Mari Isati Yaitwa Chibvumirano Chakanaka cheChishanu

Pamberi pa1998, upfumi hweNorthern Ireland hwakadzorwa zvikuru nerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika inozivikanwa seNhau. Muganho pakati peNorthern Ireland neRepublic yeIreland wakadzorwa nehondo dzine simba, nenzvimbo dzemitemo dzakadzongonyedza kutengeserana nokufamba. Mabhizimisi akatarisana nendyiko yakakwirira, kusava nechokwadi, uye kutengeswa kwemitengo yakakamukana. Kuchengeteka kwemari kwapamuganhu kwainyanya kuderera. Kushaindwa kweNorthern Ireland kwakanga kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura UK Ireland, kuchisvitsa 14% mupakati pe1980, nepo GDP inowirirana na5% kuseri kwezvose UK neRepublic Republic. Fis yakatsamira pakuchengeteka kwehurumende yeBritain yakanga iri pakati penyika yeBritain, uye purofini yakadzorwa nengozi. Kuka kwemiteverwa kwouropi kwamabasa pakati penyika yeUganda pakati penyika yeIreland ne5%.

Republic of Ireland yakatapurwawo, kunyange zvazvo kusvikira kumwero muduku. Kuverengwa kwemiganhu kwakawana urovha hwakakwirira zvikuru nemari yakaderera kupfuura nyika yose. EU’s Single Markeet program, yakatanga muna 1992, yakavimbisa kuderedza mhinganidzo asi yaisagona kukurira chengeteko nemhinganidzo dzezvematongerwe enyika. Kurega kwehondo kwakaparira purofiti pfupi yetariro yemari, nokushambadza kwakawedzera, asi kuderera kwemoto murumwe rudzi rwa196. Kwakanga kuri pachena kuti kugarwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakasimba kwakanga kuchikosha nokuda kwekubudirira kwezve mune zvemari.

Kubvisa Kwakaita Zvipingamupinyi Nokuparadzana Kwezvibvumirano Zvakanaka zveChishanu

Good Frive Augnes (GFA), zvakasainwa neveBelfast Advrence musi wa10 April 1998. Kunyange zvazvo zvikurukuru mubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika, waiva negadziriro dzinoverengeka dzakasimudzira zvakananga kubatana kwezvemari. Chibvumirano chakatanga Dare roUshumiri reNorth-South South(NMC) kuti risarudze mamiriro ezvinhu akabatanidza kutengeserana, zvokurima, zvokufambisa, uye zvokushambadzira. Yakaitawo nzvimbo nhanhatu dzehondo dzekuMadokero, kubatanidza Intertoraireland, iyo yakatsaurirwa kusimudzira bhizimisi rokuisa chengeteko. Chibvumirano chakapa Hurumende dzose dziri mbiri kubviswa kwezvo kudzoro yeko nokudzorwa kwenzvimbo dzeko. Pakazosvika 2005, nzvimbo dzose dzehondo dzokunzvera dzakabviswa, uye kunzvera kwetsika dzakaderedzwa kuva shoma.

GFA yakatsigirawo kuva mutezo unopfuuridzirwa weNorthern Ireland muEuropean Union (sorutivi rweUK) nemitezo yeRepublic, ichivimbisa kuti mativi ose ari maviri akagoverana gadziriro imwe cheteyo yokuronga. Iyi nhevedzano yakapfavisa kutengeserana kusina rwisano nemabasa. Mari yeEU yerugare neITERREG, iyo yakanga yavamba muma1990, yakakudzwa pashure peGFA, ichigovera mazana amamirioni amaeuro nokuda kwebatira pamwe cheteridzo mumibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemari, dzidzo, uye kubudirira kwebhizimisi. Mari iyi yakabetsera kuvakazve kuvimbana nokugadzira masangano ayo akanga apfuura muganhu.

