Yakasimbiswa pana July 9, 1868, Ivhu reMitemo rechigumi namana kuUnited States zvichida injo hurusa inowirirana yati yambowedzerwa kurugwaro rwokuvamba. Yakagadziridza zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, inobatanidza nheyo dzougaro hwenyika, uenzani, uye ruramisiro mumutemo weAmerica. Nepo rwendo rwayo rwave rwakazara nerwisano, kududzira, uye kurukurirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika, Idmineth Amendment inoramba iri chishandiso chikuru chebumbiro remitemo kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu uye kuvimbisa ruramisiro yakaenzana. Iyi nzvero inopa kunzvera kwakajekadza kujeka kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza neiyi nhevedzano kwemitemo yeAmerica.

Nhau Dzakapoteredza: Neiko Amendeji Yechigumi Negumi Yaidikanwa?

Muuyo wapakarepo weHondo yavagari vemo wakasiya United States iri mumugariro wenjodzi huru. Nepo Amendeji ye 13th yakanga yabvisa uranda muna 1865, nyika dzokuMaodzanyemba dzakakurumidza kuita "Traudzo Dzechitema" dzakarongedzerwa zvakakomba kuganhurira rusununguko nekodzero zvavaAmerica vakanga vachangobva kusunungurwa. Iyi mitemo yakaisa ganhuriro dzakakasharara pahuvari hwezvinhu, kodzero dzebvumirano, uye kufamba, nenzira inobudirira kuparira gadziriro yakatenderwa yebasa rokumanikidzirwa uye yorumwe rudzi.

Mumhinduro, Radical Republican Republican Congress yakapfuudza Chibvumirano cheChikomberedzo chaCivil Rights cha1866, icho chakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekerwa muUnited States (kupfura vaIndia vokuAmerica) vaiva vagari vemo uye vane maruramiro akaenzana. Purezidhendi Andrew Johnson akatonga chiito, achichipfura chirevo chehurumende. Nepo Congress yakabudirira kudarika chigaro chehurumende. Pamutemo weChibvumirano chakanga chagadzirirwa maruramiro emitemo uye chigadziko chechinguvana chemitemo yakaita kuti vasaite chiito. Vaitsvaka kuisa nheyo idzi zvechigarire kupfuura mhepo dzezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokuvaisa mubumbiro remitemo yavanhu. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri kugadzirirwa kukuru kukodzero dzenyika, muganhu wehurumende, uye kugadziridzakanaka rezvinoreva kuva chigaro chenguva pfupi.

Kuputsika Kwe Amendeji Kuchikamu Nechikamu

Mutezo weKinaith Amendment wakaumbwa nezvikamu zvishanu zvakasiyana, kunyange zvazvo Chikamu 1 chine gadziriro dzinogaropiwa uye dzinozivikanwa zvikuru. chikamu chimwe nechimwe chakaitwa nokungwarira kuti chigadzirirwe kupedza kundikano dzakati dzoBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba nenjodzi dzapakarepo dzeReconstation.

Chikamu 1: Kuva mugari womunyika, Kufambira Mberi, uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Chikamu 1 chine zvikamu zvitatu zvemashoko zvinoumba mutemo wemitemo wazvino uno.Mutauro wacho wakafara, uchikoka zvizvarwa zvavatongi, magweta, uye vagari vemo kuti vakakavadzane revo yawo chaiyoiyo.

Kunzi Claus Mugari Wemo

Chisarudzo chougarika chakatonga zvakajeka Dare rapamusoro renhau rakakurumbira zvikuru Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857] chisarudzo, icho chakanga chaita kuti vagari veAmerica veAfrica vasatongogona kuva vagari veUnited States. Chikamu chinogadza mutemo wakajeka, wakaenzana:
[[FLT]] [[FLT]]]] [vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States, uye vadzori voumambo hwavo, vagari veAmerica vagari veUnited States neHurumende umo vanogara.[[3][FLT] [5] iyi gadziriro yakagadzwa kuva mugari wemo wemo worudzi rwaAmerica nomutemo nokuda kwezana ramakore. [4]

Maitiro Akakodzera aClaus

Bhuku rinonzi The Status Procession Claus rinorambidza rinoti kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina mutemo wakafanira. Mashoko aya anoratidzika kuva ari nyore ane tsananguro mbiri dzakasiana uye dzine simba.

