Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu Rakamanikidza Vanhu Kusateerera Hurumende

Kusateerera kwavagari vemo kwagara kuchiedzwa, kuputswa kwapachena kwomutemo sechimiro chokuramba chakakomba munhoroondo yeAmerica. Kuvambira paBoston Tea Party kusvikira panzvimbo inochengeterwa zvokudya zvama 1960 uye mamiriro okunze anhasi, zviito zvomutemo wehana inoputsa zvakaedzazve ndokuumba mamiriro emitemo omutemo. Bill of Rights, atendera muna 1791, anopa chikwaniriso chebumbiro remitemo chinodzivirira nokudzikamisa mabasa akadaro. Kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa rusununguko runokosha rwekutaura, gungano, dhinda, uye chikumbiro, Bill of Rightsstion indementa pasina kutsiva masimba masimba omutemo. Kunzwisisa kuti aya ose ari maviri anodudzirwa sei pamusoro penguva inokosha pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa zvizere.

Mavambo Enhau: Kuchinja Kwokutanga Sedombo

First Amendment inomira sehwaro hukuru hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokusateerera kwavagari vemo.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokufananidzira

Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kwenguva refu kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kwete bedzi kutaura kana kuti mashoko akanyorwa asiwo mufambiro wakanyorwa. Iyi nheyo inokosha nokuda kwokusateerera kwavagari vemo, uko chiito chimene (_sitgéins, mureza unopfura, wakapfeka micheka, wakapfugama mukati menziyo yerudzi.[1] [FLT]][1]][59], Dare rakava nomukurumbira wokuti vadzidzi vakapfeka mabhandemu kuti varambe hondo yehondo yainzi mu “kutaura kwakachena, kutoti kunofanira kudzivirira, kutoti chikoro chizoratidza kuti“ mufambiro wacho unoda kudzorwa uye chitapunza mamiriro ezvinhu aya okudzidzisa. [FLTLT] [FLT] [569]] [69] [69], Dare rokuratidzira zvinhu zvose zvokututsana kuti chishatiswe.

Haasati ari mabasa ose okufananidzira anodzivirirwa, zvisinei. Hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo pa “nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo” pakutaura mumikana yavose, chero bedzi dzichiva dzakabatanidzwa, dzakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro huru yehurumende, uye kusiya dzimwe nzira dzakajeka dzekurukurirano. Ichi chiito chokudzikamisa chinoreva kuti vasingateereri vagari vemo havagoni kungotaura kodzero yeFirst Amendment yokudzivisa motokari kana kuti kugara muchivako chehurumende nokusingaperi; hurumende inogona kudzora masangano okuramba pasina kudzvinyirira shoko racho.

Gungano Rine Rugare uye Kodzero Yokuunganidza

Chikamu chedare chinodzivirira kodzero yokuunganidza mumapoka nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokutaura. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chapamutemo chakananga chokufora, kupindira, uye kuratidzira. Zvisarudzo zvemumugwagwa zvakaita se .[FLT][FLT]Hague v. Dare reIndustrial Organization[ [1939] [1939]) rakasimbisa kuti migwagwa, migwagwa, uye mapaki inzvimbo dzegamuchidzanwa apo vagari vemo vangaungana kuti vakurukure nhau dzavose. Dare rakaparadza pasi peJersey City City raigraving raida mvumo yemusangano upi noupi kana kuti kufora, richitonga kuti mamiriro ekodzero dzokutanga dzechibvumirano chehurumende pasina kujeka. Mhaka iyi yakaiswa mutongo womutemo gare gare gare gare nokuda kwekusadzorwa kwehurumende.

Zvinokosha kuti First Amendment inodzivirira “gungano”. Kusateerera kwevagari vemo kunochinja kuva kwechisimba kunorasikirwa nedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo. Mutemo iwoyo, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji uchikwikwidzwa, unosimbisa dzidziso yegamuchidzanwa yokusarwisana kwechisimba: kuputsa mutemo nomutoo usina masimba masimba kunochengetedza kutaura kwetsika nemutemo kwokudzivirira.

Kodzero Yokukumbira Hurumende

Chikumbiro chacho chanzi “chinofuratirwa asi chine revo munhau, kodzero yoku“pa kuhurumende zvichemo.” Ichochi maruramiro chakadudzirwa zvikuru kubatanidza kukwirira, kukwirira, uye kukumbira kwakananga kupfurikidza nokuramba. Chirongwa cheNAACP mukati meChibvumirano chekodzero dzechivil, icho chakabatanidzwa, kuratidzira, kuratidzira kuti chikumbiro chinogona sei kushandiswa kudenha mitemo isina kururama kupfurikidza nemikoto mizhinji. [NACP] v. . [FLT][FF:3] [12] [FLT] [3] [3] [6], Dare guru rakarova mutemo ungava upo weNaciroma.GOGOGOGOGOGOGOGO.