Kutengeserana Nokuisa Mari Mubhizimisi Pashure - 1988

Mune inenge mwero ipi neipi, kutengeswa kwemiganhu yakakwira napashure peGFA. Mukuwirirana ne InterTradeireland, kutengeserana nezvinhu pakati peNorthern Ireland neRepublic kwakawedzera kubva pa $1001.5 bhiriyoni muna 1998 kusvikira kumabhiriyoni mabhiriyoni mabhiriyoni (5) pa2016. Masangano ebhizimisi akakudziridzawo. Nhamba yemabhizimisi anobuda kunze kwenyika yakawedzera nezvigadzirwa ne50% mugumi rokutanga pashure pebvumirano. Murangariro wezvezvemari yenyika yakawanwa, neketani dzinoyambuva dzinoyambuka sezvokudya, zvokutengesa, zvokutengesa, zvokutengesa, uye zvokutengesa. Vatengesi vakafanana neFocratics naSupervid vanobva mumanyuko ose ari maviri, makambani ezvibvumirano.

Kuisa mari yakananga kune imwe nyika (FDI) muNorthern Ireland yakawedzerwa zvikuru. Kuchengeteka kwakaita kuti nyika yacho ive inokwezva zvikuru vanhu vanobva mumarudzi akawanda, zvikurukuru kuUnited States. Muma 2000, mari inobva kumafemu akadai seSeagate, Bombardier, uye Almac yakaita zviuru zvemabasa. Mwero webhizimisi wakaderera weRepublic yemakambani uye vashandi vane unyanzvi vakabetserawo Northern Ireland mabhizimisi aikwanisa kusvika kumarikesi okumaodzanyemba. Tourism, ayo akanga ave asina kumira mumiganhuro munharaunda dzeSuperter, Bombar, yakawedzera. Chiverengero chevaraka chavanhu vanoenda kuNorthern Ireland chakakwira kubva pa1.4 miriyoni muna 1998 kusvika kumamiriyoni 4 muna 2017, nenhamba yezvero yezvemari yaibva mumahotera dzehotera, mahotera, uye maresi.

Zvirongwa Zvokuvaka uye Zvirongwa Zvokufambira Mberi

GFA yakagonesa kugadzirwa kwemitengo mikuru yezvirongwa zvakavandudza kubatana. A1/N1 yakabatana Belfast neDublin yakavandudzwa nokushandisa mari yeEU, kuderedza nguva dzerwendo nokuvandudza kuchengeteka. Sangano renjanji rakaona bhizimisi, kunyange zvazvo zvisingashamisi. Kuvhurwa kweBelfast Peace Bridge nezvinovandudza pachiteshi chengarava zvakapfavidza bhizimisi. Special EUP Programmes Body (SEUPB) yakagona kukunda zvirongwa zvemijaho youtano, dzidzo, uye simba rinomusana. Somuenzaniso, mupata wemukamukana weCAWT (Cooperation neWese) wakavandudza mabasa outano munharaunda dzemuganhu. Misika yose yepasi, yakatangwa muna 2007, mari yemagetsi yakaderedzwa uye kuchengeteka.

GFA yakagadzirawo mhoteredzo yakatsiga zvikuru. Chikamu cheNorthern Ireland Chikuru chakawana masimba akaremara pamusoro pekubudirira kwezvemari, uye vadzori vakatevera vakatevera vakaronga nzira dzokukwezva nadzo mari nokuwedzera rutivi rwemunhu oga. Kuumbwa kwePuence Northern Ireland muna 2002 kwakabatanidza tsigiro yebhizimisi. Kuwedzera kweCelt Tiger yeRepublic kwakapinda muNorthern Ireland, namakambani okumaodzanyemba anoisa mari mupfuma nemushonga. Pakazosvika 2008, upfumi hweNorthern Ireland hwakanga hwava nokukura kwagara kuripo, nokushaya basa kuchidzika pasi pe5%.

Basa Renyika dzeEurope Mukuwedzera Kukura Kwenyika Dzakabatana

Matevedzeri eEU epurogiramu dzose dziri mbiri dzeUK neIreland akagovera gadziriro yemitemo nemitemo. Mutengi weTogal Agricultural Policy (CAP) yakasimudzira kurima pamativi ose ari maviri. Mari dzegadziriro, zvikurukuru Hurumende neINTERREG, dzakaiswa mabhiriyoni anopfuura 520 muNorthern Ireland nenhouva dzemiganhu pakati pa1995 ne20. Mari iyi yaitsigira zvinhu zvose kubva mumapaki ebhizimisi omunzanga kuti zvisikire nzanga kumabasa okuyananisa. GFA inobvuma zvakajeka kuti mashoko akapoteredza EUROICO uye yakaita kuti hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzishande mukati mayo.

