Pfungwa yemuitiro wakafanira ishongwe huru yegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica, yakavakirwa muMitemo yeChishanu neMine yaMatemo yeU.S. Inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Matare anodudzira iyi nheyo muzvimiro zviviri zvikuru: muitiro wokunyora zvakafanira, unoitira hanya mutoo wemitemo yehurumende, uye mutoo wakafanira, unodzivirira maruramiro akati okukosha kuvhozhokera hurumende. Iyi rondedzero inochinja kupfurikidza nemitemo yetsika yakatanhamara uye inoumba kodzero dzevagari vemo vose. Kunzwisisa kuti matare anodudzira mutoo wakafanira kunokosha sei kubata chiyero chesimba pakati pehurumende nomunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Kunzwisisa Muitiro Wakafanira: Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo

Muitiro wakafanira icherekedzo yomutemo wemitemo weAmerica, uchibatira senzvero pachiremera chehurumende. Gadziriro yeFindromendi yeshanu inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende, nepo Amendment yechigumi namana inotambanudza gadziriro dzakafanira kumabasa ehurumende. Pamwe chete, vanova nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura vanhu vose zviri zviviri zvakaenzana nezvinoganhurirwa nenzira yapamutemo. Dare rapamusoro nguva dzose rakadavira kuti muitiro wakafanira hausi mutoo wakaoma asi murangariro unochinjika unochinjika unowirirana nemigariro yenhau imwe neimwe.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Procedia replagin inoramba ichiita senzira dzayo nemiitiro hurumende inofanira kutevera painotsvaka kunyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Pakati pazvo, kunoda kuti vanhu vabvume nezvechiito chinenge chataurwa uye mukana wokunzwika pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri. Kugadziriswa kunobva . Eldridge [ [7976], iyo yakatanga kuedzwa kwakadzikama kuisa purofiti yezvakatapuriranwa, ngozi yokunyimwa kwezvikanganiso pasi pemiitiro iripo, uye fariro yehurumende mukuita zvakanaka. Dare rakashandisa uku kuedza kuri kuyambuka kwakafara kwamashoko, kubva pakubetsera kutemwa kwemari inodzo yezvikoro.

  • Tsinga: vanhu vanofanira kuziviswa nezvepomero kana kuti zviito kwavari nomutoo wakakodzera, noudzame hwakakwana kugadzirira dziviriro.
  • [[FOLT:0]] Kunzwa kunofanira kunzwika: Ikoku kunobatanidza maruramiro okupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye kunangana noufakazi hwakaipa.
  • dare risingasaruri: Zvisarudzo zvinofanira kuitwa nomuiti wechisarudzo asina rusaruro kana kuti fariro yomunhu oga.

Muitiro unodikanwa wetsika hausi nzvero yakatemwa; zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvinosiana zvakavakirwa parudzi rwekufamba uye fariro dziri mungozi. Somuenzaniso, kutonga kwoutsotsi kunoda dziviriro dzakazara, nepo kutonga kwokudzinga dzimba dzavose kungada muitiro muduku. Matare akazivawo kuti muitiro unodikanwa unobatanidza kodzero yezano muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi uye, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende akadai sokubviswa kwekodzero dzomubereki, betsero yezano ingadikanwa nenzira yemitemo.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Chinodzivirira kodzero dzinokosha mugadziriro yakarongwa inodzivirira panzvimbo huru yehurumende, kunyange kana miitiro inoshandiswa iri yakanaka. Iyi dzidziso inorambidza hurumende kuputsa kodzero dzakadzika "dzinodzika zvikuru munhau yeRudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa" uye "kufunga mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarairwa," zvadzinoziviswa mu Shington v. Glucksberg[[[FLT]] [1997]. Dare Gurusa rakazivisa kuganhurirwa kwekodzero dzinokosha pasi pegadziriro ino yakafanira, kubatanidza kodzero yokuroora, kodzero yokurera vana, maruramiro okuva vogarira voga, uye kuperetera kumuviri. Paanomira matare makuru, rinoshandisa kusimbisa, rinoda kusimbisa kubetsera kubetsera kutendwa kwomutemo kusingachinjiki.