Dzimwe Gadziridzo Dzinokurudzira Kusateerera Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Nepo First Amendment iri chinhu chikuru, dzimwe gadziriro dziri muBhill of Rights dzinoumbawo mhoteredzo yapamutemo yokusateerera hurumende.

Mutezo Wechina: Dziviriro Panzvero Nezvinonyengera

Vadzoreri, zvikurukuru avo vanobatanidzwa mukusateerera kwavagari vemo, havana dziviriro kukusungwa nokutsvaka. Findment yeChina inoda kuti kusungwa nokunzvera zvinenge zvichibvira uye kuti kunzvera kuitiswe nefaunzi (kana kuti mudzimwe nzvimbo dzakasimbiswa). Uku kuganhurira mano ehurumende okudzivisa kusungwa kana kuti kunzvera kusingasarudziki. [FLT]] [[[FLT]] v.[[FLT] [1968], Dare rakaziva kuti mapurisa angazvibata “kurega nokunzvera nokusasarura.] kana ane fungidziro dzine mufungo womubato woutsotsi, mupimo unodiro wakati kuti, maidiro makuru. Zvisinei, pakati pokunzvera kwapamutemo uye kushambadzira kwapa matare kwapamhoto mukuru; kazhinji mapurisa anogona kutsigira dziviriro dziviriro mumiedzo, kupfuure kupfurikidza nokudzivirira murairo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Nokuzvipopotera

Kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara uye kurambidza kuzviparadzanisa umene kunonyanyokosha nokuda kwavasingateereri vavagari vemo vangasungwa. Varidzi vehurumende vanowanzoramba kupindura mibvunzo semashoko enheyo. Chipikirwa cheFindth Amendment chemuitiro wakafanira chinodawo kuti hurumende isanyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wapamutemo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vapanduki vanosungwa vanopiwa kodzero yokutongwa panguva yakafanira, kumirira kwapamutemo, uye mukana wokupa dziviriro yezviito zvavo kusanganisira zvibvumikiso zvokuti zviito zvavo zvakadzivirirwa nenzira yapamutemo.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kwechisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reRevolder rinorambidza mabhero akanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye zvirango zveutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Urongwa uhwu hwakataurwa mudenho kukubatwa kwevatsoropodzi, kubatanidza kushandiswa kwegasi rinobudisa misodzi, mabara erabha, uye mamwe masangano anodzorwa. Mu [FLT]]] Tailbr v. Pelzer[[FLT] [2] [200] [200], Dare rairangarira kuti “kusakendenga pamutemo” kwavarindi vetorongo vaigona kuumba kudzivirira kwomusungwa noutsinye. Nepo mhaka yacho isina kubatanidza kutsoropodza, kwakatopfupikisa kuti kunyange simba rakanyanyisa ringaputsa kuEldendermergend. Mumashoko okusateerera, uku kudzorwa kwechikwata chavagari vemo.

Chiratidzo Chenhau dzeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzakarondedzera Basa Racho

Zvisarudzo zvakawanda zveDare Repamusorosoro zvakanyatsotaura nezvepane kupindirana kweBhili of Rights nokusateerera hurumende.

[[[FF:0] Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham [1] (1 969)

Munhau iyi, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth yakatungamirira kufamba muBirmingham, Alabama, pasina mvumo pashure pokunge vakuru vakuru veguta vakaramba varambazve mvumo kumapoka ehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja kupwiswa kwake, richitaura kuti mutemo wemvumo weguta waibvumira vakuru vakuru kusasarudza kuti varambe mvumo yemashoko acho. Dare rakatonga kuti mutemo wacho wakanga usina kubvumirwa pachiso charo uye kuti kumira kumira kubhinya kwaisagona kurangwa nokuda kwokuputsa. Iyi mhaka yakasimbisa nheyo inobvumira zvinodikanwa kutendwa negnutry nemhesvoswo yedonzo, uye yakapa nhoo yapamutemo kuvapanduki vakatarisana nokuramba utsotsi.