EU yakakurudzirawo nenzira isina kunanga kubatana kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti Northern Ireland iwirirane nemipimo yemhoteredzo nenzanga izvo zvinowirirana neRepublic. Mapoka ebhizimisi akabatana, akadai seIrish Business neManester Confederation (IBEC) uye Kutengeswa kweBritish Industry Northern Ireland (CBI NI), akabatira pamwe munhimbe dzemitemo. Mari yepasi rose yakava nguva inogamuchirwa zvikuru, inoshandiswa muzvinyorwa zvapamutemo uye zvinyorwa zvemari. Pakasvika 2016, Republic yakanga iri musika mukurusaidzo yeInduruwe yeIreland yokutengesa zvinhu kunze kwenyika yeNorthern Ireland, inova inobhadharira nokuda kwe25% yehwerengedzo dzayo dzokutengesa kutengesa.

Brexit neMuitiro Wetsika wokuNorthern Ireland – Mubato Mutsva

Chisarudzo cheUK chokusiya EU muna 2016 chakava chityisidziro chikuru kugadziriro dzezvemari dzeGFA. Kudai muganhu wakaoma waizoiswazve, kutengeserana kwaizotambura, rugare rwaigona kubviswa, uye upfumi hwose hwepasi renyika hungagona kuputsika. Kudzivisa izvi, EU neUK dzakakurukura neNorthern Ireland Programme, izvo zvakatanga kushanda pana 1 January 202. Mutemo wakachengeta Northern Ireland mumisika imwe yeE rezvinhu, kureva kuti hapana nzvero dzetsika pakati peNorthern Ireland neRepublic. Panzvimbo pezvo, zvakaongororwa zvakashandiswa pazvakanaka kubva kuGreat Britain kuenda kuNorthern Ireland, zvichiita kuti pave nemuganhu weIreland unonzi Ireland.

Mutemo wakasimbisa kuti mabhizimisi ari kumativi ose ari maviri emuganhu weIreland agone kupfuurira kutengesa pasina muganhu weIrish, miganhu yemitemo, kana kuti gadziriro. Ikoku kwakachengetedza kufambiswa kweGFA-era. Zvisinei, kwakaparirawo kuoma kutsva. Mafemu eIreland yokumusoro akatarisana nemirau yakasiana- siyana kupfuura ayo eGreat Britain, achiparira kudzongonyedzwa kwezvichero zvechitsama uye mapepa akawedzerwa. Mamwe mabhizimisi, zvikurukuru muzvokudya zvegiramu, aifanira kuchinjira kumira mberi kwemitemo mizhinji. Hurumende yeUK yakawanawo nhambo nenhambo yenyashano yeIrland Ireland yakawana migariro yakasiana neyazvokudzokorodza kukuva migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Muna February 2023, UK neEU dzakabvuma kuti kuongorora zvinhu zvepanzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu kuendeswa kunzvimbo dzinoda kugadzirwa nemhepo, uko kunodzokororwa nemitemo yetsika, kwakaderedza zvichereso pazvinhu zvakagadzirirwa kuNorthern Ireland bedzi, uye kwakapa Northern Ireland Gungano rehurumende kuti ripedze mitemo yeEU. Nepo basa racho rakapedza nhau dzakawanda dzinoshanda, harina kubvisa kusawirirana kuripo pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzeNorthern Ireland serutivi rwendima yetsika dzeUK uye rutivi rwemusika mumwe weEU.

Kutapura KweBrexit Kune Rwebhizimisi RokuNorth - South

Pasinei zvapo neProtootootegy, kushambadza pakati peNorthern Ireland neRepublic kwakasanodzika. Tsamba dzinobva ku Ireland dzinoratidza kuti kushambadzira kudarika mikana yezvinhu kwakakosheswa pa10607.9 bhiriyoni muna 20222, kubva pa $106.5 bhiriyosendi muna 2019. Zvisinei, kutengeswa pakati peGreat Britain neNorthern Ireland kwazova kunodhura uye kunononoka, namabhizimisi anochinja vatengesi kuRepublic kana kuti dzimwe nyika dzeEUROP. Somuenzaniso, zvimwe zvitoro zvokuNorthern Ireland zvino zvino zvino zvinobva paRiphabliki kuti zvisaruke. Makambani ose enyika akakunyika akakura zvikuru, seNorthern Ireland anotsvaka kuchengetwa kusangana kugonana nokutengeswa.

