonzvera ganhurira mitemo inokarakadzwa, inonzvera mitoo inobvira, uye inopa miuyo inopa migariro, uye inopa mirangariro inoteverwa neUrball Institute neARP. Zvino, vambi vemitengi vemiteveri vebasa vose vari kusimudzira nokuda kwekugadziridza migariro yazvinovapo.

Rusaruraganda rwezera harusingori pamutemo chete. Rusaruraganda rune migumisiro mikuru yemari, yenzanga, uye yendangariro. Apo nyanzvi dzakwegura dzinobviswa mumabasa kana kuti kunyimwa mikana, makambani anorasikirwa nezivo yesangano, kuva nyanzvi, uye kukoshesa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vashandi vakura vanowanzotarisana nokusachengeteka kwemari, mari yasara, uye kuderera kwemitengo. Kudzivirira kwesimba kungabatsira kuderedza miitiro iyi, asi kana bedzi vakasanogadzirwa, vakamanikidzirwa, uye vachitsigirwa nokuchinja kwetsika. Nyaya ino ino inowana ruzivo rwekunzvera kwazvinongoitika munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvikarakadzo zvemitemo, uye kutsanangura kuti kuchinja kwemitevedzei kugona kusimbisa kudzivirira zera.

Mitemo Yezera Rava Kusarudzwa

MuUnited States, Age Discrimination in Act (ADEA) ya1967 inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane makore 40 navakuru mukurovha, kusimudzirwa, muripo, uye mitemo yebasa. Mitemo yakafanana iripo mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda, yakadai seEsize Act 2010 muUnited Kingdom, General Actal Treatment Act muGermany, uye Act yeNhambo Yokusarura ya2004 muAustralia. Kunyange zvazvo iyi mavambo epamutemo, rusaruro rwezera runoramba rwakapararira. Mukuwirirana nefundo yeNational Bureault of Economic Research, vashandi vane makore anopfuura 50 havawanzogamuchira kudzokerwa nokuda kwemabasa kupfuura vanozoda kutyirwa, kunyange apo zvikwazvo zvavo zvakafanana. U.S.OU.S.Oclitable Com Comment Ostion Komistion (EC) yakawana mhaka dzinopfuura 14 000 mugore 2022 000, kunyange zvazvo zvichimirira zvikamu chaizvoizvo zvezviito zvikuru, zvinonziripo zvavanhu vanotyirwa kutyirwa kutyirwa nokuda kwezvinoitika.

Mumwe mukaha mukuru mumitemo yazvino ndewokuti dziviriro dzakawanda dzinoshanda bedzi kuvashandi vane makore 40 navakuru, dzichisiya vashandi vaduku vari mungozi yetsandanyama yakavakirwa pazera (vanowanzonzi "vakweguru,). Somuenzaniso, vamwe vashandirwi vanotsvaka pachena "vagari vemo vemo kana kuti "vaoni vatsva", vachibvisa zvikumbiro zvachembere. Kuwedzera kwemitengo yemari negadziriro dzebasa dzinotsiva zvakaparira vagari vemo vakawanda vanozvishandira, vakasununguka, uye vashandi vepachikuva vanononoka kunzvera mitemo yetsika yetsika dzetsika. MuU.S., ADEAA nehurumende yakawanda inofukidza bedzi vashandi vane nhamba shomanene yavashandi (vanenge 20 kana kuti kupfuura), kusiya mabhizimisi matsva pasina kutarisirwa. EC anononokawo kudzorwa nokupfuumba kwemari yebasa nokuderera kwemari 2020.

Chimwe chinetso chikuru kubvumikisa rusaruro rwezera mudare. Vashandirwi kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa mipimo inoratidzika kuva isingatori rutivi yakadai se "makwani," "mwero unopesana," kana kuti "technology savvy" tsvet shoo dzinoparirwa nezera. Nemhaka zhinji dzinoguma murutongeso rwoupeto nokuda kwomushandirwi nemhaka yokuti vapangi havagoni kuratidza ufakazi hwakananga hwedonzo rokusairira. Nzvero yakatanhamara yakaitwa neUniversity of California Hasting College of Law yakawana kuti vasaruki vezvo rusaruro vezera vakawana 15% bedzi yenguva, kana vachienzaniswa ne25% yenguva yevatano kana kuti zviitiko zvevatano. Uku kubudirira kunodzivisa vashandi vazhinji vakura kubva mukuronda nomutemo uye kushatapurwa kwomutemo.