Zvinoreva kuti dare rinofanira kutongwa zvakanaka, uye kodzero yokupa uchapupu. Somuenzaniso, nyika isati yabvisa kodzero dzomubereki dzokuva muchengeti, kudzima imba yavose, kana kuti kubvisa raisensi yebasa rehurumende, inofanira kugovera dziviriro dzakakwana. Zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvinosiyana pazvakaita mufariro padanda uye njodzi yokurasikirwa nemhosva.

SAUBTSTIVATIC Act idzidziso inomutsa nharo zvikuru. Inotaura kuti dzimwe maruramiro makuru akadzika midzi zvikuru munhau yenyika namagamuchidzanwa erusununguko zvokuti hurumende haigoni kudzongonyedza, pasinei zvapo nokuti muitiro wacho wakanaka sei. Iyi ndima yakashandiswa neDare Rapamusoro kuputsa mitemo inodzoka nenzira yamaune, kubatanidza maruramiro okuroora, maruramiro okushandisa kudzivirira pamuviri, uye maruramiro okukwidziridza vana. Kushandiswa kweBill yekodzero kunyika, kunozivikanwa sedzidziso, inosimudzirwawo muMutengo weChiteshiwa chaClausska cha1449, sokudzivirira kwaroro re "betform" kunoitwa nemitemo inokosha.

Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Zvichida chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa nokuda kweruramisiro yenzanga, Aumetic Protection Claus inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "ramba kumunhu upi noupi mukati moudzori hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo." Hunongova hufakazi hwebumbiro remitemo hwechipikirwa chokuti mutemo unofanira kubata vanhu vose noruremekedzo rwakaenzana uye kuti hurumende haigoni kuisa mitsetse inoparadzanisa vanhu mumapoka nokuda kwokubatwa kusina kuenzana.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakatanga gadziriro yokunzvera yakatevedzana yokuyera mitemo yakapomerwa pasi peAct Protection Claus:

  • Scrutiny: Yakashandiswa kugovera zvakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti maruramiro makuru. Muiyi mirau inofungidzirwa kuva isina kuva mutezo kutoti hurumende ingagona kubvumikisa kuti yakagadzirirwa kubatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende. Iyi divi rakabuda muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne brown v. Board yeDzidzo (11954]) uye [FLT:] na[FLT] V.[FLD] Virginia
  • Mupimo uyu wakatangwa mu [[FLT:] Scrutiny: Kushandiswa kugoverano dzakavakirwa pavatano kana kuti pamutemo. Mutemo unofanira kuva une chokuita zvikuru nefariro inokosha yehurumende. Craig v. Boren[FLT] [1977] uye gare gare wakashandiswa mu [ United States v. Virginia (1996]), iyo yakaparadza gadziriro yokupinda muGenesity paVirginia.
  • Ratical Basis Review:[[FT:1] Anoshandiswa kudzimwe nhevedzano dzose (muremo, mirau yemari, zera, urema). Mutemo unofungidzirwa kuva webumbiro remitemo uye uchatsigirwa kana une chokuita nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo.

Kudzivirira Claus kwaiita kuti adzivirire varanda vainge vachangosunungurwa, asi mashoko aro ("munhu upi noupi) akaabvumira kuti aumbidze vanhu vakawanda kuti vasapa mhosva.

Zvikamu 2 - 5: Kuda Kubetsera, Kusawirirana, Chikwereti, uye Kumanikidzwa

Chikamu 1 chinodzora hurukuro yavose, zvikamu zvakasara zveKineth Amendment zvinokurukura zvinhu zvinotsoropodza zvokuvakazve uye zvokuranga.