Zvisinei, hazvisi zvose zvakanaka. Mabhizimisi maduku ari munharaunda dzemiganhu anotarisana nemitoro yakawedzerwa kana akashambadza Great Britain. Mamwe mabasa, zvikurukuru mumabasa emari nezvikwaniriso zvebasa, anoramba akamanikidzirwa. Kusakwanisa kweNorthern Ireland kushanda nesimba mukati ma2022-1023 akanonotsa kugoverwa kwemari yeEU (PUS Programme). Hurumende yeUK inonzi Bibligate Respective Provices Fulment Fund, yaveichida kutsiva mari yeEUB, yave ichinonoka kuendesa uye inopa.

Matambudziko Ava Kusangana Nawo Iye Zvino

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro dzeGFA, kubatana kwezvemari hakuna kukwanisika. Kuwana mari muNorthern Ireland kunoramba kuri 80% yedenderedzwa reRepublic uye pasi peavhareji yeUK. Kugadzirwa kwakaderera, murutivi nemhaka yenhaka yerwisano uye kutadza kukura kwounyanzvi. Nharaunda yacho inotsamira zvikuru paboka ravose, uko kunoparira kukura kwe 30% yebasa. Kukura kwechikamu chako hakuna kufanana, kwakavakirwa muBelfast neEastern. Zviverengero zveRuwa rwakadai seDer ~Londorry, Newry, uye Strabane zvichiri kutarisana nokushaya basa kwakakwirira uye mibhadharo yakaderera.

Kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika mukati meNorthern Ireland Hurukuro yakadzongonyedza kuronga kwenhambo refu yemari. Kuputsika kweGungano kuvambira muna 2017 kusvikira kuna 2020, uye zvakare muna 2022, kunonozeka kwechisarudzo pamusoro pegadziriro dzepfuma, mwero, uye tsigiro yebhizimisi. Kushaikwa kwemukuru mukuru anoshanda kwakadzivisawo hurumende yeNorthern Ireland kupesvedzera nenzira inobudirira fariro dzayo mukurukurirano dzapashure peBr - exit. Kusawirirana pamusoro peProtocol/Windsaramendial kwaparira kusazivana njodzi nokuda kwavavengi vebhizimisi, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vakarangarira kuti njodzi dzacho dzinodzorwa.

Kuchinja Kwemabhizimisi Nekutengesa Zvidhori

Musika wevashandi webasa watowedzera, nezviuru zvavashandi vari kufamba zuva nezuva vachigura muganhu. Uku kufamba kwakakwirira zvikuru mumataundi emuganhu wemuganhu wakadai seNewry neDundalk. Zvisinei, kusiyana kwemitero, gadziriro dzemagariro avanhu, uye zvikwaniriso zvebasa zvinoparira rwisano. Miripo yakakwirira yeRepublic inokwezva vashandi vokuNorthern Ireland, asi inosundawo ndyiko yavashandirwi vemo vomunzvimbomo. Northern Ireland inochemberawo, uye dzimwe nguva nokutama kwemambure, kuperevedza kwounyanzvi kuri kuvamba mumakamu akafanana neITH, kurapateshi, uye uinjini.

Mikana iri mumisika yezvemari yegirini nenhamba. Mabanza ose anomutsidzirwa emagetsi ari kukura, nemhepo nemabasa ezuva kumativi ose ari maviri emuganhu. Kubatira pamwe kwemuchinjikwa mukunzvera nokufambirana kuri kuwedzera, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza neTetrarch neBio Medical Research Network Network. Muteo unopa Northern Ireland betsero yechienzi: kusvika kuzvose zviri zviviri UK neEUC misika yemari. Kana ikaiswa mumicheto inobudirira, izvi zvinogona kukwezva makambani okumwe kutsvakira nzvimbo mumisika yose iri miviri.

