Basa Rokuongorora Mitemo Yokuchinja Zvisarudzo

Nzvero yetsika haisati iri muitiro wedzidzo bedzi asi mutoo wehwaro unoita kuti mitemo ibudirire uye inozvidavirira. Apo masangano emitemo ezvokugadzira zvinhu, ari kuita nyuna pamusoro penzira iyo kupindira kwakapiwa kuchachinja nayo mufambiro, kugovera zviwanikwa, kana kuti kupedza chinetso chenzanga. Pasina kunzvera kwakarongwa, mabhethi iwayo anoramba ari mapofu. Muitiro wokuongorora mitemo pashure pokuita zvinhu unogovera ufakazi hwechokwadi pamusoro pechakaitika chaizvoizvo, kuchiagonesa kuchenesa, mwero, kana kuti kurega kusvika kuanokundikana kupa miuyo inotadza kupa miuyo inoshanda. Chitendiso ichi chinokosha nokuda kwedemo yedevhiri inodzo inodzorwa nokuchenjera uye uko zvitendwa navanhu vose kunofanira kupfuurira kupfurikidza nemigumisiro inojeka.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti muitiro unopesvedzera sei zvisarudzo zvemitemo yomutemo zvenguva yemberi, kubva pahwaro hwengano kusvika kunzvero dzenhau chaidzoidzo dzinobuda. Inotaura kuti kuyera kunofanira kusimbiswa mumuitiro womutemo kubva pakutanga, kwete kupfuudzirwa pashure pokunge muitiro watodzika midzi.

Fandesheni Yedzidziso: Kuita Mitemo Inotsigirwa Nouchapupu

Kusimbisa kwazvino uno pakunzvera kwomuitiro kunokura kubva pamusangano wakafara kukuita gadziriro yakavakirwa paufakazi (EBPM). EBPM inorangarira kuti zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuziviswa nemitauro yakakomba nenzvero panzvimbo pepfungwa, uzivi hwezvokuyera, kana kuti mirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pfungwa huru yakananga: vasati vaita mutemo mutsva kana kuti kukudza purogiramu iripo, vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kunzvera izvo ufakazi hunotaura pamusoro pekupindira kwakafanana. Pashure pokunge murairo wavapo, vanofanira kuyera tapuro yawo chaiyoiyo muvavariro dzawo.

Mienzaniso miviri yakanaka yokugadzira mitemo inoratidza kuti nei tichifanira kuongorora zvinhu:

  • Modelo yeImba yeMari yeMari: Ipfungwa kuti vagadziri vemiitiro vanogona kuziva nharidzano dzakajeka, vanorangarira dzimwe nzira dzose, kusarudza yakanakisisa, uye ipapo yera miuyo pasina donzo. Zvomenemene, uyu mufananidzo hauwanzosvikwa nemhaka yenguva yakaganhurirwa, mashoko, uye simba rokuziva. Kuyera kunobetsera kufungidzira kupfurikidza nokudyisa mashoko chaiwoiwo okuita basa.
  • SHIRIDYO (Rindblom’s “kufamba mu”): inorondedzera kuita nhevedzano yegadziridzo dzvuruso kubva pamugariro. Uhwuru hunobatira pano somutoo unotungamirira, unoratidza kuti ndichinjoi yemubatanidzwa yakashanda uye isina, kubvumira kugadziridzwa kunotevedzana.

Vashandi vose vari vaviri vanoguma vavimba nemhinduro kubva pakuongorora kuti vavandudze zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi. Pasina izvozvo, muitiro wacho unoramba uchingoitwa zvokufungidzira.

Nei Kuongorora Mitemo Kuchikosha Nokuda Kwemitemo

Mitumbi inoshanda mumitemo yakaganhurirwa: nguva yepurogiramu yakaganhurirwa, zvinotanga zvinokwikwidzana, uye dzvinyiriro huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupesana neiyi nhambo, kuyera kunopa betsero dzekongiri dzinoverengeka:

  • Kubhadharwa kwemari: Vabhadhari veMitero navakuru vakafanirwa nokuziva kana mutemo waita zvinangwa zvawo zvakatarwa. Mishumo yenzvero inoita chinyorwa chebasa rinogona kushandiswa mukutongwa uye kurukurirano dzemari.
  • Revisetion Iconficiation: Hurumende hadziwanzova netsananguro dzisina kuganhurirwa. Kunzvera kunozivisa gadziriro dzinopa mhindu dzakakwirira padhora rinoshandiswa naidzo dzinofanira kubviswa kana kuti kuparadzwazve.
  • Kudzidza: Nokufamba kwenguva, kunzvera kwenguva dzose kunovaka zivo yesangano mukati memibatanidzwa yamasangano. Vaiti vemitemo vanogona kushandisa raibhurari yemiuyo yekare pakugadzira zvikwereti zvitsva, vachidzivisa zvikanganiso zvinodzokororwa.
  • Trust: Apo vagari vemo vanoona kuti mitemo inodzokororwa ndokuvandudzwa pahwaro, chivimbo muhurumende chinokwira. Kuoneka pamitoo yokunzvera uye zviwanwa zvinoderedza kusada kutendeka.

Marudzi Nemitoo Yokunzvera Miitiro

Kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana dzokuongorora kunobatsira vaiti vemitemo kusarudza chishandiso chakakodzera pamamiriro ezvinhu ose.

Kuongorora kwokupeta

Nzvero yemitero inoyera [ inooneka mukati megadziriro yemiitiro kana kuti kuitwa kwapakuvamba. Inoedza fundo dzevatyairi vendege, inounganidza wirirano, uye inonatsa miitiro isati yazara. Somuenzaniso, chikuva chitsva chemitero yemitauro chingawana purofitisc reconficial restuation kuti izivikanwe nhau dzinoshanda. Kuyera kwemipimo [, pane rumwe rutivi, kunoitika pashure pokupedzisa. Kubvunza kuti: Ko muitiro wacho wakaparira chinjo dzakatemwarirwa here? Chinjo idzodzo dzakava huru sei? Chikwa chaparo cheAfford Kirecuro chakanga chiri nhau yokupfupikisa kupfupikisa kwakawanda uko kuziviswa gare gare gare gare.

Kugadzirwa, Kutapura, uye Kunzvera Kunoparira Ndyiko

  • Nzvero yePromotion: Nzvera kana muitiro wakagadzirwa sewakarongwa. Kana purogiramu yokurovedza basa yakaratidza miuyo yakashata, kunzvera kwaizonzvera kana rovedzo yakapiwa zvomenemene, kunaani, uye kutendekai. Ikoku kunobetsera kusiyanisa pakati pekundikano yemiitiro nekundikano.
  • Nzvero inoshanda: Inoshandisa kuedza kana kuti quasi-experrith mitoo (miedzo inodzorwa, musiyano-musiyano, kudzokororwa) kuparadzanisa muuyo wemiitiro. Somuenzaniso, funganyo dzemibayiro inowedzera mwero wemipimo yemibato yakakwirira kuyera miuyo pabasa nemari inotambirwa. Urban Institute inochengeta muunganidzwa mukuru wefundo dzakadaro.
  • Kushanda kwemari nendyiko yemari : Kuenzanisa ndyiko dzemari dzemiitiro nemiuyo yayo, kazhinji kazhinji mumashoko asina basa (g. makore oupenyu akaponeswa, utsotsi hwakaderedzwa). Iyi rondedzero inokosha nokuda kwemisika yemari yemari.

Kuwedzera, Kuwedzera, uye Nzira Dzakavhengana

Nzvero dzakanaka kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza mitoo. Mazita eQuantive (majeri, marekodhi ezvokudzora, zviratidzo zvemari) anopa simba renhamba nejenamari. Majekiseni anoisa panzvimbo yazvo (mazita, mapoka akatanhamara, kuongorora) anofukura nzira dzemipimo, mashoko akapoteredza, uye miuyo isingakanwi. Kuyera kwemivhenganiswa kwakapararira zvikuru nemhaka yokuti zvinopa zvose zviri zviviri kufara nokudzika.

Zvinetso Zvokuita Pakuongorora Kunobatsira

Kuziva kuti zvinhu izvi zvinonetsa kunobatsira vagadziri vemitemo kuti vaone kuti mitemo yacho ndeyechokwadi uye inogona kuitwa.