  • [ Kuroora: [[FT:2] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]) yakarebeswa nomutoo wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana kuroorano youkuru.
  • Kurera vana: Troxel v. Granville [2000] yakasimbisa fariro huru yerusununguko rwavabereki kutungamirira kurerwa kwavana vavo.
  • Kururamira kuvanzika: [[FLT]]Griswold v.Connecticut (65) yakaziva maruramiro kuva woga kweroorano, gare gare akakudzwa mu [[FLT:] Roe v. [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [7] [7] [7][197]] na[FLT]
  • Kuramba maruramiro okurapa: Cruzan v. Mutungamiriri, Missouri Department of Health (1990) akaziva maruramiro omunhu anokwanisa okuramba kurapa kunobatanidza upenyu.

Muitiro wakafanira unosanozivikanwa unoramba uri imwe yenzvimbo dzinoitiranwa nharo zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo, navatsoropodzi vachirangarira kuti unobvumira vatongi kurava zvinosarudzwa nomunhu oga muBumbiro Remitemo.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwezvinoitika

Mavambo egadziriro yakafanira anogona kurondwa kudzokera shure kuMagna Carta (1215), iyo yakavimbisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aizonyimwa maruramiro kunze kwe "mutemo wenyika". Iyi pfungwa yakatamisirwa kumutemo weEngland uye yakabatanidzwa mumitemo yehurumende yapakuvamba yeAmerica. Mafomu eU.Constitution akabatanidza dziviriro dzakakodzera muGarandment yeFith Amendment, uye pashure pehondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo, IPrandment yakapa izvi zvinodzivirira kuhurumende. Zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvakatanga kuziva se Dred Scott v. [[FLT] [FLD] [5] [185]), yakadudzira mutoo wakati nzira dzinodzivirira uranda, asi pashure peProcracractic Reconstries Reconstruption yakavamba kuziva somuitiro wapamutemo womunhu womunhu oga.

Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba kwerechi20 kwakava nokukura kwemuitiro we "magariro akaderera ezvemari," matare aishandiswa kumisa mitemo yebasa semubhadharo muduku nemirau yakakomba yeawa mumhaka dzakadai se Lochner v. New York [1950] (05]). Iyi nhambo yakaguma ne [[FLT] West Coast Hotel v. Parmish[[FLT]] [197] [197]), pashure pazvo Dare rakagamuchira kuhwirudzura kutemuka kutemuka kunokosha nokuda kwemiraudzo yezvo. Chifo, chitsauko chapapo, chitsauko chapamberi chakananga kurusununguko uye kuva wogaro, nemuitiro rwakafanira kupfurikidza nomutemo, dzidzo.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinoshora Kududzira Kuitwa Kwedare

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zvinoratidza kuti matare anodudzira sei muitiro wakafanira uye zvaunoita kuvagari vemo.

Roe v. [[FT:1] [773] na Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization [2022]

Mu , Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti maruramiro ekuva voga, anotangira mumuitiro wakafanira, anobatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri. Dare rakatanga chirongwa chakareruka chinodzikamisa rusununguko rwomukadzi noutano hwaamai noupenyu hunobvira. Anenge makore 50 gare gare, [[FLT]] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization paratimei pamusoro pomuitiro wokubvisa mimba [[FLT:] R], richiita kuti kubvisa mimba kurege kudzika midzi kwapa.

[[FOL:0] Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966)

Miranda yakakudzwa zvinoshamisa zvikuru muitiro wakafanira kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti vatsigiri vomutemo vazivise vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo kuti varambe vakanyarara uye kupa zano mukati mokubvunzurudzwa kwekodzero. Dare rakarangarira kuti pasina nyevero idzi, mamiriro enguva dzose emapurisa okubvunzurudza anoputsa ropafadzo yeFith Amendment mukurwisana nokuzvidzora, iyo inoshanda kuhurumende kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kweGaramendemupiti. "Manda" yazova chinhu chikuru chetsoropote youtsotsi hweAmerica, ichiita kuti vafungire kuti vanonyumwira kuti vazive nezvedziviriro yavo yemitemo.

