Mhindumupindu yemitemo ichinhu chikuru chokudzora kwazvino uno, inoratidzira mano enzanga kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvemari zvinochinja, kubudirira kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye mipimo yenzanga iri kukura. Kuvambira pamitemo yapakuvamba zvikurusa yakavezwa mumatombo kusvikira kugadziriro dzemiitiro yakaoma kudzora ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu, gadziriro dzokutungamirira dzakapfuurira kuzviwedzera dzimene kudzikamisa kuwirirana nedziviriro yavose. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro unopfuurira kunokosha nokuda kwavaiti vemiitiro yebhizimisi, vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, uye vagari vemo, sokushanda kwemitemo kunopesvedzera zvakananga kuteramisiro yezve yemari, kutsigira mhoteredzo, uye kodzero yomunhu oga.

Mavambo Enhau Okudzorerwa

Kare shoko rokuti “mutemo” risati rapinda mumugariro wavose, pepuko dzakare dzakaziva kudikanwa kwemirau yakabatana yokupedza kutengeserana, gadzikisa gakava, uye kudzivirira pfuma yomunzanga. Iyi gadziriro yapakuvamba yakavanzarika hwaro hwegadziriro dzakarongwa idzo dzaizobuda mazana amakore gare gare.

Mitemo Yakare Nemirayiro

Ijipiti yekare[ [[FLT]] (chirca 1754 BCE) muMesopotamia ndiimwe yemienzaniso yapakuvamba yakanyorwa yomutemo, inofukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pakodzero dzezvinhu kusvikira kukusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa. Mu Ijipiti yekare[[[FLT:]], mitemo yakadzora vhirigini, kudiridza, uye kugoverwa kwezvokudya mukati menzanzanzara. Nenzira yakafanana, Umambo hweRoma [[FLT:][FLT] [5]] hwakavandudza [FLT:] Juris Civilist], mutemo wapamutemo waidzotengwa nokuda kwechiEurope. Iyi yakabatanidza miraukwa yamakore akawanda.[FLT] kazhinji kazhinji Hurumende dzakatanga kuzivisa murairo wezve kutoose.[Focts]

Vatsiki VeMiddle Ages Nemitemo Yakashata

MuMiddle Ages, masangano muEurope akaita basa rokuisa. Vaigadza mipimo yakanaka yezvinhu (zvikuru, mucheka, simbi), aidzora uremu, uye mitengo yakagadzwa. Iyi mitemo yemasangano, nepo kazhinji kazhinji inodzivirira, yakagovera kusachinjana mumisika uye yakabetsera kuva nechokwadi chamabhizimisi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, madzimambo akapa mitemo yamambo nemiraudzo kuti atarisire kutengeserana kwamarudzi ose, uye hurumende dzemasipala dzakavamba kukwidza kuisa utsanana nemiraudzo kuvaka miraudzo yemikoro yavanhu vomumaguta makuru.

Chinjo Yenzvimbo Dzamabasa Okugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Nokutanga Kwekudzoresa Kwazvino Uno

Kukurumidza kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwezana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19 kwakapinza ngozi dzisingaenzaniswi. Mafactorial akapinza utsi mumhepo, vashandi vaibatira mazuva 16 mumigariro isina kukotsekana, uye kushandiswa kwavana kwakanga kwakapararira. Mwero weidzi kuvadziko waipfuura izvo tsika dzamasanga kana kuti vatongi vomunzvimbomo vaigona kubata, kuchimanikidzira hurumende kuparira masangano anoronga kuronga.

Mabasa Ebasa Nefekitari

Mutemo weChibvumirano wa1833 muUnited Kingdom wakaratidzira chinja rinokosha. Wakaganhurira maawa okushanda avana, zvaida mipimo yekotsekano huru, uye vaongorori vefekitari vakagadzwa vamasangano enzvimbo dzokuchengeteka [imwe yemitemo yokutanga yakatsaurirwa. Mitemo yakatevera muEurope neNorth America. Fair Labor Standard Act [[ ya1938 muUnited States, iyo yakagadza mari shomanene nemaawa anoshanda, yakaratidzira zana ramakore rokutungamirira basa. Iyi yakanga isati iri tarisirowo zvayo yokutarisira; yakamirira chibvumirano chibvumirano chitsva chavanhu umo zvaikarirwa kupindira muupenyu hwomunhu hwomunhu.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo Neyoutano Hworuzhinji

Mafekitari akarevawo kusvibiswa. Nzizi dzainaya namarara, uye maguta akavhungwa noutsi hwemarasha. British Alkali Act ya1863 yakadzora kubudiswa kwesoda-ash mufekitari, nepo mitemo youtano yavanhu yapakuvamba yairaira migove yemvura yakachena negadziriro dzetsvina. MuUnited States, Screated Food ne Drug Act[ ya 1906] yakasika mutangiridzi weFDA, achinangidzira kudzodzo kudzosa zvokudya zvakashatiswa nemishonga ine ngozi. Iyi migariro yapakuvamba yezvoutano yakarongwa nokuda kwehurumende hurusa yezana ramakore rechi 20.