Kushanda Kwezvinyorwa uye Kuva Nazvo

Pasina mashoko akavimbika nemipimo yemiuyo inotsamira pamunhu, nyumwiro haibviri. Mitemo yakawanda inopfuudzwa pasina kuonesa kuti imashokoi anofanira kuunganidzwa kana kuti achaitwa sei kuti asvike. Nhau dzemhiko, gadziriro dzamashoko dzakakamukana, uye gadziriro dzechinyakare zvinogona kuwedzera kuoma nhau. Mabudiro anogona kukurukura ikoku kupfurikidza nokuunganidzwa kwemashoko mumutauro wemutauro wemutauro wapakuvamba, achibatanidza kuti masangano anofanira kubudisa mashoko echiNgezi mukati mechikamu chenguva chine mufungo.

Kuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokukanganisa Kwenguva Dzakaoma

Vakuru vakuru vanongwarirwa vangaramba kunzvera kungavanyadzisa kana kuti kupa simba vashori. Purogiramu yakakurumbira nevokubatira pamwe ingadzivirirwa pakunzverwa, kunyange kana ufakazi hukaratidza kuti hahushandi. Uyezve, kutenderera kwemitemo kunowanzoiswa zvisakafanira nenzvero. Kuyera kwamakore mashanu kungasvika pashure pokunge vaiti vemitemo vapfuudza bhiridha repakuvamba vabva pahofisi kana kuti vapfuurira. Kupesana neizvi, kugadzira mitemo kunogona kubatanidza gadziriro dzokunyura kwezuva dzinoda kunyorwazve pashure pokunge vapa chinyorwa.

Kudya Kwakawanda Kwazvo Nokugovera

Kubvisa migumisiro yetsika yacho kunoda kudzorwa nemitemo yemaoresa kana kuti zvirongwa zvemapurogiramu zvemasangano zvakasiyana - siyana, izvo zvisingawanzoitiki. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuva nechokwadi pamusoro pezvingaongororwa uye kudzivisa kukarira mhinduro dziri nyore dzinobva mumapurogiramu akaoma kunzwisisa.

Mazano Okushandisa Mari

Kunzvera kukuru kunodhura uye kunopa nguva. Masangano maduku kana kuti masangano ehurumende ane mari yakaganhurirwa angashaiwa unyanzvi kana kuti mari yokuronga fundo dzakakwirira. Gadziriro dzokunzvera dzakaisvonaka namayunivhesiti, masangano okunzvera asina kuparati (se Hofisi yeMasako kana kuti mahofisi ehurumende okuongorora emitemo ehurumende), uye zvisarudzo zvemipiro zvinogona kubetsera kukudza kuyera mari.

Nzvero Dzenhau: Kuumba Kwakaita Mutemo Wakatevera

Mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo inoratidzira simba chairoiro rekuyera mutemo panzvimbo dzemitemo.

Vaiwana Mutero Wavaiwana (Eitc)

EITC yehurumende yeUnited States yakasanorangarirwa zvikuru chifo chayo chamavambo muna 1975. Nzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti inowedzera kutora rutivi kwevashandi pakati pavanamai vasina kuroorwa uye inoderedza urombo, nendyiko duku zvikuru dziri pamitengo miduku. Izvi zviwanwa zvakanaka zvakatungamirira kukuwedzerwa kwakawanda pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende. Mukupesana, kurangarirwa kweServer Consolation for Fary Families (TANF) kwakaratidza miuyo yakavhenganiswa, inosunda mamwe masangano kuedza navanoderedza mari nemitemo yokutsigira basa. Musimudzi wemiteve pazvose zviri zviviri bhariti yeIT neProrio yePS ETC miuyo yemitemo nechinjo.

Mitemo Mitatu Yakaoma uye Kutsigira Kuchinja

“ Kupambwa kwemirayiro mitatu”, yakaitwa muna 1994, yakaraira mitongo mirefu nokuda kwavapari vemhosva vanodzokororwa. Pakasvika ma 2000, kunzvera kwakaratidza kuti mutemo wakanga wavhara zvisingachinjiki vapari vemhosva vasina masimba masimba, waideredza zvikuru mabhiriyoni, uye hauna kuderedza utsotsi kana uchienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakavaka simba rokuchinja, zvichitungamirira ku 2012 Proposition 36, iyo yakaderedza kushandiswa kwomutemo. Kuchinjawo kwakafanana kwakaitika mune dzimwe nyika, kuchinja mitoo yokushandisa uchapupu yakavakirwa pazviri mumatare emirimo nepurogiramu dzezve.