[[FF:0] Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997)

Mu Glucksberg, Dare rakaramba muitiro wakafanira wakaderera wechirambidzo kubetsera kuzviuraya chaWashington. Chisarudzo chacho chakaratidzira mutoo muduku: nokuda kwekodzero yokuva inokosha mumuitiro wakafanira wechiduku, inofanira kuva "nokuchenjera, yakadzika midzi munhau yorudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa" uye "chinobvumira mumurangariro worusununguko rwakarairwa". Dare harina kuwana gamuchidzanwa rakadaro nokuda kwokubetsera kuzviuraya nokushandisa rondedzero inowirirana, richitsigira chirambidzo. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira mutoo wokungwarira weDare razvino unokwevera mutoo wokuwedzera.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti maruramiro makuru okuroora anoshanda kuvaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano muzvose zviri zviviri chitsama chakafanira chegadziriro nedziviriro yakaenzana yeI14th Amendment. Dare rakawana kuti kodzero yokuroora ifariro yerusununguko inokosha kumunhu mumwe nomumwe, uye kuti kubvisa vakwanyina voutevedzani muroorano kwairamba chiremera chakaenzana. Iyi chisarudzo chakaratidzira simba rinopfuudzira romuitiro wakafanira wakafanira mukudzivirira ukama hwomunhu oga, pasinei zvapo nomuedzo unoganhurirwa zvikuru unobva [[FLT:]]

Kunetsa Vagari Vemo: Kodzero Nezvinhu Chaizvoizvo

Tsananguro dzinotonga dzemuitiro wakafanira dzine tapuro dzakafara paupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo, dzichipesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva kururamisiro youtsotsi kusvikira kumutemo wemhuri nokuvandika kwemiitiro.

Dziviriro Pamusungo Wakaipa

Projected project inoita kuti vagari vemo vadzivirirwe pachiito chehurumende chehurumende. Somuenzaniso, chikoro chehurumende chisati chagona kumisa mudzidzi kwamazuva gumi kana kuti kupfuura, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakaitirwa mu Gos v. Lopez [1885] kuti mudzidzi anofanira kugamuchira ziviso nebanza rokunzwa. Nenzira yakafanana, mumashoko ebetsero dzechipatara chamagariro eSocial Security, hurumende inofanira kugovera kutongwa isati yagura betsero. Idzivisiro dzinovimbisa kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vave nebanza rine revo rekuita nemhizha kuupenyu hwavo, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.

Miedzo Yakanaka Nemifanikiso Yapamutemo

Kodzero yokupa zano mumhaka dzoutsotsi, inovimbiswa neSixth Amendment uye inoshandiswa kuhurumende kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira mu Gideon v. Wainfright (19983), inovimbisa kuti kunyange vakwiri vemhosva vane mvumo yokusvika kugweta. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakaziva kuti muitiro wakafanira unoda betsero inoshanda yezano pasi pe [[FLT:] Srickland v. Washington (19984). Munhau dzevagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo pasina maruramiro akakwana ezano, muitiro wakafanira ungada kugadza migariro yegweta apo maruramiro akadai sekodzero dzoubereko, sedzinokarakadzwaMuDare reSangano [FLT] [5]]

Kuva Woga uye Kuzvishandisa Muzera Remazuva Ano

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopa denho itsva kumuitiro wakafanira. Sezvo masangano ehurumende anounganidza zvitsama zvikuru zvemashoko emitemo, matare anofanira kudzikamisa maruramiro emunhu oga nezvinodikanwa nomutemo. Carpeenter v. United States [20208]], Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richidavira kuti hurumende inoda maruramiro okuwana zvinyorwa zvenhau zvenzvimbo yekare, kududza kudzivirira kwechikamu chechina chekariro dzine mufungo dzezvakavanzika. Nepo nhau yacho yakasarudzwa pasi peWechina, inoratidzira muitiro wakafara wokuti vagari vemo vane itiro yekodzero yokusarira pasina kutongwa nehurumende. [[FLTY:]]