Munyika yose, mufananidzo wacho wakavhengana. European Union’s Account Eality Directive inorambidza rusaruro rwezera mumabasa nerovedzo yebasa, asi nyika dziri mitezo dzinorushandisa nenzira yakasiana, kuchitungamirira kukudzivirirwa kwakasiana. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira mazera okurega basa adzo anomanikidzirwa anomanikidzira vashandi vakwegura nenzira inobudirira, nepo dzimwe dzakazviparadza. MuJapan, Act on Reconsoleation of Elder People inokurudzira makambani kudzorera vashandi kusvikira pazera ra70, asi kuchengetwa kunoderera uye vashandirwi vazhinji vanodzivisa mudzimu womutemo kupfurikidza nokupa mibairo yakaderera kana kuti nzvimbo dzinodikanwa zvishoma. Izvi zvinosimbisa chinodikanwa nokuda kwemitezo inowirirana nezvinodzivirira zviri mhiri.

Kuchinja Kwetsika Kunoshuviwa Kuti Dziviriro Dziwedzere

Nemhaka yezvikanganiso izvi, vanogadzira mitemo, masangano ezvouranda akadai seARP neNational Alough Law Project, uye masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai seInternational Labour Organization akakarakadza kuchinja kwemitemo. Pasi apa ndidzo nzvimbo dzinokosha dzokuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe, chimwe nechimwe chine matanho akananga nemienzaniso inobva kunhamburiko dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzemitemo.

Kuwedzera Kuburitswa Kwevashandi Vakawanda

Chimwe chezvikarakadzo zvinogombedzera zvikurusa ndechokutambanudzira dziviriro dzezera kuvashandi vari pasi pe40. Kusarura kwezera kunogona kutapura vashandi vaduku zvikuru (somuenzaniso), mukurovha nokuda kwenzvimbo dzapamusoro uko vashandirwi vangarangarira kuva vaparidzi "vaduku" kana kuti vasina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNew York, dzakatokudza kusarura kwavo kwezera ravo kuti vafukidze vashandi vose. Kumwe kukura kukuru kunobatanidza vashandi vemari inoita kuti vashande. Muna 2023, U.S. Depa reS reS reS ripedzei mutemo wokupedzisira unojekesa boka redzimba dzedzimba dzakazvimirira, asi harisati richinyatsotaura nezvedziviriro kwezera nokuda kwavashandi ivavo. Vatsigiridzi veruwa vanotaura kuti vashandi vakafanirwa nedziviriro savashandi vemagamuchidzanwa, zvikurukuru savashandi vakuru vakuru mukuwedzera basa nokuda kwemari kana kuti maroteve maro. Mitevero yemitemo yehurumende inodzongerwe yehurumende 5 yehurumende inopfuudzo inopfuuresa zvikuru inoda kupfuudzoro yezve nokuda kwevashandi. Asi vanotongedzerwa zvikuru vanotongedzerwazve zvikuru.

Mukuwedzera, mitemo yakawanda yazvino inoregerera vashandirwi vaduku. Somuenzaniso, ADEA inoshanda bedzi kuvashandirwi vane 20 kana kuti kupfuura, nepo Thit VII yeChibvumirano cheChikwata chekodzero dzevagari vemo ichifukidza avo vane 15 kana kuti kupfuura. Kuderedza chikumba ichocho kusvikira ku 5 kana kuti kunyange mushandi mumwe kungavimbisa kuti vashandi vakwegura mumabhizimisi maduku, kutanga, uye makambani emhuri anodzivirirwa. 2022 kubva kuCenter for American Progrestions inofungidzirwa kuti 40% yeU.S. Vashandi vanoshandira namabhizimisi ane vashandi vasingasviki 20, kureva kuti chikamu chikuru chavashandi chinoshaiwa dziviriro yezera rehurumende. Saavo vari muMichigan neNew Jersey, kuratidzira kuti kubhadharwa kwevashandi vaduku vose varipo kuri kutendwa uye kubetsera.

Michina Inosimba Zvikuru

Kunyange mitemo yakanakisisa haishandi pasina kuchengetwa. Kuchinja kwakakarakadzwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura kubatanidza zvirango zvinowedzera nokuda kwokuputsa, zvakadai sokukwidziridza zvirango zvekuparadza zera nokuranga. Mumutemo wehurumende wazvino uno, zvirango zvekutyora ADEA zvinoganhurirwa kudzosa nokuparadza kukuru. Kuchinjazve kunoitwa mumitumbi yanotarisira yakazvimirira. Somuenzaniso, masimba eUnited States anonzvera mamiriro ezvinhu ezera anodzosa mamiriro ezvinhu. SaCalifornia, anotobvumira kuparadzwa kwakaregwa, uko kunogona kushanda sechinodzivisa chakasimba zvikuru. Kugadziriswa kwemimwe kugadziridzwa kwemitumbi yakatanhamara inotsaurirwa kurutswa kwezera. Somuenzaniso, kusarura kweE.