[Hague v. Komiti yeIndustrial Organization[ (1939)

Sezvataurwa, nyaya iyi yakasimbisa kuti migwagwa, mapaka, uye nzira dzinoshandiswa nevanhu veruzhinji. Mutongi Roberts akanyora kuti kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzakadaro “kubvira kare, kwave kuri rutivi rweropafadzo, kudzivirira, kodzero, uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo.” Chisarudzo chacho chakaderedza gadziriro yebvumiro yaida kuti varongi vawane mvumo kubva ku“ mutungamiriri wekotsekano,” angagona kuramba nenzira yokusada. Mhaka iyi inoramba iri fandesheni yekodzero yokuunganidza nokukwikwidza munzvimbo dzavose.

[ .Des Moines Independent School District (11969)

“ Mhaka yepfumbidzo” yakatambanudzira dziviriro kukutaura kwokufananidzira muzvikoro zvavose. Dare rakataura kuti vadzidzi hava “sati vachibvisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro.” Iyi chisarudzo chakakumbirwa kwete bedzi mukuramba kwechikoro kwakavakirwa asiwo mukurukurirano huru pamusoro poukuru hwomufambiro wokufananidzira. Kunoratidzira kuti kunyange vanhu vaduku, mumugariro umo nhevedzano inokosha, vane maruramiro okupinda mukusateerera kwavagari vemo kusati kuri kwene - 76rupu.

Texas v. Johnson (19989)

Zvichida mhaka hurusa yemifananidzo inobatanidza kunyunyuta neFirst Amendment, . Johnson anopisa mureza unotukwa. Gregory Lee Johnson akawanwa pasi pomutemo weTexas nokuda kwokupisa mureza weAmerica mukati mokuratidzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare guru rakashandura, rikabata kuti kupiswa kwomureza kunodzivirira mufambiro unodzivirira neFirst Amendment. Dare rakarangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kudzivisa kutaura kwepfungwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti nzanga inowana pfungwa yacho imene yakaipa. Iyi murairo wakaparira gakavaro rinokosha uye wakaparira kukumbira kudzivirirwa kwomureza kuti udzivirire mureza, asi nheyo huru inodzivirira kuti kunyange mabasa okufananidzira anonyandura.

NAACP v. Alabama (1958)

Chisarudzo chacho chakaziva kuti kumanikidza kuisa pachena kodzero yesangano rehurumende, nokudaro kuchiita kuti basa risave rokudzivirira sangano rinodzivirira.

Mavambo Edzidziso uye Kurongwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Chirongwa chapamutemo chakaumbwa neBill of Rights chinowirirana zvikuru negamuchidzanwa rouzivi rokusateerera kwavagari vemo rinoziviswa navafungi vakadai saHenry David Thoreau, Mahtma Gandhi, uye Martin Luther King Jr. rondedzero ya1849 “Kusateerera mutemo” yakapa nharo kuti vanhu vane basa retsika rokudzivisa mitemo isina kururama, kunyange kana kudzivisa ikoko kuchireva kuenda kujeri. Akanyora nemukurumbira kuti,“ Muhurumende inoisa munhu asina kururama munzvimbo yechokwadi itorongowo." Iyi pfungwa inowirirana negamuchidzanwa remitemo yehabeas corpus uye kodzero yokudenha kusungwa kwomunhu.

Martin Luther King Jr., mu “Tsamba reMirmingham Jail,” rakadzika zvakajeka chibvumirano chake chokusateerera kwavagari vemo muzvose zviri zviviri nheyo dzetsika nemitemo. Iye akarangarira kuti mutemo usina kururama“hautongorina mutemo” uye kuti kurwira kodzero dzevanhu kwakanga kuri kurwisa kukuru kuzadzika zvipikirwa zveBumbiro reMitemo remitemo neChibvumirano cheIndementation. Mambo akadana nokuda kwe “kuoma kwepfungwa kwetsika. Kwaizomanikidza nzanga kutarisana nokusaruramisira. Kwakaita kuti kubvire nemhaka bedzi yokuti Bill of Rights facroit yakadzivirira maruramiro okutaura nokubatanidza, kunyange apo kuita kudaro kwakanga kuri kuputsa miraudzo yomunzvimbomo. Zvisarudzo zveDare mu [FLD:] .[FLT: 1] na[FLP][FFF][2]

Kusarwisana namasimba masimba, chinhu chikuru kuuzivi hwavose vari vaviri Gandhi naMambo, kunowiriranawo nechinodikanwa cheFirst Amendment che “gungano”. Nokuramba kutsiva, vasingateereri hurumende vanochengeta kutaura kwapamutemo kwokudzivirira nokuparira dzvinyiriro yetsika inogona kuparira chinjo dzapamutemo nedzenzanga. Bill of Rights haitsigiri masimba masimba; kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kutaura kusina masimba masimba, kunopinza kusabvumirana muzvimiro zvinogona kuiswa mumatare nehurukuro yavose.