Nguva Itsva

Kuderera Kukuru kwoKuderera kwoUkuru kwoUkuru hworuwa rwa1930 kwakaputsa kutenda mumisika isina kudzorwa. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Develop yakaita chirongwa chokuvaka chinoramba chiri chenheyo nhasi. Sactities Exchange Act ya1935 [ yakatanga chiBasa reSikaro neExchange (SEC) kutarisira mari nokudzivirira vatengi. [[FLT:]] National Labol Labor Act [Wagner Act)] yeNational Laborce Act yeSact ya1935] inovimbisa vashandi kuti vave neboka. [FLD:4] SSCSCS Act Act yeRugare rwamagenyuko ehurumende uye kwete upfumi.

Kukura Kunodzora Munhambo Yapashure Pehondo

Kubvira pakapera Hondo Yenyika II kusvika kuma1970, mutemo wakawedzera nokukurumidza munenge chikamu chiri chose.Nhambo iyi yakava nenzvimbo dzine simba dzakatsaurirwa kuchengeteko yevatengi, kuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo, uye utano hwebasa.

Dziviriro Yemutengi Nechengeteko Yezvibereko

Ralph Nader’s Bhuku [[FLT: 0] Rakakotsekana paNhanho ipi neipi (65) rakabatanidza kusikwa kwe National Highway Suctution Safety Administration[[[FLT:]] uye kupfuudzwa kwe [FLT] uye kupfuudzwa kwe [FLT]] muKuchengeteka [[FLT]] [[FLT]].[FLT]] Conum Recutect Act yeSucture Safect Act [[ ya197] ya197] yakatanga Consuber Recute Secute com (C) kudzora zviuru zvezvinhu zvemhuri. Panguva ino, [FLT] naDrugment Administrationsssss anowedzera simba rekushandisa mishonga isati yatongedzerwa kukuita njodzi dzose.

Kuchinja Kwemhoteredzo

Ma 1970 yakanga iri nhambo yakaisvonaka yemirau yemhoteredzo muUnited States. [[FLT:] National Environmental Policy Act (1969) yateverwa ne [ Development Air Act[[[FLT:]] [1970]], [[FLT]]] Mvura yakachena [[FLT]] Act [[FLT:] [7]], uye kusikwa kwe [FLT] Ent Agency yeCT][FL:[FL:] [5] [5] [5])]. Zvirongwa zvakafanana zvakaitika muEurope, Japan, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Mitemo yakagadzwa kuyera mhoteredzo, yaida kunzvera, uye yakaitwa nokuda kwevagari vemo. [5][5]

Kuchengeteka Kwebasa Noutano

Kugadzirwa kwe Safety and Health Administration [OSH] muna 1970, pamwe chete namasangano anowirirana mune dzimwe nyika, kwakaunza murairo mukati mebasa. Vashandirwi zvino vaidikanwa kugovera “nzvimbo yebasa isina ngozi dzinozivikanwa.” OSSA yakagadza mipimo yapamutemo yechinhu chiri chose kubva pamuchina unorinda kuganhuriro unobvumirwa nokuda kwamakemikoro. Nguva ino yakaonawo kukura kwemirairo inodzora midyaro inodzora (ERISA muU.S.) uye banza rakaenzana rokushanda (EOC).

Zvinetso Zvinouya Munguva Ino Munyika Yakabudirira, Yakagadzirwa Nemagetsi

Kukwira kweInternet, ungwaru hwokugadzira zvinhu, ungwaru hwenyika yose, uye mamiriro okunze zvose zvinoda kufunga kutsva, kuoma kwepfungwa, kuoma kwemamiriro okunze.

