Kutanga: Mutemo Somunondo Wakakomberedzwa Kaviri

Ukama pakati pemiitiro yapamutemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo huviri hwakavakirwa panheyo uye hwakazadzwa nokusagadzikana. Mutemo unogona kuva chishandiso chorusununguko / kuderedza rusaruraganda, kufutunura rusununguko rwemunhu mumwe nomumwe. Bva munhau yose yeAmerica, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakashandiswawo kusimbisa udzvinyiriri, kutsigira uranda. Kumanikidzira, kurambwa, uye kuramba chiremera chavanhu chikuru kumapoka ose avanhu. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kufambisira mberi ruramisiro yenzanga. Mitemo yemitemo haisi kushanda muchinhu chisina chinhu; inoratidzira zvimiro zvenzanga, fariro dzemari, uye zvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo zvivako izvozvo zvinodenhwa, mutemo unogona kuva nzvimbo inorwirwa muhondo apo fambiro mberi inowa munzanga yose.

Mavambo Enhau Omutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Bumbiro Remitemo Nebvumo Rekodzero

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, yakatanga gadziriro yomutemo wehurumende asi yakakanganiswa zvikuru nokutangwa kwouranda. Bheill yekodzero [ (magadziro gumi okutanga) akavimbisa dziviriro chaidzo dzakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye gungano, uyewo dziviriro pakunzverwa nokubatwa zvisina mufungo. Zvisinei, idzi kodzero dzakanga dzichiwanika pakutanga bedzi kuva chena, vanhu vanounganidza zvinhu. Enud vakaverengwa seminunduko nhatu dzomunhu nokuda kwezvinangwa, uye vanhu vakabviswa zvikurukuru mukuva vanhu vapamutemo. Kwaizotora mazana amakore kuti vatambure kudzivirira uku kunoitwa nemitemo yemitemo kuAmerica yose.

Firenceth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1868, yakanga iri nguva yakapererwa. Kudzivirira Kwayo Claus kwakataura zvakajeka kuti hakuna hurumende yaigona “kudzokera kumunhu upi noupi musimba rayo kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo.] Iyi gadziridzo yakava chiwiso chapamutemo nokuda kweinodokuva maruramiro makuru ose akatevera, kubva pachikoro kusvikira kukuenzana. Bva chipikirwa cheGazhedryth Amendment chakakurumidza kushaidzwa nedare rapamusorosaidzorwa muzviitiko zvakafanana ne [[FLT:]].[FLT]]] [FLT]] [18], icho chakatsigira dzinza pasi pedzidziso ye “Exgradixmate”.

Kuvakazve uye Kumuka kwaJim Crow

Pashure peHondo yeChiviko, nhambo yeReconstruction (1865-1817) yakaona kupfuudzwa kweChirevo chaMadoko aMarudzi chemitemo yeBlack Codes 1866 uye kuumbwa kweHumbidzo yeFreedmen, iyo yakavavarira kudzivirira maruramiro makuru nokuda kwavanhu vaichimbova varanda. Asi kubviswa kwamauto ehurumende ehurumende kubva kuSouthern Union kwakatungamirira kuhumbidziko yeBlack Codes uye gare gare gare gare Jim Crow yemitemo yedzinza nehurumende yetsika yedzinza yakadzokororosaidzo yaipfuurira zvikuru kunenge zana rimwe ramakore. Lychingching, mitero, kunzvera kurava nokunyora nokunyora zvisarudzo zvose zvakatsigirwa nematare emitemo yeU. Dare repamusoro remitemo redare renyika renyika.

Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvakadai se Plessy v. Ferguson uye Palliams v. Missississippi (1898) akapa pamutemo wemitemo yemitemo iyi. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muzana ramakore re20 apo fungu repamutemo rakavamba kudzoka, richisundwa nekodzero dzakarongwa dzevagari vemo uye ushingi hwavanhuwo zvavo vakaisa upenyu hwavo mungozi kudenha mitemo isina kururama.