Kugadziridza Inishuwarenzi Yourovha

Mukati medenda reCHOVAD-19, maruwa akawanda akabatanidza inishuwarenzi yourovha (UI) nebetsero dzechinguvana. Nzvero dzinoitwa nenyanzvi neBato reBasa reU.S. dzakazivisa kuti mutooi unochinja wakadai sokugamuchira siginicha dzemagetsi uye mibhadharo inoshanda. Yakaderedza kunonoka uye mwero wezvikanganiso. Kubvira panguva iyoyo nyika dzakaita chinjo idzodzo zechigarire kupfurikidza nechiito chemitemo. OECD yakafunda idzi rovedzo nokuda kwekushanda mune dzimwe nyika.

Kuedzwa Kwakafanira Nekuzvidavirira

Child No Lend Behind Act (NCLB) cha2001 chakarayirwa kuti chiitwe chirango chegore negore chezvikoro zvinoshanda zvishoma. Kuongorora kwakapfupikisa mumakore gumi akatevera kwakawana kuti nepo mamwe mapoka akabudirira munhamba, mutemo waikurudzira kudzidzisa kumiedzo, zvikamu zvechikoro zvakaganhurirwa, uye zvakabudisa mwero yakakwirira pakati pavadzidzi vaitamburira. Kuongorora ikoko kwakazivisa Redfieds Act (ESA) ye 2015, iyo yakadzoserazve kuchinja kuti izivise uye yakasimbisa zviito zvakawanda zvokushanda kwechikoro panzvimbo pokuedza maredhi.

Kuongorora Muitiro Wokudzika Mitemo

Kuti vawedzere simba ravo, vagadziri vemitemo vanogona kuongorora basa ravo vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokunzvera Pamberi Pegwara

Mari isati yatangwa, inoda gadziriro yokunzvera yokutanga inojekesa: (1) Office yeAccounting (GAO) [GALT], inotogovera kunzvera kusava nedivi ramashoko pazvinoguma zvaitika, uye (3) nguva yokubudisa mushumo. Dzimwe matare emitemo, kufanana ne U.S. Office yeAccounting Accounting (GAO)[FLT]], inotogovera kunzvera kusingatori rutivi pakukumbira. Kukudza mipimo yehofisi yakadaro kunovimbisa kuti zviyereko zvinowirirana uye zvinokodzera panguva yakafanira.

Kupisa Kwezuva uye Kuhwirudzura Nguva

Nyika dzakawanda dzine zvirongwa zvokunyungudutsa zuva zvinongonyungudutsa masangano kana kuti mapurogiramu kutoti kana mutemi wemitemo achianyorazve pahwaro hwebasa. Somuenzaniso, Texas inoshandisa Sunset Advisory Commission kuyera masangano ehurumende makore gumi namaviri ari ose. Ikoku kunoparira kuyera kwakavakirwa uye sunda ngwariro yemitemo panzvimbo pezviito.

Kubatanidzwa Nokuongorora Kwokutora Rutivi

Nzvero inova inotendwa zvikuru apo inobatanidza mifungo yaavo vanotapurwa negadziriro. Kunzvera kwokubatanidzwa kunobatanidza vanobetserwa, vashandi vapamberi penzvimbo, uye masangano enzanga mukurondedzera budiriro nokududzira zviwanwa. Iyi nzira inogona kubudisa miuyo isingakanwi nechokwazvo. Yakadai semitoro yehurumende inodzivisa vagamuchiri vanofanirwa nedanho rapamusoro ringapotsa.

Kurovedza Vashandi Vapamutemo Pakushandiswa Kwoufakazi

Vashandi vedare uye yamuro dzemitemo kazhinji kazhinji ndivo vanogaya mishumo yevagadziri vemitemo. Kuvarovedza mugadziriro yokunzvera huru, kunyora mashoko, uye kutsoropodza kunzvera kunovandudza kunaka kwokurangarira kwomutemo. Masangano anoverengeka, kubatanidza National Conference of State Legislatures, anopa masuo nemichina yezvokugadzira ufakazi.