Matambudziko Nemakakatanwa

Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzakasimba, denho dzinokosha dzinosara. Kunyanyisa kwakatungamirira kuchiverengero chikuru chemhosva duku dzine zvirango zvakakomba, kazhinji kazhinji dzinopfuura dziviriro dzapamutemo. Kukundikana kugovera kuratidzirwa kwakakwana kwapamutemo, zvikurukuru mugadziriro dzavose, kunoreva vakwirirwi vazhinji vanotarisana nemiedzo nezano rinorema. Mitengo yevagari vemo inobvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kutora zvinhu pasina kutenderwa neutsotsi, kumutsa itiro pamusoro pokushaikwa kweziviso nokunzwa kwavari vezvinhu. Kunzvera kwemitengo yevagari vemo yemo yehurumende kunosimbisa idzi nhau. Kuwedzera, kukura kwemitengo yengozi mubhejeko, kuranga, uye zvisarudzo zvinoita kuti gadziriro dzemiitiro yokutonga dzishande kana kusingagoni kuoma.

Miitiro Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nenguva Yemberi Yegadziriro Yakafanira

Kududzira kwebasa hakurevi kwakarevesa. Dare reCovorid-19 rakasunda matare kukurukura mirayiridzo yemigariro youtano yekurumidziro iyo inoganhurira rusununguko(muenzaniso, zvirango zvokudzivirira mabhakitire, zvinodikanwa, uye kuvharwa kwebhizimisi. Mu Katurike yeRoman Catholic Diocese yeBrooklyn. Cuomo[ [2020]), Dare rapamusoro rakarova miganhuro yokupinda padzimba dzokushandisa kwokunamata sedzinoputsa chitsamatokisi chapachena, asi mhaka yacho yakasimbisawo kuoma kwendangariro pakati poutano hwapachena nomuitiro wakafanira. Sezvichaunga chavanhu vanotarisana netyisidzirokeitsva souchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu, chisarudzo-chapamutemo, uye ruzivo rwokuongorora, matare edare achapfuurira kuchenesa masangano ose ari maviri okuyera matendero ezvo.

Kunyora kweDare Rapamusorosa kwachinja mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nevoruzhinji vetsika dzinoganhurira kukura kwomuitiro wakafanira wechiduku. maDobbs ndiwo muenzaniso wakajeka zvikurusa. Nhau dzomunguva yemberi dzingadzokerazve kuukoshi hwekodzero yokuva woga, kodzero dzokuchinja vanhu, uye miganhu yezvigadziko zvemhuri. Nyanzvi dzemitemo netsinhiro dziri kuramba dzichinangidzira pamuitiro wechibvumirano che14nethi nedziviriro zvakafanana[ sezvishandiso zvinobatanidza kodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kupa Vagari Vemo Simba Nokuronga Kwakafanira

Muitiro wakafanira hausiwo zvawo rondedzero yapamutemo; idziviriro inoshanda iyo mugari wemo ari wose anogona kukumbira. Kuziva nhevedzano yomuitiro wetsika nechinhu chimwe cheteicho kunogonesa vanhu kudenha kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende, kuda kunzwa kwakarurama, uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwavo rukuru. dzidzo yeCBING, yamuro yapamutemo, uye nzanga kuchengeteka kunokosha mukuvimbisa kuti muitiro wakafanira unopfuura chipikirwa. Nepo mhindumupindu inopfuurira yedudziro yemitemo ingachinja dziviriro dzakananga, musengwa wezvisaririra kuti hakuna munhu anofanira kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina kubatwa zvakanaka unoramba uri chinhu chinokosha mururamisiro weruramisiro yeAmerica.