Kushanya Norugare Zvinoparadzana

Kuparadzana kworugare musvomhu kwave kuri kukuru. Musi weUNESCO World Heritage Site of the Giants’s Calleway, Titanic Belfast vashanyi vanokwezva, uye Game of Thrones yeFilimu inokweva mamirioni. Kushanya kwemicheto yemicheto inosimudzirwa kupfurikidza nemitumbi yakadai seTourism Ireland, inotengesa chitsuwa senzvimbo imwe. Muna 2019, Northern Ireland yakagamuchira vashanyi vanopfuura mamirioni 5, vanopedza mabhiriyoni $1.2. Post-pandemic yave yakasimba, asi zvinetso zvinobatanidza mutengo wenjodzi, vhiyi yeBret-ya dzinowirirana navashandi veEUS mumutsa.

Misiyano Yezvirongwa Nemari Yenguva Yemberi

Imbambwa dzinoramba dziri mhinganidzo. A5 mugwagwa unokwidza muganhu. Chikamu cheDerry ~Londonderry kuDublin, chakamiswa kwerinopfuura makore gumi nemhaka yezvinetso zvapamutemo uye makakatanwa okutsigira mari. Belfast-Dublin ishoma uye haivimbiki kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe koriji dzeEurope. Broadband mumativi emuganhu imonzi yakagadzirwa. Zvisinei, purogiramu yeUURCOS PLUS, inotenderwa muna 2022, ichagovera mabhiriyoni ezvirongwa zvokuyambuka mumitengidzo kusvikira ku2027, kubatanidza michina yezvero yegirini, michetura yemichina, kubatana kwemitengo, uye kugadzirwa kwoutano. Hurumende yeUK’Guta reBelfast, Der~Ldonder, uye kuchamhembe kwewewewewewewe-we-westersveywoseromewo, puromewo yemite yemitenziropuropu, uye kufambidzano yemite yemitemwaro, 2027, uye kufambidzano yemite

Kupedzisa – Nhaka Isingachinji Yechibvumirano Chakanaka CheChishanu

Bene Chibvumirano cheChishanu chakashandura zvikurukuru mugariro wezvemari wechitsuwa cheIreland. Chakatsiva muganhu wehondo wakazaruka, unobatira pamwe; chakatsiva kunyumwirana negadziriro dzesangano nokuda kwebatira pamwe; uye chakaparira migariro nokuda kwechikamu chorugare icho chakabetsera mamirioni. Nepo chibvumirano chacho chimene chakanga chisiri zvikurukuru chibvumirano chezvemari, gadziriro dzacho dzakagonesa kubatana mune zvemari uko kwave kuchikosha kufambidzano yeNorthern Ireland. Musika mumwe weEURO yebhizimisi nemari yezvivako zvakasimbisa idzi mhindu, kuchiumba upfumi hwose hwenyika iyo zvinowirirana zvikuru nechinetso cheBrtik.

Makore ari mberi achaedza kuvandudzwa kweichi chibvumirano. Chibvumirano cheProtocol/Windsor Frames cheNorth- South zvinofanira kuitwa nenzira inochengeta kutengeserana kusingatsigiri kuchamhembe-South nechekuMadokero apo kunenge kuri kudzongonyedzwa kweMabvazuva neWest. Kudzikamiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika muBelfast kunokosha nokuda kwokuronga kwenguva refu. Kupfuurira kwemitengo, dzidzo, uye simba regirini zvichadikanwa kuvhara musiyano wemubato. Masangano eGFA, zvikurukuru North-Southal Minicalea Councial Council neIdentiodiation Ilmentation, zvinoramba zviri zvinokosha nokuda kwokugadziridza kusawirirana nezvinofambira mberi zvemari.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame kwegadziriro dzeGFA dzemari, ona [[FLT: 0] zvinyorwa zveBritish-Irish Council. InterTrareIland yegore negore [ Trade ne shongwe yeBhizimendi [[FLT:] . Kufambidzana kwemari muChishanu] kunogovera kunyorwa kwemitengo kunopfuurira. Nhevedzero yeNorthern Ireland neNzvero yeRuzivo inopa mapeji okushamba kwepo-Brtit neFractal . Kubatanidza kwemari mumitengo yeChishanu chinhu chinoshamisa, asi kunoda kugadziridzwa kwenguva dzose kuti kugadziridze kukurumidza kuchinja mamiriro acho muEurope.