Kukunda Kwemitemo Kwakachinja Chivimbo

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Sezvingabvira mhaka yeDare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakakurumbira zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica, Brown v. Board of Topeka yakazivisa kuti kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakanga kusina kuenzana, kubvisa “imharano asi yakaenzana” dzidziso ya [[FLT:] P [FLT] P [[FLT]] v. Ferguson[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [ma]]. chisarudzo chakanga chiri mugumo wegadziriro yapamutemo yakarongwa ne [[FLT:]] ACP] Fifect forficialture Fund [, inotungamirira neDare gurusaresaro renguva yemberi. Kushandiswa kwakasangana nokudzivisa kukuru kurwisana namasimba masimba masimba.[5]

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Mu Rinopasa v. Virginia, Dare Rapamusorosa nebvumirano rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yedzinza. Mhaka yakaunzwa naRichard Lover, vaviri vamarudzi ose avo vakanga vatongerwa kutongerwa gore rimwe mutorongo muChirevo cheRudzi rweVriginia. Dare rairangarira kuti roorano yakanga iri kodzero inokosha uye kuti miganhu yedzinza mumitemo yeroorano yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro yeIndaneti neBasa Classiasss yeMitement yeInetic Remendement. Ichi chisarudzo hachina kungoderedza bedzi kudzosarudzo yemitemo inorwisana gare gare gare gare. [[FLT] Murangariro unowanika kupfurikidza neOy [FFF]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Makore makumi mashanu pashure pa Kubuda , Dare rapamusoro rakatambanudzirazve maruramiro eroorano (iyi nguva kuvakwanyina voutere.] bergefell v. Hodges, Dare rakatonga kuti kodzero huru yokuroora inovimbiswazve kuva varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yezvibvumirano zvevatano pasi pezvose zviri zviviri Mutezo waCal Ex naFout Classistem. Chisarudzo cha564 chakanga chiri rukundo rwenhau rweLBTQ nekodzero dzenzanga, kutsiviwa kwemitemo neruramisiro, kutsiviwa mudzimwe nyika gumi nembiri. Mhaka yacho yakanga iri mugumisiro yemakumi amakumi amakore okusakafanira kubvumirwa nemitemo yorudzidziso. [FT][FF][5][FF]

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Gurusa rakatonga Bostock v. Clayton County kuti Mutezo VII weChibvumirano cheChivilini Rights Act cha1944 unodzivirira vashandi pakusarurana kwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti mugariro wezvepabonde. Chisarudzo chakadudzira kurambidzwa kwevatano kuti izivikanwe kuva munhurume kana kuti murume. Kuverenga kwakanga kwave kuchikwikwidziridza kudzivirira kwebasa kwa LBGTQ+ America uye kwakaratidzira kuti kududzira mutemo wemitemo kunogona kuva chishandiso cheruramisiro yenzanga.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichivapo Mumutemo

Rusaruraganda Rwenyika Nokuparadzana Kwenyika Kwakawanda

Pasinei zvapo nouku kukunda kukuru, tsika yapamutemo inopfuurira kupfuudzira kusaenzana kukuru. United States ine mwero wakakwirira wekusungwa munyika, uye Black America inoiswa mutorongo kunopfuura nakashanu mwero wavachena veAmerica, mukuwirirana nemitemo inodzosa purogiramu. Iyi shata haina tsaona; chibereko chemakumi amakore emitemo yakadai seHondo yeMirimo, mitsetse inomanikidzirwa, uye mitongo mitatu inodzo inodzorwa zvikuru iyo nzanga dzeruvara. Miitiro yetsika, kubva pakumira kwedzinza kuti irege kumira uye fraction, yakarohwa nematare mudzimwe nyika asi yakapararira. Miitiro yapamutemo inotonga, uye inodzorwa, uye inotongerwa, kazhinji kazhinji isingagoni kutarisana nemhosva yemhosva yemhosva.

Kusungwa kwakawanda hakungotapuri vanhu chete; kunovhiringidza nzanga dzose, kunobvisa kodzero dzokuvhota kubva kumamiriyoni evanhu kupfurikidza nemitemo yokuparadza, uye kunoparira kuchinjwa kwechigarire uko kunodzorwa nemutemo.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nejeti Muzana Ramakore Rechi 21

maruramiro okuvhota, sezvinofungidzirwa anodzivirirwa nePrevenment ye15th Amendment neVoting Rights Act ya1965, zvinoramba zviri mukudenhwa. Muna 2013, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Shelby County v. Homer[ yakarova Chikamu 5 cheRevotion Rights Act, icho chakanga chada magariro enhau nenhau yetsika dzehurumende kuti iwane mvumo yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhotera. Kutevera kutonga ikoko, kunopfuudza munyika yose kuti kupfuure mitemo inoganhurira, kuderedza maawa okuvhotera, kuvhotera, kunyora zvinyorwa zvinodzokororwa napamutemo zvinodzivirira pamutemo nokuda kwokuedza kutsigira. Zviito izvi zvinoruramiswa kazhinji nokutaura kwe “kunyengera, pasina uchapupu kwemitemo inoparadzirwa.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvemari Kururamisiro