Kuisa urongwa 2 kunokurukura kugoverwa kwavamiriri muCongress. Yakaedza kuranga nyika idzo dzinoramba kodzero yokuvhota kuvagari vemo vakura vechirume kupfurikidza nokuderedza kumirira kwavo. Kunyange zvazvo iyi gadziriro isina kumbomanikidzirwa nenzira inobudirira kupfurikidza nokuderedzwa mumufananidzo, inosimbisa vavariro yavaFramers yokuwana maruramiro okuvhota uye kubatanidza simba rezvamatongerwe enyika kurutsidzo rwechiverengero chavanhu.

Kuisazve 3 inorambidza munhu upi noupi akapika kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo uye ipapo akapinda mukusatendeuka kana kuti kupandukira kubva pakuva nehofisi yehurumende kana kuti yehondo. Chikamu ichi, chatonyanya kunyarara kwerinopfuura zana ramakore, chakapinzazve kujekeswa kwerudzi pashure pekudenha paU.S. Capitol. Chakashandiswa muzviitiko zvedare uye kuitirwa hurumende kutadzisa vakuru vakuru vakuru kuisa nzvimbo yenguva yemberi pachivakirwa panzvimbo yavo yehurumende, kuchitanga gakavaramazwi makuru apamutemo pamusoro penzvimbo yayo nokushanda kwayo.

Kutsiva 4 kunosimbisa kuva nomungava worudzi rweU.S. ndokuramba zvakajeka zvikwereti zveConfederacy, kuchidzivisa vaichimbova vabati navaregi vadzori mutevedzeri pakutsvaka muripo nokuda kwokurasikirwa kwavo ne "chakafanira" kupfurikidza nokupandukira kana kuti kudzorwa kwavaranda.

Chikamu chinopa Dare simba rokuita kuti gadziriro dzokugadziridza kupfurikidza nemitemo yakafanira. Chikamu ichi chinoumba hwaro hwemitemo yetsika yekodzero dzevagari vemo, kubatanidza Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo cha1964 neVoting Rights Act ye 1965. Chikamu chesimba reDare pasi peChikamu 5 chave chiri musoro weDare Gurusa rerefu, nematare anoganhurira mano okukudza kodzero kupfuura izvo jajidhiyasiro yakarondedzera pasi peChikamu 1.

Dzidziso Yokusarura: Kushandisa Bhizime Rekodzero Dzevanhu kuUnited States

Pakuvamba, Bill of Rights (kugadziriswa kwegumi kwokutanga) yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akarangarira kuti idzi mhedziso hadzina kumanikidza hurumende. Iwewedhi Ye Amendeko ye 145 yakachinja zvikuru ukama ihwohwu kupfurikidza nokusuma murangariro wougarikano hwerudzi nedziviriro dzehurumende mukurwisana nehurumende.

Kupfurikidza nomuitiro unozivikanwa sokubatanidzwa kunosarudza, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakashandisa Gwaro Renyika reChibvumirano cha 14 kuti rishandise gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende. Dare rakarangarira kuti maruramiro airangarirwa kuva anokosha kunzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti akadzika midzi zvikuru mumurangariro worudzi worusununguko runorairwa anovimbiswa chose chose ne "Bilberty" yakadzivirirwa neGaramende Yechigumi Nezvina.

Kutanga kunokosha pakubatanidzwa kunosanganisira:

  • [FLT]GUTY v. New York (1925): Yakapa dziviriro dzakasununguka dzeFirst Amendment kuhurumende.
  • [FLT]] Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Yashandisa mutemo weGavhura reChina, kureva kuti ufakazi hunowanwa zvisiri pamutemo haugoni kushandiswa mudare rehurumende.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Yakashandisa maruramiro eGaramende yeSikisi kuzano, ichida kuti nyika dzigovere magweta nokuda kwavakwiri vasingakwanisi kuritenga.
  • Mira v. Arizona (166): Yakaita ropafadzo yeFirefetement yeshanu mukurwisana nokuzvishora mumashoko ebvunzurudzo dzamapurisa, ichitanga chinodikanwa nokuda kwekunyevera kwe"Miranda."
  • [FLT]McDonald v. Chicago [2010]: Yakashandisa maruramiro eFirimende yePramende Yechipiri kuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvivanza mukurwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo.

