Table of Contents

Kushandiswa kwenzvimbo iyi yehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nevanhu kunodzivirira rusununguko rukuru runobvumira vagari vomunyika kuti vataure zvavanotenda, vashandise zvavanotenda, uye kuti vashingaire kuumba hurumende yavo. Kunzwisisa First Amendment kunokosha zvikuru kumunhu wose wokuAmerica anoda kushandisa kodzero dzake uye kutsigira kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pamusoro porusununguko, hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, uye rusununguko rwevanhu munzanga yedu.

Chii Chinotaura Mutezo Wemitemo Wokutanga?

First Amendment, mashoko 45 bedzi, idziviriro ine simba nokuda kwenzwi rako, zvitendero zvako, uye maruramiro ako okuramba, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Rugwaro rwakakwana runorava, kuti: “Konato haasati achizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurirwa kworusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwokubudisa nhau; kana kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende kuti ipedze kunyunyuta.

Pasinei zvapo nokupfupika kwayo, uyu mutongo mumwe wakaumba nzanga yeAmerica kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Wakagamuchirwa muBill of Rights muna 1791. Dare Rapamusorosoro rinodudzira ukuru hwedziviriro inopiwa kukodzero idzi. Mutauro unganzwika sowakarongwa nemitemo, asi shoko rawo rakajeka: hurumende haigoni kudzongonyedza rusununguko rwakati runokosha runokosha kunzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Rusununguko Rushanu Rwakadzivirirwa Ne Amendedzero Yokutanga

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha runoshanda pamwe chete kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vakwanise kufunga vakasununguka, kutaura zvavanofunga pachena, uye kutora rutivi zvizere muupenyu hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

First Amendment ine zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana zvine chokuita norusununguko rworudzidziso.Gungwe raClaus rinorambidza hurumende kuisa mutemo wokugadza rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kufarira rumwe rudzidziso kupfuura rumwe.Ichi chinogombedzera chinowanzozivikanwa se "tsauriro yechechi nehurumende," kuvimbisa kuti hurumende iyoyo inoramba isingatori rutivi munhau dzokutenda.

Free Execle Claus inorambidza hurumende, muzviitiko zvizhinjisa, kudzongonyedza muitiro womunhu wechitendero chavo. Chifo cha 1791, mashoko okutanga ane gumi namatanhatu eFirst Amendment — "Konrain haisati ichizoita mutemo unosimbisa rudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka" — yakabatanidza rusununguko rworudzidziso sekodzero inokosha, isingataurwi nokuda kwavanhu vose.

Ikoku kunoreva kuti vaAmerica vane maruramiro okunamata mukuwirirana nezvitendero zvavo, kana kuti kusarudza kusanamata zvachose. Hurumende haigoni kumanikidza vagari vemo kutora rutivi mumibato yorudzidziso, uyewo haigoni kuvadzivisa kushandisa kutenda kwavo, chero bedzi muitiro iwoyo usingaputsi mimwe mitemo kana kuti kukuvadza vamwe. Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kuzvitendero zvose zvakaenzana, ichivimbisa kuti kutenda kushomanene kunowana dziviriro imwe cheteyo yebumbiro remitemo semarudzidziso mazhinji.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Apo vanhu vanonzwa "Fommentation," kazhinji kazhinji vanofunga nezverusununguko rwokutaura — uye ivo vakarurama. Asi hakungori izvozvo chete. Chinokosha zvikurusa chorusununguko rwokutaura ikodzero kurusununguko rwokutaura. Rusununguko rwokutaura rungashandiswa nenzira yakananga (mashoko) kana kuti (zviito) zvokufananidzira.

Rusununguko rwokutaura runodzivirira kodzero yako yokutaura mifungo yako, mirangariro, uye pfungwa pasina kuongororwa nehurumende kana kuti chirango.

Rusununguko urwu runopfuura mashoko chete anotaurwa. Dare Rapamusoro rakaziva kuti kutaura kwokufananidzira kunopa shoko(8) kunowanawo dziviriro yeFirst Amendment. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakawana kuti kutaura kungatambanuka kupfuura kutaura uye shoko rakanyorwa murutivi rwomufambiro wokutaura, umo zviito zvinotumira shoko rokufananidzira.

Nheyo huru ndeyokuti munzanga yakasununguka, nzira yakanakisisa yokurwisa nayo pfungwa dzakaipa ine pfungwa dziri nani, kwete kuongororwa nehurumende.

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Ikoku kunodzivirira vatori venhau namashoko anobudiswa. Vane maruramiro okunzvera, kutsoropodza, uye kushuma pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende pasina kutya kuongororwa kana kuti kutsiva. Mushumo wakasununguka unobatira sechinorinda simba rehurumende, uchizivisa vagari vemo pamusoro pezviri kuitwa navakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa uye uchivaita kuti vazvidavirire.