Uyezve, kusimbisa kodzero yapachivande yechiito uye kuderedza mhinganidzo dzedare reboka-act kuchaita kuti zvive nyore kuti vashandi vapikire rusaruro. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reU.S. 2009 mu Gross v. FBL Office Services[[[FLL:1] yakasimudza mutoro wezvibvumikiso zvezvibvumikiso zvevasarudzo zvezera, chinoda kuti zera rive "kave" chisakiso chakashata chakakwirira zvikuru chechinofungwa kuti chishatiswe mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Nyanzvi dzemitemo nemitezo yeDare remitemo yakadangwe rakaita kuti rishandure chisarudzo ichocho, zvakadai sechiteve chiProtechsss Advant Active Const Actal Conctical Act (PUPA), icho chichadzorera kusarura nokusarura mamiriro ezvinhu ezera nemitemo akapesana nemitemo yakatongedzerwa kusarura. Marusarusarudzo dzakapfumisa mamiriro anenge akapfuramisi yevatano.

Kupa Mashoko Nedzidzo

Kuziva kodzero dzomunhu kunokosha kukudzishandisa. Vashandi vakura vakawanda havazivi nezvedziviriro dzavo dzapamutemo, uye vashandirwi vazhinji (zvikurukuru) mabhizimisi maduku haanzwisisi misengwa yavo. Kuchinja kwemitemo kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza gadziriro dzemibato yokuzivisa vanhu, mapurogiramu omushandirwi wokurovedza, uye kukura kwenhungamiro dzakanakisisa. Somuenzaniso, EEOC inopa mari panzvimbo ye EOC pachenget, asi mari yokubetsera kupedza mamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa. Masangano ehurumende akawanda ekodzero dzavanhu akatanga masangano anoitirwa, akadai se "Ageribrictory" anoitwa nenyanzvi dzemistry, izvo zvakabatanidza kushambadza kwenzanga, tibhina, uye zvinhu zvinodhindwa mumitauro mizhinji. Kubhadharwa kwemari nokuda kwemibato yakadaro kugona kuganhurirwa nokuda kwehurumende nyika namasangano omunzvimbomo.

Imwe nzira inovimbisa kubatanidza kuziva kwezera kuva mhatsa huru, equity, uye kuvangidzira. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvirongwa zveDEI zvinonangidzira ngwariro padzinza, kuva murume kana mukadzi, uye vatano, kufuratira zera sorutivi rwemhatsa. Mapoka ezvedzidzo akadai seAARP akagadzira zvishandisi kuti vashandirwi vawane nokuvandudza zera ravo. Fundo 2023 neSosaiti yeHuman Resource Management (SHRM) yakawana kuti masangano ane mapurogiramu emisikatako yetsika dzakasiano akashuma gutsikano yakakwirira zvikuru uye kudzosa pakati pavashandi vanopfuura 50. Mitengo, yakadai sezvikwereti zvechikwereti kana kuti zvirongwa zvezera rokushandira, ingagona kukurudzira kugamuchirwa kwemiitiro yakadaro.

Zviwanikwa zvepamutemo Zvinowanika Netsigiro

Pakupedzisira, gadziriro yemitemo imene inofanira kuva inowanika zvikuru kuvashandi vakura vanosarurwa. Vashandi vazhinji vakwegura havazivi nzira yokutungamirira nayo vashandi mumuitiro wokunyunyuta. Mimwe miganhu, yakadai seGuta reNew York, yakatanga mari yakasununguka nokuda kwamasangano eyamuro epamutemo ayo anotarisana nerusaruro. MuUK, Exficial Advisory communing uye Service inogovera zano rapachena netsigiro yebasa rapachena. Kukura kwemabasa akadaro munyika muU.S kungagona kuva muenzaniso wemitengo yapamutemo yakadai seGuta reNew York, yakaita seguta reYounion, yakatanga makirinikiniki yakasununguka nokuda kwevashandi vanotarisana nerusaruro. MuUK, Exvisocial Adcory coms com.