Kusvika kumirarira yapamutemo idivi guru reruramisiro, bva mamirioni eAmerica haagoni kubhadhara gweta. Munhau dzavagari vemo . zvakadai sekudzingwa, kuchengetwa kwavana, kuunganidzwa kwezvikwereti, uye kubuda kwemo. Hapana maruramiro okugadza zano. Muuyo ndewokuti vanhu vanowana vakaderera kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nenhau dzemitemo dzakaoma, kazhinji kazhinji vachirwisana namagweta ane ruzivo, vanokwereteswa, kana kuti masangano ehurumende. Masangano emitemo anopa rubatsiro, anotsigirwa nenzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa dzemari yezvipo zvehurumende nemipiro yapa yapa yapa hurumende uye yapa munhu oga, anobatira bedzi chikamu chevaishaiwa. [[FLT.0] Varidzi] Varidzi vemiteshi vamatemwa vemitemo vanonanwa, vanoraira kuti 94% yedzimba dzakaderera dzinowana mari dzapamutemo. Ruoko rwehurumende rudzo, uye rudzo rwekudzosokoro rwemhuri, runoda kupfumitevedzo yezvirongwa zvemitemo yapamutemo, uye kupfumisa migove yezviwiriranwa zviri dare, zvinoda kupfumisa, zvinoda ku

Basa Rouzivi uye Rokupindira Mukuita Kuti Zvirongwa Zvepamutemo Zvishaye Simba

Mabhero Ane Midzi uye Kumanikidzwa Nevanhu

Chinjo yapamutemo haiwanzoitiki munzvimbo inogarwa; inototangirwa nguva dzose nezvinosimudzirwa zviito zveuswa. Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzemunhu chezvikwata zvema1950 ne 1960 chakashandiswa, kukwira kwadzo, kufora, uye nhando huru kuti zvikwevere ngwariro yorudzi kurusarura uye utsinye. Masangano iwayo akaparira mutemo wezvamatongerwe enyika wemitemo weChibvumirano cheChivil Rights (Chibvumirano che19649) uye Voting Rights Act yeMaganho eMarudzi eMitemo ye19656. Nenzira yakafanana, sangano razvino uno uno nokuda kweupenyu hweBlack rakaunza ngwariro itsva kumasimba masimba echipurisa nepfumbadzamuso, kuchitungamirira kumitezo yomunzvimbomo nehurumende semapureshicha, zvinodikanwa zvemitengo zvemitengo. Marabhishonga echiuto akafanana namasangano eNaCP akaitwa nokuda kweindex, uye kufambiso dzavagari vavagari vemo.

Yamuro Yapamutemo Nebasa reproBono

Masangano eyamuro epamutemo anogovera rubatso rwakakomba kupfurikidza nokupa mabasa apamutemo apachena kana kuti akaderera kuvanhu vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta. Mapoka akadai se Service Services Transvisions [[FLT 1], Southern Poverty Law Center, uye Innocence Project yakaita dzidzo yakatanhamara, kubva pakuchengeta utiziro nokuda kwevapoteri kuti vawane mhosva dzevasungwa. Basa ramabhino namagweta voga voga rinobetserawo bhoho reruramisiro, kunyange zvazvo kusvikwa kwayo kwakaganhurirwa. Mafemu emitemo akawanda zvino ane zvinodikanwa zvepamutemo zveprobo, uye zvikoro zvinowedzera kusimudzira dzidzo yokurapa iyo inobvumira vadzidzi kumiririra vatengi pasi pokutarisira. Idzidzwa kwacho hakungori kugoverawo kumiwo mira mira mitemo yemitemo isina kururama.