Pasinei zvapo nokusanzwisisana kwakakurumbira, kodzero yorusununguko rwenhau runovimbiswa neFirst Amendment haina kusiyana zvikuru nekodzero yokutaura norusununguko. Inobvumira munhu kutaura zvaanofunga nokubudisa nokuparadzira.

Ikoku kunoreva kuti vatori venhau havana maruramiro chaiwo ebumbiro remitemo ayo vagariwo zvavo vasina. Zvisinei, rusununguko rwenhau runovimbisa kuti masangano enhau anogona kubudisa mashoko pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavanhu pasina tendero yehurumende kana kuti kunzvera. Iyi dziviriro inokosha mukuchengeta vagari vemo vanoziva vachikwanisa kuita zvisarudzo zvehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji.

Rusununguko Rwegungano

Kodzero yedu yokuungana mukuramba kwapachena kune rugare – mukufora, misangano yemisangano namamwe magungano — ndeimwe rusununguko rukuru runovimbiswa neFirst Amendment.

Sezvinotaura nyanzvi yeFirst Amendment muiyi nzvero, “Rusununguko rwePfured Amendment runoshanda kana vakuru vakuru vehurumende vachigona kudzvinyirira kutaura kwokuti vanotya kuti kuchaparira vhiringidzo kana kuti kugumbuka. Kutoti paine ngozi chaiyoiyo yokukuvadzwa kwava pedyo, kodzero dzeungano dzinofanira kuremekedzwa.

Rusununguko rwokuungana rwave ruchikosha munhau yose yeAmerica, kubva pakufora kwekodzero dzevanhu kusvika pakuratidzira zviitiko zvemazuva ano zvemagariro evanhu nezvamatongerwe enyika.Idzi rusununguko shanu runotipa kodzero yose yokuita pfungwa dzedu (uye kusakurira zvitendero zvedu timene); kunamata (kana kuti kwete) norusununguko; kukurukura pfungwa dzedu kune vamwe vanhu; kuva pamwe chete nevamwe kuti vakurukure nhau, kuronga mabasa, uye kuita mabasa okuratidzira semakwikwi okuratidzira uye makwikwi; uye kukumbira hurumende.

Dare Rapamusoro Rakaziva zvakajeka kuti kodzero yorusununguko rwesonganiro nechitendero iri pachena muMitemo Yekutanga, Yechishanu, uye Yechina Ye Amendments.Izvozvi zvinoreva kuti une maruramiro okuungana kwete bedzi navamwe asiwo okuumba masangano namasangano kuti afambire mberi nharidzano nezvitendero zvinogoveranwa.

Kodzero Yokukumbira Hurumende

Iyi rusununguko runozivikanwa zvishoma rwokuFirst Amendment kunyanguvezvo runokosha kuchimiro chehurumende yedu yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. "Ruramiro ikodzero yokukumbira hurumende pamwero upi noupi kururamisa chinetso," inonyora nyanzvi yeFirst Amendment muiyi nzwisa inoita kuti kodzero yechikumbiro inoshanda sei muhurumende yedu, uye zvimiro zvainoita.

Rusununguko rwokutanga rweFirst Amendment rwokupedzisira, kodzero yokukumbira, munzira dzakawanda, mutevedzeri mukuru wetsika anoreva kuti vaAmerica vane zvishuvo zvavo.

Kodzero yokukumbira inoita kuti hurumende irambe ichiteerera vanhu.

Mutezo Wechibvumirano Wokutanga Unokudzivirira Kunaani?

Imwe yemirangariro isina kururama yakakurumbira zvikurusa pamusoro peFirst Amendment ndiwo mutoo wayo wokushandisa. Kunokosha kubvisa murangariro unozivikanwa navose: First Amendment inokudzivirira bedzi padzongonyedzo yehurumende. Haisati ichimisa kambani yomunhu oga kana mushandirwi kukurwisa nokuda kwechimwe chinhu chaunotaura, uyewo haisati ichidzivisa mayunivhesiti kusimbisa mitemo yetsika.

Hurumende dzemo nedzehurumende dzine masangano akawanda, ose anofanira kurarama maererano neFirst Amendment.

Ikoku kunoreva kuti nepo hurumende isingagoni kukuranga nokuda kwekutaura kwako, masangano avanhu savashandirwi, makambani esocial media, uye zvikoro zvisiri zvavanhu zvinogona kugadza mitemo yavo vamene pamusoro peratidziro inogamuchirika. Zvikamu zvesocial network hazvidikanwiwo kudzivirira kutaura kwako. Kambani yapachivande inogona kudzinga mushandi nokuda kwenzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga, uye website inogona kubvisa gutsikano inoputsa mipimo yayo yebasa.

