Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inotsanangurwa sei uye kudzorwa sei mumativi akasiyana - siyana kunokosha kuvadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye varapi vemitemo vari kufamba munyika inowedzera kubatana. Gadziriro dzemitemo hadzisi idzo dzinoumba nokuchinja kwenhau kwakasiyana, tsika, uye mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyaya ino inopa kunzvera kukuru kwemasangano emitemo apamutemo ($common malamulo ehurumende, mutemo wetsika, uye mutemo wetsika wetsika, uye zviitiko zvenzira imwe neimwe zvinosvika sei kududzirwa nokuteverwa kwemitemo yemitemo. Nokuenzanisa uku, varavi vachawana nzwisiso muhuropi hunomuka apo mitemo inoyambuka, unyanzvi hunovimbisa kuwirirana, uye denho mukutonga kwazvino unotonga kwazvino uno.

Kurondedzera Kupomera Kwakaipa Nerevo Yako

Chirevo chapamutemo ichiremera chokuita zvisarudzo zvapamutemo ndokumanikidzira rutongeso panzvimbo yakarondedzerwa, nhau, kana kuti nhevedzano yavanhu. Miganhu yeJuristional inogona kuva nzvimbo (mutoo, nyika, nyika, kana kuti ruwa), yakavakirwa parudzi rwenhau yapamutemo (g., utsotsi hunorwisana nehurumende), kana kuti kurondedzerwa nechiremera chedare rinotonga panzvimbo yakarondedzerwa (mhiko, , muganhu unorwisana nokuedzwa). Mufungo wacho ndewenheyo nemhaka yokuti chiito chimwe chetecho sechibvumirano kana kuti mhaka youtsotsi zvinobatwa nenzira yakasiana chose chose zvichitsamira pahunonzwa nhau yacho. Somuenzaniso, kupomera mhaka kupomerwa kuchaunzwa muUnited States kuchabvumikisa kuvadziko chaiyoiyo, nemubatanidzwa muUnited States, nemutoro wemitoro unowanzo kuratidza zvokwadi kana kuti utsive.

Masangano Mana Emitemo Anokosha

Nepo nyika dzakawanda dzichibatanidza zvinhu zvinobva mumagamuchidzanwa akawanda, gadziriro huru ina dzemitemo dzinodzora nyika yose: mutemo wavose, mutemo wavagari vemo, mutemo worudzidziso, uye tsika.

Mutemo Wavose

Mutemo wavose wakavamba muMangeri apakati napakati uye zvino unokurira muUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, uye mamwe marudzi akawanda ayo aichimbova rutivi rwoUmambo hweBritain. Chinozivikanwa chomutemo wavose idzidziso ye status decis[ [pamuchika] (chiLatin nokuda kwe “kumira nenhau dzakasarudzwa”). Mupasi peiyi nheyo, matare anosungirwa kutevera kurangarira kwakagadzwa mumitongo yapamberi pokutonga kwenhau dzakafanana. Ikoku kunopa basa rine simba mumutemo unoumba, sezvibvumikiso zvawo zvamatare akaderera.

Mumitemo inozivikanwa navose, kududzira kwemirau kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kunzvera vavariro imwe cheteyo yemitemo kupfurikidza nerevo yakajeka, mutemo wakaipa, kana kuti mutoo wokushandisa. Vatongi vanotsamirawo pamarusairudzo okuvaka, akadai se ejusdem majiniris[ (yorudzi rumwe) uye [[FLT:] expressio unious ex ex exclio deficio [ (kuratidzirwa kwechinhu chimwe) kubvisa zvimwe zvinhu). Kuchinja kwomutemo kunobvumira kuchinjira muzvitsva zvenzanga, somuenzaniso, kuti matare azive sei kodzero dzemipimo dzemitengo pasina nhungamiro inodzo inodzorwa.