Kudiwa Kuramba Kuchiitwa Kuchinjira Kuchechi

Kuchinja kwapamutemo hakugoni kupedza kusaenzana kwemitengo. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuisa mitemo inopedza zvisakiso zvikuru zvokusaruramisira(urombo, urudzi, kusawana dzidzo, uye dzidzo. Kuchinja kwakadai sokubvisa mari yemari, kubvisa urombo, kuwedzera kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzokuvhotera, uye kuisa muzvimwe zvinopesana nenzanga pakuisa mutemo panzvimbo dzinoda basa rehurumende munzvimbo, nyika, uye mwero yehurumende. Masangano akafanana ne Project uye Brentenic comment commentation projects uye Brennat Center yebasa rokushandura kunzvera kuti ishandurire mumiitiro, uye zvakawanda zvezvikarakadzo zvawo zvakagamuchirwa namaguta uye nyika dzose. Kufambira mberi kwehurumende kudzo dzinodzorwa. Asi kudzokera shure, uye kurwisana kwechipfuudzo yevagari vemo kurwisana.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Mafambiro Emitemo Neruramisiro Yenzanga

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino yanangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru paUnited States, miitiro yapamutemo inodzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo iripo munyika dzakawanda uye pamwero wamarudzi ose. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), yakagamuchirwa neChibatanwa chaMarudzi muna 1948, inogadza maruramiro makuru ayo hurumende dzose dzinofanira kutsigira, kubatanidza maruramiro kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye chengeteko; rusununguko pakutambudzwa nouranda; kuva nomwero pamberi pomutemo; uye maruramiro kumhinduro inobudirira. Kunyange zvazvo UDHR isingabatanidzwi mairi mairi imene, yakanyandura zvibvumirano zvamarudzi akawanda ndokupesvedzera mitemo yamarudzi akawanda. Zvisinei, matare enyika yose anoramba asina kusimba.

Masangano Emitemo Akaenzana

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoshandisa kodzero dzevanhu kutevedzera tsika dzepamutemo. MuUnited Kingdom, Chibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu cheEurope chekodzero dzevanhu muna 1998 chakabatanidza chibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu mumutemo wemhuri, chichibvumira vanhu kudenha kuputswa kwemitemo mumatare eUK. Chikamu cheCanada chekodzero dzekodzero nerusununguko chakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo inopesana nekodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu, kusanganisira kurambidzwa kwekodzero dzeroorano dzemunhu neganhuriro dzemunhu mumwe chete pakubvisa pamuviri. Chibvumirano chePFomscial Constitution on Human Rights chinonyatsobatanidza kodzero dzenzanga nedzemari, dzakadai sekodzero dzedzimba, dzezvoutano, uye dzidzo. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti masangano emitemo anogona kudzivirira mapoka anoderedzwa, asi anoratidzirawo kuti kodzero dzokuwana pamuviri hadzisi: Anoda kutarisirwa nematare akazvizvimiriro, uye kupiwa nzanga kuti vanhu varambe vaine zvamagariro.

Mugumo: Mutemo Sebasa Roupenyu

Simba remiitiro yapamutemo pakodzero dzavagari vemo neruramisiro yenzanga harina kutsaurwa kana kuti kukwaniswa. Nhau inoratidza kuti nepo zvisarudzo zvenhau nemitemo zvinogona kuzarura masuo, zvinogonawo kuvharwa kupfurikidza nokutonga kwakatevera, kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti nhamburiko dzamaune dzokuzvideredza. Nhaka ye Brown] v. Boka reDzidzo reDzidzo[[FLT]] rakaoma kupfurikidza nokupfuurira kwechikoro; Kodzero Act ya19566 yabviswa neDare guru remitemo; uye dziviriro dzeIndaneti dzinokwikwikwidzwa nguva dzose. Bva mutemo unoramba uri chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvinowanika nokuda kweruramisiro ruramisiro. Zvinoraira kuti inzwisiso zvawo zvapamutemo zvishandiswe nokundikano. Miteverwa yapamutemo yadzoro yadzorwa kupfurikidza; yadzokororo dzakadzorwa kupfurikidza, uye kupfurikidza nokurongwa kweboka renzanga.

Pakupedzisira, mutemo unoratidza mararamiro aunoita. Kana tichida gadziriro yemitemo inodzivirira zvirokwazvo kodzero dzevanhu uye inoita kuti pave neruramisiro yenzanga, tinofanira kuparapatika kuti tione chiono ichocho. Kukunda kwekare kunogovera purani, asi zvinetso zvezvinodikanwa zvino, kupfuurira, uye kubatana. Sezvinombotaurwa negweta repamutemo Constance Baker Motley kuti, “Sangano remitemo rinogona kumanikidza kutizarure masuo, uye dzimwe nguva kutotungamirira kuvatsva vakanga vasati vambovapo.” Zvinoita kuti mumwe nomumwe wedu afambe nepamasuo iwayo uye kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzevagari vemo dzinoramba dzakazarukira munhu wose.