Zvisinei, zvinoreva kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakaita semapurisa, vakuru vezvikoro, uye vezvamatongerwe enyika vomunzvimbomo havagoni kukuranga bedzi nemhaka yokushandisa maruramiro ako okutaura, kunamata, kuungana, kana kuti kukumbira.

Miganhu Inokosha Padziviriro Dzokutanga Dze Amendedzero

Kunyange zvazvo First Amendment ichipa dziviriro yakasimba yokutaura, muUnited States, mamwe marudzi okutaura haadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment.

Kunzwisisa ganhuriro idzi kunobetsera kujekesa apo kodzero dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinoguma uye apo dzimwe maruramiro anokosha avanhu uye maruramiro avanhu anokosha akadai sechakatanhamara.

Marudzi Okutaura Kusingadzivirirwi

Dare rinowanzozivisa aya mapoka sezvinonyadzisa, kuzvidza, kunyengera, kunyandura, mashoko okurwa, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kutaura kunokosha kumufambiro woutsotsi, uye zvinonyadzisira zvavana. Ngatinzverei mamwe amapoka anokosha zvikurusa:

Kunyandurira Chiito Chisina Kutsaurwa Chomutemo

Kunyandura — kutaura uko kuri kuviri ku "nonanga kukunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye kungangonyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro" — hakudziviswa neFirst Amendment. Mupimo wacho unobva muchisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosa re1969 muBrandenburg v.O., denho yokutanga kubatwa kwemitezo yeKu Klux Klan mumutemo woutsotsi weOhio.

MuBrandenburg v. Ohio (1996), ikoku kwakaganhurirwa ku “mupimo wakakomba wokusateerera mutemo", neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richichinja kupwiswa kweboka reKu Klux Klan nokuda kwa "chisimba ... somutoo wokuita chinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika" nemhaka yokuti kutaura kwavo pamusangano hakuna kutaura nokukurumidza, kana kuti vavariro yapedyo, kuita masimba masimba.

Kutaura kwacho kunofanira kutungamirirwa pakukonzera chiito chiri pedyo chisiri pamutemo uye kunofanira kutoita kuti chiito ichocho chivepo chaizvoizvo.

Tyisidziro Dzechokwadi

Kutyisidzira kwechokwadi ndirimwe boka romutauro usingadzivirirwi uko munhu ane mufungo angadudzira kurukurirano seratidziro yakakomba yedonzo rokuita masimba masimba pamunhu akati kana kuti boka. Musiyano mukuru uri pakati petyisidziro dzechokwadi nekadzani, kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kutaura kwokutsamwa kusati kuchiumba tyisidziro chaidzoidzo dzemasimba masimba.

Kupandukira

Kuzvidzwa kunobatanidza kutaura kwenhema kwakati pamusoro pomunhu anotaurwa nemashoko (mupfuri) kana kuti mukunyora (mutongi). Sekutaura kwechishoro, mativi okuzvidza anotsamira pamipimo yemitemo yapamutemo yehurumende nemipimo yeDare Rapamusorosanotaura norusununguko. Kunyange zvazvo kutaura kwokuzvidza kurangarirwa kuva kutaura kusingadzivisiki, Dare rakaziva miganhu yeFirst Amendment pachero munhau dzinozvidza.

Somuenzaniso, muzvinoitika umo kutaura kwacho kune chokuita nomukuru mukuru wavose kana kuti munhu, mubatanidzwa wacho anotaura kuti kuzvidza kunofanira kuratidzira kuti mukurukuri akaita ne “zvakaipa zvechiito, ” ndiko kuti, zivo yokuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kusakendenga pamusoro pezvokwadi yako kana kuti nhema. Uyu mupimo wakakwirira wenhamba dzavose unovimbisa gakava rakasimba pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose.

Uori

MuMiller v. California (1973), Dare Rapamusorosa rakaronga mupimo une mativi matatu uyo mashoko anofanira kusangana nawo kuti arangarirwe seanonyangadza pamutemo: kana munhuwo zvake, achishandisa mipimo yenzanga yepanguva imwe cheteyo, aizowana kuti basa, rinoitwa rose, rinokurudzira ku "fariro yakanyanyisa muvatano); ringave basa racho rinoratidzira kana kuti rinorondedzera, nenzira inonyadzisa nenzira yapamutemo, mufambiro wevatano; ringave basa, richitorwa sebhuku rose, risina mashoko anokosha, rounyanzvi, rezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti resayenzi.

Chinoumba chaizvoizvo ushati hachina kujeka, asi sezvo ma 1980 rondedzero yacho yave iri yatete zvikuru.