Makambani Azvino Uno Nehondo Dzapamutemo

Bhuku rinonzi Bill of Rights rinopfuurira kuumba masangano enzanga azvino uno anoratidza kusateerera kwehurumende.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Ma1950 na 1960 akaona kushandiswa kwakananga kwedziviriro dzeFirst Amendment kukusateerera kwavagari vemo. gara pasi panzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvokudya zvemasikati, rusununguko, uye kufamba zvose zvakarongwa nokungwarira mabasa omutemo anoputsa ayo akatsamira pamaruramiro egungano nepemhete. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaisa mhedziso mu . Getner v. Louisiana [1961]) rakadzosa zvitendero zvokugara vatori rutivi, richitonga kuti nyika yakanga isina kugovera ufakazi hwokuputsa rugare apo vamiri vamadhemoni vaigara vakanyarara. Uku kutonga uku kwaidzorwa nomutoo unovakwa nomutoo unovandika mudzimba dzavose uye kusimutsiviriranwa kworugare senzira yemubatanidzwa munzanga.

Kurwisana Nehondo uye Nguva yeVietnam

Muma 1970, kunyunyuta mukurwisana neVietnam War kwakaedza miganhu yekutaura kwokufananidzira. Didrap à card, kushatisa mureza, uye ratidziro huru paPentagon uye mumakoriji zvose zvakatungamirira kuidzwa. Cohen v. California[ [1971] [1] yakadzivirira kodzero yokupfeka bhachi rine mashoko okuti “Drag,” kutambanurira kumutauro unorangarirwa kuva unozvidza. Brandenburg v. Ohio [[FLT:]] [1] [1] [1969])) akagadza mupimo wazvinotengwa nokuda kwekurudziro yokutaura: chiito chokusateerera mutemo wakadzivirirwa kutonge “kukurudzira kana kuti kunyandura chiito chokukurumidza chisakarurama uye kuparira chiito chakadaro. Chinopasudzo chapa chipa chipa chiito chakapararira chakakura, avo vanoparidza chisati chaparirwa nokukurumidza, kunyange sechiito chakava chinoitwa.

Masangano Anofambira Mberi: Black Live Confect and Climate Activism

Kuramba kwazvino uno, kubatanidza izvo zvakatungamirirwa neBlack Live Matter (BLM) nesangano repwere remamiriro okunze, zvakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva yapamutemo. BLM, yanyandurwa nokuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd, yakanga iri hurusa munhau yeU., inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri kufamba kworugare nezvinoitika zvamasimba masimba nokupa mhaka. Matare akarwisana nedziviriro dzemitengo yokudzivirira nguva dzinodzorwa, kusungwa kukuru, uye kushandiswa kwesimba nomutemo. Bill of Rights yakakumbirwa kudenha nzira dzouganda dzoutsinye; somuenzaniso, matare ehurumende akabudisa mirairo yokudzivisa kushandiswa kwegasi nepfuro nepfurabha rinorwisana nokusarira zviri pamutemo. Chibvumirano chechina chinodzivirira kudzivirira kubatwa nehosha kusina mufungo chavenge chiri chinhu chikuru pakupomerwa “kurovererwa kwomutemo." (kudzivisa kudzorwa kwomutemo) uye kudzorwa.

Vatsigiri vezvemamiriro okunze, vakadai seavo vane muganhu weFirst Redult neSunrise Movement, vakapinda muzviito zvokusateerera kwevagari vemo, vachivhara migwagwa, vachigara muzvivako zvehurumende, uye vachivhiringidza zviitiko zvavose — kurayira chiito pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Kudzivirira kwavo kwepamutemo kunowanzovakirwa padziviriro yeFirst Amendment yekutaura kwokufananidzira uye kukumbira mashoko okukumbira; vanotaura kuti kusaita kunotyisidzira kodzero dzinokosha, kubatanidza kodzero dzoupenyu nezvinhu, uye kuti mwero wakanyanyisa uri madikanwa nemhaka yokuti mikoto yetsika yakakundikana. Mamwe matare ehurumende akaziva “kuzvidzivirira kworuzvidzivirire ” munhau dzinowirirana nemhengedzero dzehurumende, zvichibvumira vakwidziridza kutaura kuti mabasa avo akashata aitwe kuti arege kuva nemhosva huru. Zvisinei, matare enyika anoramba zvikurukuru kuzvidzivirira, kutsigira kuti nzira yokudzivisa kupesana nokusarambidzwa kwehurumende.