Zvinoita kuti Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu re14th Rendement rive chitima chikuru chokushandisa kodzero dzehurumende nedzenyika, richitochinja kudzikamiswa kwesimba mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica.

Varwi Vazvino Uno Nehondo Dzapamusorosoro

Kududzirwa kweMitemo Yechigumi Negumi Negumi Kunopfuurira kupokanidzwa zvikuru muzana ramakore rechi 21, kuchisunda dzimwe dzekakavadzano dzinoparadzanisa zvikurusa pamutemo nezvamatongerwe enyika munzanga yeAmerica.

Chiito Chinosimbisa

Kwamakumi amakore, Auncial Protection Claus ndiyo yakanga iri nzvimbo huru yehondo yokubvuma miitiro. Dare Rapamusorosaidzo dzedzinza, kunyange idzo dzakaitirwa kupedza rusaruro rwomunguva yakapfuura, dzinofanira kupukunyuka nzvero yakakomba. Mu Nhamba dzeFair Adgissigs, Inc. v. Purezidhendi naVamiri veHarvard College [[FLL:1] [2023] , Dare rakagumisa nenzira inoshanda nenzira inoshanda nenzira inoshanda purogiramu dzedzinza mudzidzo yakakwirira. Dare rairangarira kuti mapurogiramu akadaro anoputsa dziviriro yakaenzana naClauslaus yapan, madonzo asina kupfaviswa uye anotsamira pakusarira dzinza.

Kupa Kodzero

Mutambo pakati peMitemo yeChibvumirano yeChine gumi naMashanu yaMagadziro anokosha munhau dzokuvhota. Mu Shelby County v. Haker (2013]), Dare rapamusoro rakaputsa gadziriro huru yeChibvumirano cheRevoting Rights Act ya1965 (Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheHurumende chairaira hurumende dzakati nenhau yesarura dzinza kuti dzisarudze mitemo yokuvhota. Dare raidavira kuti mutongo wokubhadhadhadha unoshandiswa kusarudza kuti itsika dzakatangira stance wakanga wachichimbochinjira mberi uye wakaputsa nheyo youchangamire hwakaenzana yairehwa neGamhedment. Chisarudzo ichi chakatungamirira kudenha kuvhotera kuvhotera kutsva uye kuvhotera kupfurikidza nokupfuudza nyika yose.

Kuberekwa Nekodzero Yokuberekwa Ugari Hwomunyika Humwe uye Kutama

Chigaro chave nzvimbo inosarira pakurukurirano yenyika pamusoro pomutemo wokutamira. Vamwe vanhu vezvamatongerwe enyika nenyanzvi dzemitemo vakarangarira kuti kuva mugari woudangwe hakufaniri kushanda kuvana vavatami vasina kunyorwa. Zvisinei, kubvumirana kwapamutemo kwakapararira, kunotsigirwa norugwaro rwechigadziko (" uye kudzorwa nacho) uye muenzaniso wakagadzwa mu United States v. Wong Kim Ark [1898], ndewokuti vana vose vanoberekwa paU.S. ivhu vagari vemo. Zvikurukurukuru vaganhurirwa kuna avo vasina kudzorwa kudzorwa kuhurumende yakakwana.U.S., savana vomuvengi mukati nhambo yapakati pomubatanidzwa wehurumende yehondo dzenguva dzehondo kana kuti .