Kubiridzira uye Kutaura Kwenhema

Hurumende yacho inogona kuisa musengwa wokushambadza kwenhema kana kuti wevakurukuri vanonyepera chokwadi kuti vawane mari kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvinobatsira (zvakadai sebasa).

Kunzwisisa uku kunowanzoitwa kuti vamwe vanhu vanzwisise kuti dzimwe nhema hadzidzivisiki kana paine kuratidzwa kwemaonero pachena uye akasimba mukurukurirano yavose neyavanhu, kutaura kwokuti First Amendment inotsvaka kuvimbisa.

Kutaura Kunoparira Mufambiro Weutsotsi

MuGiboney v. Empire Study & Ice Co (1949), Dare Gurusa rakaita kuti First Amendment risapa dziviriro ku "kunyora kana kuti kunyora kunoshandiswa sorutivi rukuru rwomufambiro mukuputswa kwomutemo weutsotsi wapamutemo." Chikumbiro chetsotsi pakupfura pfuti kuti upe mari yako hachidzivirirwi. Kana kuti kupamba, utsotsi, kana kuti kukumbira kuita utsotsi chaihwo.

Zvakadiniko Nokutaura Kworuvengo?

Vanhu vakawanda vanoshamiswa kuziva kuti kutaura kworuvengo hakusi kudzivirira kuFirst Amendment.

Ikoku hakurevi kuti kutaura kworuvengo inhau inovapo nemhesano. Masangano omunhu oga anogona kukurambidza, vashandirwi vanogona kuranga vashandi nokuda kwako, uye shurikidzo yenzanga inowanzotevera. Asi hurumende haigoni kupinza muutsotsi kutaura nemhaka bedzi yokuti kunoratidzira mirangariro mikuru. Chibvumikiso ndechekuti kubvumira hurumende kusarudza kuti mirangariro ipi inogamuchirika inoparira muenzaniso une ngozi ungagona kushandiswa kudzivisa kusabvumirana kwapamutemo.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Kunyange apo kutaura kunodzivirirwa zvizere neFirst Amendment, hurumende inogona kuisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo pari, kupi, uye sei kutaura ikoko kunoitika.Nguva, nzvimbo uye mutoo zvinoganhurirwa neganhuriro dzisingagutsikani dzinoiswa nehurumende pamubato unoratidzirwa.

Zvirambidzo zvakadaro zvinouya muzvimiro zvakawanda, zvakadai seganhuriro dzinorema dzoruzha, dzichisimbisa chiverengero chavatsungidzi avo vangatora nzvimbo yapamberi, vachidzivisa kukurumidza kukurumidza kubuda kana kuti kupera kwenhambo, uye vachiganhurira ukuru kana kuti kuiswa kwezviratidzo panzvimbo yehurumende. Mitemo yakadaro inowanzotsigirwa uye inomirira rutivi runozivikanwa navose rwenzvimbo inodzorwa mumaguta mazhinji mazhinjisa nezviverengero.

Somuenzaniso, guta rinogona kuda mvumo dzemienzaniso mikuru kuva nechokwadi chekotsekano yavose nedzokutarisirwa kwemotokari. Rinogona kurambidza kushandiswa kwamagudzanzwi munharaunda dzinogara vanhu usiku. Inogona kuganhurira ukuru hwezviratidzo panzvimbo yavose. Iyi ganhuriro inobvumirwa nemitemo chero bedzi ichibatanidzwa mukusatora rutivi (izvo hazvidi murangariro mumwe pamusoro pomumwe), zvinobatira fariro huru yehurumende, uye zvinosiya mikoto yakazaruka nokuda kwekurukurirano.

Hurumende inogona kuisa ganhuriro shomanene zvikurusa pakutaura kwako kana uri kutaura mirangariro yako muinonzi "purture reculture". Idzi inzvimbo dzavose dzakadai semigwagwa, migwagwa, uye mapaka, uko vanhu vakaungana kazhinji kazhinji kuti vakurukure nokuratidzira mirangariro yavo. Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kuti "hakusi tsaona kuti migwagwa yavose nemigwagwa yomumugwagwa zvakakura senzvimbo dzokutsinhana pfungwa." Vatongi vakarangarira kuti migwagwa nemigwagwa mishoma zvamadaro inzvimbo dzinokosha apo vanhu vanosangana nemirangariro yavanosangana nayo uye mirangariro yavakanga vasingatsvaki.

Kubvumira Kuchinja Kwokutanga Kuchienderana Nemamiriro Ezvinhu

Vadzidzi Nezvikoro

Vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose vanochengeta maruramiro eFirst Amendment, kunyange zvazvo aya maruramiro anogona kudzikamiswa pabasa redzidzo rechikoro. Kuvadzidzi kupfeka zvisungo zvitema kuchikoro kuti vatsutsunge hondo ("Vadzidzi havaregi kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo pagedhi reimba yechikoro."). Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503.