Kunetseka Kunopfuurira Netsananguro Dzinoshandura

Kupesana kunoramba kuripo.

Kudzikamisa Kodzero Pakurwisana Nenhevedzano Yavanhu

Hurumende dzinowanzotaura kuti zvibvumikiso zvinofanira kudzorwa kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa, kudzivirira chengeteko yavose, uye kuchengeta nhevedzano. “nguva, nzvimbo, uye mutoo” dzidziso inobvumira ganhuriro dzinobatanidzwa 93neuthal, asi kushandiswa kwadzo kunogona kuva kwenharo. Somuenzaniso, kubvumidza zvinodikanwa zvingashandiswa kuganhurira kuratidzira mapoka asingafarirwi. MCullen v. Coopley [2014] [20] (2014, Dare rakaputsa mutemo weMassachusetts uyo wakasika chiteshi chapanyu 35555 000 chenyika yakapoteredza chipatara chokubvisa mimba, uchitonga kuti mutemo unoremedza kutaura kunopfuura kuri madikanwa. Chisarudzo chekare] . Coloration yakatsigirawo chisarudzo chapakuvamba [FLD:] v[FFF]][FF]]]

Kupomerwa Kwokusateerera Kwevagari Vomunyika

Vachuchisi pane dzimwe nguva vakapomera vatsoropodzi mhaka dzoutsotsi hwakadai semufambiro usina nhevedzano, kudarika mutemo, kana kuti kudzongonyedza migwagwa mikuru. Kubudirira kweFirst Amendment kunotsamira pamaidi chaiwo. Kusateerera kwehurumende kwechikwata, kune rugare, kusina masimba masimba kusingapinyi vamwe kana kuti kukuvadza zvinhu kungangova kwakakosha zvikuru kudzivirirwa. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vazhinji vanoputsa mitemo nemaune yavanorangarira kuti haina kururama, vachigamuchira chirango serutivi rwenzira yavo. Bill of Rights haisi vimbiso yokudzivisa kurwisana nemhosva; inongovimbisa bedzi kuti hurumende haigoni kudzivirira vamwe vanhu nemhaka yemurangariro wavo.

Kudzidzira Unyanzvi Hutsva Nekuwedzera

Kuramba kwemafoni nemagetsi [1] Kubatanidza kuronga, kuronga paIndaneti, uye kushandiswa kwezvinobudisa nhau dzesocialm kuronga zviito nenyaya itsva. Kudzivirira kweGavhura reChina pakuongorora kusina pamutemo kwakawedzerwa kuserura mafoni nefoni ( Riley v. California[, 2014), asi kukwanisa kwehurumende kuongorora mashandiro ekombiyuta neMitemo, nzvimbo, uye nhau dzechovha dzinoita kuti zvisashanduke. Kudzivirira kwokusazvidzora kunodzivirira kunobva paIndaneti kunodzivirira vanhu, matare achada kushandisa mitemo yekare yemitemo yemitemo yekare kutsika itsva.

Nhaka Isingaperi

Bill of Rights yakaumba zvikuru tsika yeAmerica yokusateerera kwavagari vemo. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, uye chikumbiro, uye kupfurikidza nokugovera dziviriro dzetsika kupfurikidza neNyene, shanu, uye Erethh Amendments, vavambi vakaumba mhoteredzo yebumbiro remitemo umo kusabvumirana kunogona kubudirira (kana kusati kuri kusingabhadharwi nguva dzose. Nhau yokusateerera kwavagari vemo muUnited States ibvumirano yetsinhiranotsinhirano pakati pekodzero dzapamutemo nemhedzidzo dzetsika. Kubva mumigwagwa yeBirmingham kusvikira kutsutsumo dzazvino uno, vatsigiriki vakashandisa Bill of Rights sezheo dzose dziri mbiri nebakatwa: nhovo mukurwisana nechiito chehurumende nechinogaro chepfuudzo uye munondo kuraira kuti rudzi rurarame kukuwirirana nemitemo yarwo yarwo yakakwirira zvikuru.

Sezvo masangano azvino uno anopfuurira kurwisa miganhu yokuramba kunogamuchirika, nheyo dzamavambo dza 1791 dzinoramba dziri dzakakodzera. Bhishopi yekodzero dzavanhu haivimbisi rukundo nokuda kwavasingateereri vavagari vemo, asi inovavimbisa kuti kana bedzi pane mitemo inoda kuchinja, kuchava navagari vemo vanodisa kuiputsa ($_hinorugare, noruremekedzo, uye netariro yokuti Bumbiro remitemo richadzivirira maruramiro avo okuita kudaro.

[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[