Gadziriro Yakakomba Yenguva Yakafanira Nokubvisa Pamuviri

Kodzero yokubvisa mimba, yakawanikwa kare ichidzivirirwa neChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChinodzorwa che 144 mu Roe v. Wade [177] na[FLT]] $202]. Dare Rapamusoro rakachengeta kuti kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri haina kudzika midzi zvikuru munhau yenyika kana kuti tsika uye naizvozvo harina kukwaniriswa se "reefdar" pasi pePrejimendi. Ichi chisarudzo chinodzo chaJackson’s Health Organization [[[FLT:]] 2022]. Dare Rapamusoro rakaita kuti maruramiro okubvisa mimba haana kudzika midzi zvikuru mutsika yenyika kana kuti gamuchidzanwa uye haakwaikwaniswi sezvinokwaniswa se "chigaro chakarurama mudatiripo pasi pechine rechigumi na5. Chisaruchino ichi chinodzorera chiteshina kutsika kutsika kutsika, makore 50 pedyo nokudzosera, uye kudzodzodzodzodzo inodzosera mberi.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nekuenzana Kweroorano

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana neChirongwa chaCelas zvakave zviri pakati pakufambira mberi LGBTQ+ maruramiro. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti Dare reMitemo ye 145 inosimbisa varoorani vamwe voga voga kodzero huru yokuroora. Dare rakashandisa zvose zviri zviviri Nhengo yeBasa Claus (kudzivirira rusununguko rwokuroora) uye Kudzivirira Clausce (kusarura kwakaenzana (kuratidzira rusaruro pavakwanyina vevatano). Nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, Bhosbeck. County [FLT] [FFLT]] [20], Dare redare rakaita kuti Vati VII maruramiro echipokanwarati adzirino patsikano yakavakirwa patsikano yevatano, kana kuti izivikate miraseidzo huru pamusoro pemitemo inopfumisa , zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzinopfumisa njodzi, zvikurukuru pamusoro pezvo dzehondo, dzinova njodzi, dzinovarira

Nhaka Isingaperi yeMwedziso Yegumi Nemana

Geza re14 Demendement rinoumba chiteshi chekodzero dzavanhu dzazvino uno nerusununguko muUnited States. Ndirwo rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo runowanzokumbirwa zvikurusa mumatare anodenha chiito chehurumende pamwero wenyika nomunzvimbomo. Zvitsama zvaro zvakashandiswa kubvisa zvikoro zvinobatanidza, maruramiro okuvhota akachengeteka, vimbiso dzinovimbisa muedzo wakarurama, dziviriro yakavanzika yomunhu oga, uye kukudza wirirano yeroorano. National Archives commentation reconficiation [ sechiyeuchidzo chezvipikirwa zvinokosha zvakaitwa mukati me Reconficiated neparation kuzviita kwenguva refu kuzviita.

Revo yeKiremment ye14th Amendment haisati iri yakarevesa. Murangariro unopfuurira pakati pechiNgezi cheChinyorwa chapakuvamba-chakatanga unofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nerevo yavanhu vose panguva yokunatswa kwaro (/navo vapenyu vebumbiro remitemo) zvinoti mashoko azvo akafara akadai se "liberty" uye "kudzivirira" kunofanira kushanduka kuti kusvike kuwirirana nemigariro mitsva yenzanga. Kunyurukira zvikuru mumipimo yemitemo yakakudziridzwa pasi pomutemu, [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute inopa kunzvera kwakafara [FLD:1].

Kubva panhau yedenderedzwa re Brown v. Board yeDzidzo kuuenzani hweroorano inotonga mu Obergefell v. Hoddells[, Hurumende yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMineirema yave iri chifambiso chetsika chapamutemo chaidzo hurusa. Sezvo United States inova yakasiana-- siyana uye yakaoma, Penduru yeMitemo ye145 icharamba iri pakati penhamburiko inopfuurira yorudzi kugadzira [[FLT:]] yakakwana" yakakwana zvikuru Union"[ kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi kuti zvipikirwa zverusununguko nokuenzeka mumunhu ari wose pasi peyayo.