Zvemari Nezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pagore

Kuputika kwemitengo yemakombiyuta , kubva panzvimbo dzinobudisa mashoko kusvikira kue-commerce yagadzira mashoko makuru anodenha mitemo yegamuchidzanwa. European Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR), inoshanda muna 2018, kuedza kudzora vanhu pamitemo yavo. Inoisa faindi inorema pamakambani anonesa mashoko uye anoda kubvumira zvakajeka kugadzirwa. MuUnited States, [[FLT:] Consolania Consumtion Act [CPA] inopa dziviriro yakafanana, kunyange zvazvo U.S. ichiri kushaiwa mutemo mukuru wehurumende. Regatesssssss, yemistricrome nerome systrome, yemicrome.[4]

Kuzvidavirira Kwemitemo uye Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa

Sezvo gadziriro dzeAI dzinoiswa mukurovha, kukweretesa, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano, kuitira hanya pamusoro peruramisiro, mauniko, uye kuzvidavirira zvakakura. Chikarakadzo cheEU chinokarakadzwa AI AS Act [ inoisa zvirongwa zveAIP nemwero yengozi, inorambidza izvo zvinonzi “zvisingagamuchiriki” (g., zvinowirirana nehurumende) uye zvinoraira zvakasimba pa“ mirairo yakakwirira” inoshandiswa. Dzimwe nyika dziri kuvandudza zvirongwa zvadzo, asi rudzi rwekubudirira kwepasi pose runoomesanisa mativi ose. Regubergs dzinodawo“ zvinodikanwa zvokusazviito zvokusakafanira”

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze Nokuchinja Kwemhoteredzo

Chinjo yemamiriro okunze yakamanikidzira kurangarirazve ganhuriro yemhoteredzo inopfuura kudzorwa kwetsika. Paris Act (2015] ikagadzira gadziriro nokuda kwamarudzi kuderedza nokuzvidira kubudisa gasi rinodzisa. Mumba, madzoro ari kushandisa mitemo yecarbon Prigate-trade muCalifornia ne EU, mitero yecarbon pa Canada neScandinavia), mipimo yemipimo yemipimo yemitengo yemari inodzo yemari inodzosaipira kuderedza nokudzikisa. [[FFLT:]][FT] Kupfumba kwechinjo yeRecuriod Ret [FLT3:] [202] [202]) inobatanidza migariro yemari inoparira migariro yemari inodzosera kushamba nokudzisa, inomirira mipimo yemipimo yemipimo yezve yezvitookero yezvo.[FT]

Kugadziridzwa Kwemari Pashure Pedambudziko Racho ra2008

Njodzi yemari ya2008 yakaratidzira mipata yakakomba mukutungamirira mabhangi, manyuko, uye shoo. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act (2010) muU.S. yakaita mikana mikuru yePUNICEFFF, yakaisa zvinodikanwa zvechimbichimbichimbi, uye yakaraira kubviswa kwemitengo kwemishoni. IS, [FL III] [[FL:3]] wiriranisa bhini guru reP. Mitengo ichangobva kukurumidza, kukwira kwemari inopa denho itsva (Di):

Mienzaniso Yokuenzanisa Mirayiro

Kunzwisisa kusiyana - siyana kwemakambani ari munyika dzakawanda uye kuti pave nokubatana kwemitemo yenyika dzakawanda kunosiyana - siyana munyika dzose, kunoumbwa netsika dzepamutemo, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika.

European Union: Kuzvipinza Mungozi Nokukuvadza

EU inowanzotora nheyo yemitemo, uko vadzori vanogona kuita chiito kudzivirira kuvadziko kunyange pasina uchokwadi hwesayenzi. Ikoku kuri pachena mu GEOGON miraudzo yemakemikoro (anoronga kudzivirira zviuru zvezvinhu) uye GPR. EURO inorondawo zvikuru kuwirirana, ichiita mipimo imwe chete inoyambuka marudzi 27 (komuenzaniso, muenzaniso, inoratidzira chibereko chezvinhu zvakanaka mukati mezvigadzirwa.

United States: Kukombwa uye Kupesana

U.S. murairo unowanzorondedzerwa se revocation uye nzvero yemasangano akaparadzana nokuda kwokubhangisa (FLT:3], nenzvimbo dzinoiswa pamutemo (FEDAL Reserve, OC), kumira kutakura (SEC), mhoteredzo (EP), uye mari yemari (CFPB). ASCPrediture Act inoda masangano anotevera muitiro murefu wokuita mutemo nechiziviso chavose netsinhiro, kuita kuti muganhu uratidzike nenzira inore asi inodzoka. U. matare anofambisa basa rinokosha mukuhwirudzura mabasa esangano. [FF:]

Marudzi Ari Kubudirira: Kudzikamisa Kukura Nokukwanisa

Nyika dzakafanana neIndia, Brazil, Indonesia, neNigeria dzinotarisana nedenho dzechinjo yechienzi. Dzinofanira kazhinji kazhinji kuvaka masangano okudzora kubva pakuparadzana apo dzinotarisira kukura kwokukurumidza kwemari neganhuriro dzemitengo. World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index[[[FL:1] (ichinopesana na 2021]) (ichinoisa kuti miraudzo inorema sei ingagona kumisa kuumbwa kwebhizimisi duku. Marudzi ari kusimukira anoshandisazve kunzvera (RIA) ndokucheka mapurogiramu matepi matsvuku, anonyandurwa nemimwe miitiro yakanakisisa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, anorwisana nenhau dzakafanana nedzero huru dzemari, simba risina kusimba, uye uorivhiri. [[FLD:] African Freetrans Translatection Arection Transceast [FF]]

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Dzinochinja, Dzinovaka, uye Dzinobatanidza

Tichitarira mberi, gadziriro dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzichava idzo dzinogona kukurumidza kuchinja, kushandisa vapari vemari vakasiyana - siyana, uye kushandisa mashoko noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nenzira inobudirira.