First Amendment inorambidzawo masangano ose ehurumende omunzvimbomo, kubatanidza zvikoro zvehurumende, kusasarura kutaura kwakavakirwa pamurangariro wayo.Iyi nheyo ndiyo nei pana April 24, 2024 ACLU-D.C. akakwidza dare nokuda kweArabia Students Union paD.C. chikoro chapamusoro chehurumende Jackson-Reresa kutaura kwavadzidzi nokuda kwokunzvera kutaura kwepro-Palesitin.

Zvisinei, zvikoro zvine chiremera chikuru chokudzora kutaura kwavadzidzi kupfuura icho hurumende inofanira kudzora kutaura kwavakuru mumibato yavose. Zvikoro zvinogona kuganhurira kutaura kunodzongonyedza zvikuru mhoteredzo yedzidzo kana kuti kudzongonyedza maruramiro avamwe vadzidzi. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi muzvikoro zvehurumende havawanzova nekodzero dzimwe chetedzo dzokutaura sevadzidzi kuchikoro chavose, kunyange kana chikoro chavanhu chapachivande chichiwana mari. Kodzero dzakasununguka dzokutaura pazvikoro zvechipiri dzinotangwa nemitemo, miitiro, uye miitiro zvechikoro.

Vashandi Vehurumende

Vose vari vaviri vashandi vehurumende yomunzvimbomo nevehurumende vane maruramiro okutaura pamusoro penhau dzinokosha panguva yavo vamene.

Musiyano mukuru ndewokutaura somugari wemo akasununguka munhau dzinoitirwa hanya navanhu kana kuti kutaura sorutivi rwemabasa ehurumende. Apo vashandi vehurumende vanotaura mabasa avo ehurumende, havatongodzivirirwi neFost Amendment. Ikoku kunobvumira masangano ehurumende kuchengeta budiriro nechirango apo achiri kudzivirira kodzero dzavashandi kuti vatore rutivi muhurukuro yavose savagari vemo.

Mauto Nemajeri

Nezvehondo yeUnited States, hurumende ine simba rakafara zvikuru rokuganhurira kutaura kwavakuru vakuru vemauto, kunyange kana ganhuriro yakadaro isati iri inoshanda kumunhu asiri murwi. Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa iyi nheyo muchisarudzo chakasanosarudzwa cha5 ku 3, Parker v. Levy (1974), apo Dare rakachengeta zvikurukuru mauto akanga ari "nzanga yakazvimirira yakabva munzanga isiri yehondo", iyo yaida nhungamiro dzorumano.

Hurumende painoshanda somutarisiri wamajeri, ine mano makuru kuganhurira kutaura kwakasununguka kwavasungwa. Zvikurukuru ganhuriro ipi neipi ine chokuita ne "nechevo ine chokuita nefariro dzapamutemo" inoshanda. Aya mashoko akapoteredza anomirira nharaunda umo fariro yehurumende mukuchengeta nhevedzano uye chirango inoruramisa ganhuriro huru pakutaura.

Chiratidzo Chokutanga Chokuchinja Zvinhu Chakaumba Kutaura Kwakasununguka

Kunzwisisa zvimwe zvezvisarudzo izvi zvinokosha kunobatsira kuona kuti mitemo yepamutemo inoshanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

Nyaya iyi yakaratidza mupimo wazvino uno weapo kutaura kungagona kurangwa sechinyanduro. Hurumende yakawanira mhaka mutungamiriri weKu Klux Klan nokuda kwokutaura kuti, "zvinobvira kuti pangava nokutsiva kwakati" mukurwisana nehurumende kana kukapfuurira ku "dzvinyirira vachena, rudzi rweCaucasia". Dare rapamusoro rakachinja kupwisa, rikachengeta Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment inodzivirira chibvumirano chemasimba masimba kutoti kwanzi kwaitwa kuti kuve ku "notenderwa kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye sezvingabvira kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro."

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Iyi nhau yakashandura mutemo wokuzvidza kupfurikidza nokutanga kuti vakuru vakuru vavanhu vanofanira kubvumikisa kuti "utsinye hwechiito" kuwina mhaka dzokuzvidza. Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaitirwa mumhaka yechiratidzo cheNew York Times v. Sullivan (1964) iro rinotaura nhema pamusoro pehurumende ringadzivirirwa chose chose. iyi chisarudzo chakaziva kuti gakava rakasimba pamusoro penhau dzavose ringabatanidza kurwisana, kudenha, uye pane dzimwe nguva kudenha kwakakomba kusingafadzi pahurumende navakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Des Moines (1969)

Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa kuti vadzidzi vane kodzero dzepamutemo muchikoro. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti vadzidzi vaiva nekodzero yokupfeka zvibayiso zvitema zvokutsutsutsumwa muHondo yeVietnam, ichisimbisa kuti vadzidzi havasati vachi‘bvisa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo pagedhi rechikoro.