Chimwe chinjo huru kuderedzwa kwemitemo yemisiano yokurongera nokunyora matanda. Pari zvino, vashandi vanoda kunyora chikwereti cheADEA neEEOC vanofanira kuita kudaro mukati mamazuva 180 okusarura kunofungidzirwa (kana mazuva 300 muhurumende nemiitiro yebasa yakaisvonaka yehurumende). Iyi Window pfupi zvikuru inogona kuva inodenha zvikuru vashandi vakura vangave vachibata nedzvinyiriro yemirangariro nedzemari yekurasikirwa nebasa. Vamwe vatsigiriri vakakarakadza kutambanudza mutemo weganhuriro kumazuva 365, uye mitemo mizhinji yehurumende inotobvumira nhambo refu. Kupfavisa purogiramu yapamutemo nokugovera mirayiridzo yakajeka mumafora anowanika (kunyorwa, zvinyorwa, manzwi, zvichitepfekwa.)

Kubatsira Kunogona Kuvapo Kwokuchinja Zvinhu

Kana zvikaitwa, kuchinja kwemitemo uku kungagona kuparira betsero huru kuvashandi, vashandi vanoshandira, uye mari yakawanda. Pamwero womunhu mumwe nomumwe, dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru dzingabvumira vashandi vakwegura kuramba vari mumabasa kwenguva refu kana vasarudza, kuchigovera kuchengeteka kwavo kwemari uye kuva negarika zvakanaka. Nzvero kubva kuUrban Institute inoratidza kuti vashandi vanogona kuramba vachishanda pazera rapfuura 65 vane mari inotambirwa pamudyandigere yakakwirira uye mwero wakaderera weurombo. Kubva kukambani, muvhenganiswa wezera wakasiyana - siyana unounza mativi, zvinetso zviri nani, uye kuva mutungamiriri wemikana. 2020 vanodzidza neWorld Economicern Forum vakaona kuti makambani ane makore anopfuura 65 ane puro yemari uye matsva. Kuderedza zera, makambani anogona kuderedza kuderera mamiriro emisi yetsika, kuderedza kuderera mutengo, uye kuvandudza mutengo mushandi.

Pamwero wemari, ganhuriro dzezera rakasimba dzinogona kubetsera kupedza perevedzo dzebasa mumaindasitiri akawanda. Sezvo vapfumi vavana vanorega basa, upfumi hunotarisana nokurasikirwa navashandi vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Bureau of Labor Statistics yeU. panosvika 2030, vashandi vane makore 55 navakuru vachaumba 25% yevashandi. Kana vashandi ivavo vachidzingwa nemhaka yetsarudzo yebasa, kana kuti kana vakabva nokuzvidira nokuda kwemigariro yebasa yakaderera, mari inorasikirwa nedzimbahwe rinokosha ravanhu. Mushumo weOECD unofungidzira kuti kubvisa rusaruro rwezera kupfurikidza na 2% yavashandi munyika dzakati. Kana vashandi vakura vachipa govera makore anobereka zvibereko zvikuru uye vanoshandisa zvishoma mukutumira vanhu vose. Ikoku zvikurukuru kunowirirana nenyika dzakawanda dzinokwegura uye dzvinyiriro yavanhu.

Kupfuurirazve, chinjo dzemiitiro idzo dzinobatanidza dzidzo nemativi okurovedza dzinogona kubetsera kuderedza kunyadziswa pavashandi vakwegura uye kusimudzira batira pamwe. Kana vashandi vemazera ose vachishanda pamwe chete zvinobudirira, kuvandudzika, uye rwisano yebasa ingaderera. Mamwe makambani akatogamuchira miitiro yezera rakaenzana, yakadai serokuronga kuchinjika, zvisarudzo zvokurega basa zvakarongwa, uye kudzongonyedza kutungamirira mapurogiramu uko vashandi vaduku navakuru vanochinjana. Miitiro iyi, kana yakachinjwa mumapurogiramu ehurumende, ingagona kuva inogamuchirwa.

Matambudziko uye Kufunga Kwavanoita

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzakajeka, chinjo dzemitemo dzinotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka uye dzinoda kusanongwarira. Chinonyanyofunga chinhu chingabvira nokuda kwendyiko dzinowedzerwa nokuremekedzerwa kwevashandirwi, zvikurukuru mabhizimisi maduku. Kutsvaka kunyorwa kune udzame, kurovedzwa kwapari kunofanira kuva kunodhura, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvitsva zvokushuma kungagona kudzivirira mitengo iyi pamibayiro inokarirwa. Chinopa mhinduro ndeyokugovera kugadzirwa kwemitero, kukweretengo, kana kuti betsero yemitero yavashandi vaduku. Chimwe chinetso ingozi yokusatarisirwa migumisiro. Somuenzaniso, kudzivirira kusingadzorwi pamudyandigere webasa kungagona kudzivisa kuzorodza mabasa avo kana kuti kuita mabanza nokuda kwavashandi vaduku. Zvisinei, ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti kugovera nhambo yezera nemari inowirirana apo inodzorwa zvakanaka. Mapuliclective anovimbisa kuti vadzirinde kusarura pasina kusarura.