Miitiro Inowedzera Pakuongorora Mitemo

Basa rokuongorora mitemo riri kukurumidza kupera, richikonzerwa nokufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye kuchinja kwezvinotarisirwa.

Mubatanidzwa Mukuru, Kudzidza Michina, uye Kuongorora Nguva Chaiyo

Mitemo inodzora inobva mumitero, zvikarakadzo zvebetsero, marekodhi ezvoutano, uye gadziriro dzehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvino zvinogona kubatanidzwa pamwero mumwe nomumwe, zvichibvumira nokuda kwenzvero dzapanguva neyokushanda. Maatomu emichina anogona kuziva mitoo ndokudeya kutaura miuyo, kunyange zvazvo achimutsawo funganyo pamusoro pecherekedzo nokujeka. Mabhodhi echekedzo enguva chaiyoiyo echikaro chenguva chazvo nezvino zvinoshandiswa munyika dzinoverengeka nokuda kwemhinduro yepfupikicha yedavara. "octedromplects tram tration trations religimes resition traptions pane kumirira makore okupedzisira nokuda kwomushumo.

Kubatanidzwa uye Kuongorora Kwakarurama

Kune kuzivikanwa kuri kuwedzera kwokuti mitoo yokunzvera yamagamuchidzanwa ingafuratira kusaenzana kuripo kana kuti kusimbisa kusaenzana kuripo. Mavara matsva okusasarura kupfurikidza nokubvisa miuyo kupfurikidza nedzinza, mari, chirume, uye nzvimbo inogarwa, uye kupfurikidza nokupa nzanga inzwi mukuronga mibvunzo. Uban Institute’s equity-center resss rescreenation translate inoratidzira iyi kombano.

Kutengesa Kwamarudzi Ose Nokudzidza Muchinjikwa

Vatongi vanotarira nenzira inowedzera kuzvinoitika zvedzimwe nyika pakunyora mitemo. Saingano seOECD neWorld Bank dzinobudisa nzvero dzakafanana dzemiitiro munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, utano, mutero, uye mirau yemhoteredzo. Idzi manyuko dzinoyambuka dzamarudzi ose dzinobetsera vagadziri vemitemo kuyera kana mutemo ungashanda mumashoko avo amene akapoteredza usati washandisa mukunzvera kwakazara kwemhuri.

Nzwisiso Yomufambiro Nenzira Dzokuedza

Madhindindi edhayi namapoka esayenzi etsika (zvakadai seUK’Studies of Stupical Team) anoitisa mirangariro yokukurumidza yechinjo duku dzemiitiro, zvakadai setsamba dzakagadzirirwa kuderedza kusazvibata kwemitero kana kuti zvimiro zvakapfavisa kuwedzera kunyoresa kwepurogiramu. Uku kuedza kwemabhizimisi akaderera kunogona kuiswa mumutemo wakazara kana miuyo yakanaka, kugadzira pombi yakananga kubva kuuremu hwemitemo.

Kupedzisa: Kuva Netsika Yokuongorora

Kunzvera kwemitemo hausi mubato wemiitiro unoda kubviswa kudzidzo uye kufuratirwa navezvamatongerwe enyika. Ndiyo mutoo mukuru wemhinduro unobvumira mitumbi yemitemo kudzidza, kuchinjira, uye kudzora nenzira inobudirira. Apo nzvero inorongedzerwa mumuitiro wemitemo kubvira pakuvamba, inoparira nzwisiso dzinoshanda dzinozivisa zvisarudzo zvinotevera izvo zvinoreva kukudza mutyairi wendege anobudirira, kugadzira mubato wakashata, kana kuti kugumisa purogiramu yave isingashandiswi.

Zvinetso zvemashoko, zvematongerwe enyika, uye pfuma ndezvechokwadi asi hazvikundikani. Nokushandisa mari mukuongorora mahofisi, kuunganidza mashoko, vashandi vokurovedza, uye kugamuchira mitoo mitsva yakadai sokuongorora nguva chaiyo uye kuongorora, matare okugadza mitemo yokutenda kuti aite mitemo paufakazi. Nguva yemberi yokudzora kunobudirira inotsamira pairi.