California (1903)

Nyaya iyi yakatanga kuongororwa muzvikamu zvitatu kuti zvione kana mashoko achinyadzisa zviri pamutemo uye kuti haana kudzivirirwa neFirst Amendment.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Muzera Renhamba

Ruzivo rwokufambira mberi nokukurumidza nokusvika kukuru kweInternet zvakatanga nhau itsva zvikuru pamusoro perusununguko rwokuratidzira. Nepo bviro dzokutaura zvino dzisingaperi, kwakanga kusina kuvapo kwokunyoresa kana kuti kuisa panzvimbo yenzvimbo muna 1791 apo Bill of Rights yakanyoreswa, uye nokudaro, hadzina kubatanidzwa. Somuuyo, ACLU iri kushanda kuvimbisa iyi nhambo itsva muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu inowedzera rusununguko rwevagari vemo, panzvimbo pokuzvibvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira.

Masangano epaIndaneti ava kuzivikanwa nevanhu vakawanda mazuva ano, uye mamiriyoni evanhu ari kutaurirana, kuronga, uye kukurukura nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Mibvunzo ine chokuita nokutaura paIndaneti inoramba ichichinja. Ko makambani esocial network anofanira kupiwa mashoko ose epamutemo here kana kuti anganzi anoshanda sevaparidzi vari voga?

Nheyo dzinokosha dzinoramba dziri dzimwe chetedzo: hurumende haigoni kunzvera kutaura kwakavakirwa pamurangariro wayo, uye ganhuriro dzinofanira kusanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro dzinokosha.

Chikonzero Nei Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Kuchikosha Nokuda Kwoutongi Hwose

Kupfuura rumwe rutivi rupi norupi rweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. reBill of Rights, rusununguko rushanu rweFirst Amendment runoisa chiri chinoyera zvikurusa pamusoro pomhiko yenhau yeAmerica yokusika nzanga yakasununguka neinozvidavirira. First Amendment haisati iri bedzi kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo kwemipimo yedemocracy.

Rusununguko urwu runotibvumira kurarama munzanga inosarudzwa navanhu umo hunhu hunokurudzirwa, mifungo yakasiana - siana, uye gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika rakasimba.

Musika werondedzero, yakasimbiswa noMutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes, inokarakadza kuti muedzo wakanakisisa wezvokwadi mano ayo okukwikwidzana mumusika. Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. akazivisa kuti "muedzo wakanakisisa wezvokwadi isimba romufungo kuti uzvigamuchire umene mumakwikwidzanirwo emusika." Kutenda muiyi indasitiri yemifungo kunopfuurira kupfuurira kupfurikidza nomutemo weFirst Amendment.

Iyi rondedzero inoti apo pfungwa dzose dzinogona kubudiswa nokukurukurwa, pfungwa dzakanaka dzichakunda dzakaipa pakupedzisira. Nepo ikoku kungaratidzika kuva kwefungidziro, kunoratidzira chivimbo chikuru musimba ravagari vemo rokuyera mashoko ndokuita zvisarudzo zvoruzivo. Kusarudza kunonzi kugona kupedza ruzivo.

Kodzero Dzokutanga Dze Amendeko Dzinouya Nemitoro

Nepo First Amendment ichidzivirira kodzero yako yokutaura, haikudziviriri pamigumisiro yokutaura kwako mune zvisiri zvehurumende.

Kutaura wakasununguka kunoreva kuti unogona kutsoropodza hurumende pasina kutya kusungwa. Hazvirevi kuti unogona kutaura chipi kana chipi chaunoda pasina migumisiro yenzanga. Vashandirwi vanogona kukupopotera nokuda kwokutaura kwokutuka, shamwari dzinogona kuzviparadzanisa dzimene newe, uye vanhu vanogona kutsoropodza mirangariro yako. First Amendment inokudzivirira pakunzverwa kwehurumende, kwete mukusimbiswa kwamashoko ako.

Uyezve, kushandisa kodzero dzako dzeFirst Amendment nenzira inobudirira kunoda kunzwisisa kwete bedzi zvaunogona kutaura, asi nzira yokuita nayo kurukurirano inobudirira. utongi hwechinzvimbo hunobudirira apo vagari vemo vanogona kusabvumirana noruremekedzo, kuteerera mirangariro inopesana, uye kupinda mukurukurirano yekutenda kwakanaka. Kodzero yapamutemo yokutaura norusununguko inokosha zvikurusa apo kubatanidzwa nomusengwa wetsika wokuzarura hurukuro nokuzvininipisa kwoungwaru.