Kusasarura kwezvamatongerwe enyika ndichimwe chiteshi. Kuwedzera, rusaruro rwezera kazhinji kazhinji runoonekwa sechinokurumidzisa kupfuura mamwe marudzi orusaruro, uye vashandi vakura vazhinji havana kurongwa seboka rokuvhota. Kundikano yePOWADA yokupfuudza pasinei zvapo netsigiro yebhiparti inoratidzira chinetso chokufambisira mitemo yakadaro mberi. Kupfuurirazve, vamwe vashandi namapoka amaindasitiri vanopikisa kuti mitemo yazvino yakakwana yakakwana uye kuti murairo wokuwedzera ungakuvadza makwikwikwi. Kukurira kushora, vatsigiriri vanofanira kusimbisa nhau yebhizimisi nokuda kwemhindu nemhindu. Vanofanira kusimbisawo kuti rusaruro rwezera haruvadziko bedzi asi vakuru uye vapfumiriro yemari seyose.

Kurangarira kumwe kubatana pakati pedziviriro dzezera nemitemo, zvakadai sezera rokurega basa, chengeteko yenzanga, uye mitemo yomudyandigere. Mune dzimwe nyika, kukwidza zera rokurega basa kana kuti kuderedza mibayiro yepenjeni kungagona kuwedzera dzvinyiriro pavashandi vakwegura kuti varambe vari mumabasa umo vanotarisana netsamwiso. Kuchinja kunofanira kubatanidzwa mumabasa, penjeni, uye gadziriro dzegarikano dzenzanga kuti dzive dzinoshanda zvakanaka. Kuwedzerazve, miitiro yokutarisira inofanira kutsigirwa nemari; kana kupesana, kodzero itsva dzicharamba dziripo. Mushumo wadudzwa pakuvamba unonzi GAO unonzi wekuroshinga yezve rusaruro rwezera rakanga richikura, uye mitoro isina zvitsauko zvokuwedzera ingawedzera mamiriro ezvinhu.

Pakupedzisira, pane denho yokubvumikisa rusaruro rwezera muminharire, mabasa azvino uno umo rusaruro rungava rwakava rusingangwariri uye rusingazivikanwi. Chinjo dzemitemo dzakadai segadziriro yakavhengana yemiitiro nokushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kwoufakazi hwemishumo zvingabetsera, asi idzo dzingazarurawo suo kumhosva dzisina maturo. Kudzikamisa kusvika kururamisiro nokudikanwa kwokudzivisa kunyanyova nerondedzero ibasa rakaoma. Mamwe masangano akaedza miitiro yokusarudza yakasiana nekurukurirano, yakadai sechirevoreko kana kuti kunzvera, asi izvozvi zvinofanira kuvakirwa kuvimbisa kururama uye kusangoderedza zvapanwa.

mhedziso

Rusaruraganda rwezera chinetso chinopfuurira uye chinokuvadza chinoderedza chiremera nechengeteko yemari yavashandi munyika yose. Nepo mitemo iripo ichigovera fandesheni, haikwanisi kugadzirisa mamiriro ebasa akachinja uye zvimiro zvemavakirwo ezera zvakavanzika. Chinjo dzemiitiro inokurukurwa munyaya ino. Kupfuudzira, kusimbisa, kusimbisa, kutsigira pamutemo uye kuvandudza kutsigira kwepamutemo kwevashande. Zvikamu zvenguva ino zvinodzivirira mamiriro ebasa anokosha zvechokwadi, unyanzvi, uye maonero ebasa ose. Kubudirira kwevavariro iyi kuchada nhamburiko dzinobva kuva vagadziri vemitemo, vashandisi, uye vatsigiri vezvokutsigira. Zvipo zvacho zvinobatsira zvikuru mukutengesa mabasa ose emisika, asi zvisingangori nyore. Kuwedzera kwematalendiro, uye kunobva mukurukurirano kwemarudzi ose, kunobva pakutsigira mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti pave nounyanzvi.