Kudzorwa Kwezvisaririra uye Kudzorwa Kwezvikepe

Imwe mitoo inovimbisa i bhokisi rejecha remitemo, rakakurumbira pakutanga neUK’S Chaimer Seader Authority. Sandboxs dzinobvumira makambani eFintech (uye zvino mafemu eAI) kuedza zvinhu zvitsva nevatengi chaivoivo pasi pehurumende inoreruka, nepo madzoro anodzidza pamusoro penjodzi nebetsero. Uku kuderedza nguva yokutengesa nokuda kwemiitiro mitsva uye kubetsera vagadziri kugadzira mitemo yakawanda. Kudzora kunobva mukugadzirwa kwesoftware, kusimbisa mutemo, kupfupikisa, kupfupikisa, uye kupfupikisana kugadzirwa kwemitengo, uye kupfupi.

Kusimbiswa Kwemashoko Nokutsigirwa

Mitengo mikuru inogona kuchinja nzira iyo vatarisiri vanoongorora kutevedzerwa. U.S. Sacreties and Exchange Commission inoshandisa maalgoritime kuti izive mitoo yezvokutengeserana. Masangano emhoteredzo anoshandisa mifananidzo yesatellite kutevera kuiswa kwemitengi kana kuti kubudiswa kwemisi zvisiri pamutemo. Dare reReparency REPARETAL[ rinoshandisa mashoko anobva mukuwana mashoko kuti atsigire rwisano dzinobvira dzefariro. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kweAINDANGA mukuita kuti pavewo nemibvunzo yetsika pamusoro pokunzvera uye nzira yokushandisa nayo.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomubati Nokutsiva

Mitemo yazvino uno haisati ichiri gadziriro yapamusoro bedzi. Masangano akawanda anoshandisa kunzvera kwapaIndaneti, matare ezvokuyera, uye dare ravose kuunganidza muuyo. Multi-takuridziro], kufanana neInternet Goverdance Forum kana kuti Dare reBasarejistrate. , apo mitumbi yeindasitiri inova nemipimo inotenderwa nehurumende (g. 1, NW], inoita seInternet Counciption / comparentry formarentry / profiles]) yezvoutano. [[FLT] CLT], inogona kuderedza uye kuderedza mutengo. Mitengo inovariranwa yemiteko yemiteko yebasa nesimba mumiitiro yazvokudzo inosarira kupfurikidza nehurumende.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwemitemo Munyika Yose

Nemhaka yokuti denho dzenyika yose dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kusashanda zvakanaka kwomutero, uye zvirwere zvinopfuura miganhu, kubatira pamwe kwemitemo kunowedzera. CD, Sangano reInternational of Securities Commissions[[[FLT:]] , [[FLT]] reISCOM [[FFF]]] rinotanga miitiro yakanakisisa nemhesano. [FLT:] Dare rinosimudzira pamutemo paBHANGEROP] [FFFFF] rinochinja zvikuru , rinova nejeka.

mhedziso

Mhindumupindu yemitemo inhau inopfuurira yekuedza kwenzanga kudzora betsero dzebhizimisi nokuvandudza apo inodzikamisa ngozi dzayo. Kuvambira paMutemo waHammurabi kusvikira kuGDPR, murairo wakura muukuru, unyanzvi, uye chinzvimbo. Nhasi, tinotarisana nemiganhu mitsva, chinjo yemiganhu, mamiriro okunze etsika (jeta) kuraira gadziriro dzemitemo idzo dzisina kuchenjera bedzi uye dzinoshanda asi dzinoshanda zvakanaka asi dzinobatanidza. Chidzidzo chikuru chenhau chakajeka: murairo unofanira kupfuurira kuva mhinganidzo kufambira mberi kana kuti zvimwe nhoshoo isina kukwana mukurwisana nokukuvadza. Nguva yemberi yokudzora mukuwanira dziviriro nesimba pakati pekudzivirira nokuchengeteka, kuchengeteka, uye kumhanya. Kuwana kuti kuganhurirwe kuchada nzanga dzose, mabhizimisi evagari vemo, uye mabhizimisi anoshanda mumiteve, mabhizimisi anoshanda mumiteveri.