Kushandisa Kwaungaita Kodzero Dzako Dzokutanga

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako inhano yokutanga; kudzishandisa kunokosha zvakaenzana.Hedzi nzira dzinoshanda dzaunogona kushandisa nadzo rusununguko rwako rwokutanga rweFirst Amendment:

  • Taurai nhau dzamunoda: Mukurukurirano, pasocial network, mutsamba dzinoenda kumupepeti wenhau, kana kuti pamisangano yavose. Inzwi renyu rinoita zvinhu mukuumba hurukuro yavose.
  • Partipate mukuramba kune rugare: Kupinda mukufora, misangano, kana kuti mienzanisiro kuratidza tsigiro yezvikonzero zvaunodavira. Yeuka kuti kuratidzira kunofanira kuva norugare uye kungava pasi peganhuriro dzine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye tsika.
  • Sangana navamiriri vako vakasarudzwa:[[FLT: 1] Shandisa maruramiro ako okukumbira kupfurikidza nokunyora, kudana, kana kuti kusangana navakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vataure mirangariro yako pamusoro pomutemo nomuitiro.
  • Chinyorwa chamapepanhau chakazvimirira: Chinyorwa chapachena chinotsamira patsigiro yavose. Zvinyorere kunzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau, kugoverana mushumo wanokosha, uye kuchengeta vatori venhau vachizvidavirira nokuda kwokururama.
  • Misangano yavose yapachine nguva: misangano yechikoro, marusando edare reguta, uye horo dzemataundi mikana yokutora rutivi mukudzora kwomunzvimbomo ndokuita kuti inzwi rako rinzwike panhau dzenzanga.
  • [[FOL:0] Rovedza rudzidziso rwako norusununguko: Kunamata mukuwirirana nezvitendero zvenyu, kana kuti kusarudza kusatongonamata, pasina dzongonyedzo yehurumende.
  • Form kana kuti kumbanira masangano: Shandisa rusununguko rwako rwesonganiro kupfurikidza nokubatanidza navamwe vanogoverana mipimo yako uye kushanda pamwe chete kunharidzano dzakafanana.
  • Idzidzise iwe umene navamwe: Dzidza pamusoro penhau dzeFirst Amendment ndokugoverana zivo iyoyo. Ruzivo runokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Ngano Dzokutanga Dzokuchinja Dzinozivikanwa Navose Dzinorambwa

Ngano: Kuchinja Kwokutanga Kunodzivirira Kutaura Kwose

Chokwadi ndechokuti: Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment kwakafara, mamwe mapoka ekutaura akazara, anosanganisira kutyisidzira kwechokwadi, kunyandurira chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo, kuzvidza, uye ushati (hwusina kudzivirirwa).

Ngano: Masangano Avoga Anofanira Kuremekedza Kodzero Dzako Dzokutaura

Chokwadi ndechokuti: Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu Kutanga kunorambidza hurumende.Makambani epachivande, kusanganisira masangano anobudisa nhau, anogona kugadza mitemo yawo pachawo pamusoro pokutaura kunogamuchirika uye kubvisa zvinhu zvinopesana nemitemo iyoyo pasina kuputsa Bumbiro Remitemo.

Ngano: Kuvenga Kutaura Kusiri Kwepamutemo

Chokwadi ndechokuti: Kuvengana kuzhinji kunodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, nepo kungava kwakaipa mutsika, hurumende haiwanzogoni kuita kuti kutaura kwakavakirwa papfungwa dzainopa, kunyange kune ruvengo.

Ngano: Unogona Kutaura Chinhu Chipi Nechipi Pasina Migumisiro

Chokwadi ndechokuti: First Amendment inokudzivirira pakurangwa nehurumende nokuda kwokutaura kwako, asi haikudziviriri pamigumisiro yenzanga, yebasa, kana kuti yezvemari. Vashandirwi vanogona kukupfura, shamwari dzinogona kukudzivisa, uye vanhu vanogona kukutsoropodza (8) hapana paidzidzi dzinoputsa kodzero dzako dzokutanga.

Ngano: Rusununguko Rwokutaura Runoreva Rusununguko Pakutsoropodza

Chokwadi ndechokuti: First Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yako yokutaura, asi inodzivirirawo kodzero yevamwe yokutsoropodza zvaunotaura. Kushora mashoko kunozvidzivirira pachako, uye kupindura kutaura kwakawanda ndiko chaizvoizvo kunofanira kuitwa musika wepfungwa.

Kuramba Kuchinetsana Nezvinetso Zvenguva Yemberi

Asi kutanga muma1920, Dare Repamusorosoro rakatanga kuverenga First Amendment zvakafara, uye izvi zvakawedzera muma1960.

Kurwisa Mari Nekutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mukusangana kwayo kwokutanga nouyu mubvunzo, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika nemipiro ndezvoku “taura ” mukati merevo yeFirst Amendment nemhaka yokuti zvakaitirwa kupfavisa kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika navanoda zvamatongerwe enyika navamwe. Dare rakazivawo kuti ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika nemipiro zvaigona kudzorwa neFirst Amendment kana hurumende ingagona kuratidzira ruramisiro inokosha zvakakwana.

Basa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika rinoramba richikakavadzana.Vamwe vanotaura kuti ndyiko isina muganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika inoshatisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye inodzongonyedza manzwiwo zvawo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kuganhurira ndyiko dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunoputsa maruramiro okutaura akasununguka. zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro munharaunda ino zvave zvakasanokamuraniswa, uye mutemo ungapfuurira kushanduka - shanduka.

Kushandisa Mashoko Pakombiyuta uye Kuchinja Kunoita Kutaura

Ko makambani anobudisa nhau anofanira kubatwa sevaparidzi vakachenjera here kana kuti sevanhu vanongogara vachipiwa mashoko epamutemo anodiwa kuti mashoko ose aitwe paIndaneti ashandiswe sei?

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kupararira kwemashoko enhema paIndaneti kwakaita kuti vanhu vafunge nezveutano hwakanaka, kusasarura uye kubatana kwenzanga.

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzako Dzokutanga

Kana uchida kukudza kunzwisisa kwako kodzero dzeFirst Amendment uye kuti dzinoshanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanika:

  • Pepa reFirst Amendment Center paFreedom Forum: Rinopa zviwanikwa zvedzidzo, nhau, uye kunzvera pamusoro penhau dzeFirst Amendment pa http:///www.computerforum.org /
  • American Liberties Union (ACLU): Rinopa mashoko pamusoro porusununguko rwevagari vemo, kubatanidza kodzero dzeFirst Amendment, uye marinices dzinokosha dzenhau dzokutaura pachena pa http:///wwww.aclu /
  • Foundation for Indiviro Kodzero ne Kutaura (FIRE): inonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzokutaura dzakasununguka, zvikurukuru pamakoleji, pa http://www. org /
  • Constitution Center: Inopa zvinhu zvokudzidzisa nezviwanikwa zvinobatanidza Dare, kubatanidza First Amendment, pa https.//constitutioncenter.org/
  • Website yeDare Rapamusorosa: Inopa mifungo munhau dzeFirst Amendment nedzimwe nhau dzebumbiro remitemo pa http:///www.supmecourt.gov/

Mugumisiro: Inzwi Rako Rinokosha

First Amendment inopfuura mashoko chete ari pamatehwe, uye ivimbiso youpenyu inodzivirira mano ako okufunga norusununguko, kutaura pachena, kunamata maererano nehana yako, kuungana nevamwe, uye kukumbira hurumende yako. rusununguko urwu harupiwi nehurumende; ikodzero dzinogarwa nhaka idzo Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira padzongonyedzo dzehurumende.

Munhau yose yeAmerica, dzakawanda dzekodzero idzi dzeFirst Amendment dzave dzichiwanzokosha kumapoka asingafarirwi, ayo anomiririra mapoka maduku ane simba duku rezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti inzwi rinobva mumaonero ose.First Amendment inodzivirira kwete chete kutaura kwakakurumbira, asi zvikurukuru kutaura kweavo vane maonero anodenha kumira kana kuti maonero mashoma.

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako dzeFirst Amendment kunokupa simba rokuita kuti uite zvose zvaunoda paruzhinji.

Kodzero idzi dzinouya nemitoro — kuzvishandisa nokuchenjera, kuremekedza kodzero dzavamwe kuita zvimwe chetezvo, uye kudzivirira rusununguko urwu apo vanotyisidzirwa. Kuchinja kwokutanga hakuvimbisi kuti munhu ari wose achabvumirana newe kana kuti kutaura kwako kuchave kusina muuyo mumativi ose. Asi kunovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kukunyaradza nokuda kwokutaura mirangariro yako, uye ikoko dziviriro yakafanira kunzwisiswa, kushandisa, uye kudzivirira.

Sezvo uchishandisa zvinobudisa nhau zviri kuramba zvichioma, yeuka kuti inzwi rako rinoramba richinzwika nokudzivisa hurumende kusarudza kuti ipfungwa dzipi dzinogamuchirika nedzipi dzisingagamuchiriki. Nokunzwisisa uye kushandisa kodzero dzako dzeFirst Amendment, unobatsira kuedza kweAmerica kupfuurira kuzvidzora uye kunobatsira kuti manzwi akasiyana - siyana arambe achiumba hurumende yedu inosarudzwa navanhu kwezvizvarwa zviri kuuya.