Muenzaniso: Munhau yechiratidzo yeDare Gurusa reU.S. Brown v. Board yeDzidzo [ (1954), Dare rakapidigura dzidziso ye “yakapesana asi yakaenzana" kupfurikidza nokududzira dziviriro yeSayero reSuper Claus muchiedza chesovotal, inoratidzira kuti mutemo wavose unovapo sei kupfurikidza nokududzira kwedare.

Mutemo Wavagari Vemo

Mutemo wehurumende, unozivikanwawo seRomano-Germany, wakavambawo muEurope yekondinendi uye unowirirana mumitemo yakarongwa. Nyika dzakadai seFrance, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, uye vazhinjisa veLatin America vanoshanda mumitemo yemitemo yavagari vemo. Manyuko makuru omutemo mutemo − mirau yakanyorwa nemitemo . Vatongi mumitemo yevagari vemo vanorangarirwa savapisiri vomutemo, kwete vasiki. Basa ravo nderokusarudza maidi ndokushandisa gadziriro dzemitemo yapamutemo; mavambo okutonga mutemo itsika asi haadzoreri nhevedzano.

Tsananguro mumutemo wehurumende inoisa ngwariro pamashoko ebumbiro remitemo. Vajeri vanoshandisa nzira dzakadai sedudziro yegirama, kududzira zvine musoro, uye telemy (zvakavakirwa padonzo) kuti vawane chinangwa cheimba yomutemo. Nemhaka yokuti mabumbiro emitemo anowanzovandudzwa, hakunei kuvimba nemitemo inounganidzwa. Zvisinei, mukushanda, zvisarudzo zvematare makurusa .[1] Zvikurukuru zvinopa simba rakakwirira uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinotungamirira matare echiduku, zvichitungamirira kukuwirirana kushoma nemutemo wavose. Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yevagari vemo kunoendeswa nenzira yakafanana nematare ehurumende uye masangano ehurumende, asi kusimbiswa kwomutemo kwakanyorwa kunogona kuita kuti dare guru rinova rizivikanwe zvakanaka uye risingadzorwi.

[[FOLT:0] Muenzaniso: Common Common Communist (Code Napoléon) yakapesvedzera gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakawanda munyika yose. Gadziriro dzayo pazvinhu, zvibvumirano, uye matort dzinoturikwa kupfurikidza negirazi rebumbiro remitemo, pamusoro pedzedzechipiri pamusoro pekutonga kwedare rapakuvamba.

Mutemo Worudzidziso

Mitemo yorudzidziso inowana chiremera mumagwaro anoyera nemirairo youmwari. Muenzaniso wakapararira zvikurusa ndiwo mutemo weIslamic (Shiria), iyo iri hwaro hwetsika dzemitemo munyika dzakadai saSaudi Arabia, Iran, neSudan, uye iyo inopesvedzerawo mutemo wemhuri mumarudzi mazhinji echiMuslim-majority. Sharia inotorwa mumanyuko mana makuru: Quran, Sunnah (matections of the Himplish Mupad), Convention (jma), uye kurangarira kwechikanoloji (jyas).

Kududzira mutemo worudzidziso kunoitwa nenyanzvi dzakarovedzwa (mutambo kana kuti vatongi) idzo dzinopinda muijtihad (kurangarira kwokuzvimirira) kushandisa nheyo dzorudzidziso dzisingachinjiki kunhau dzapanguva ino. Somuenzaniso, mibvunzo yazvino uno pamusoro pokupa mitumbi kana kuti kunyengera inokurukurwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera mitemo yetsika. Kumanikidza kunobatanidza matare orudzidziso kana kuti makamuri chaiwo mukati memireza yenyika, uye zvirango zvingabatanidza chirango, faindi, kana kuti kugadziriswa.

Nenzira yakafanana, mutemo wechiJudha (Halakha) unodzora mativi akawanda oupenyu hwavaJudha vanocherekedza uye unoshandiswa mumatare avanarabhi nokuda kwenhau dzakadai seroorano nechatanuro.

[[[FT.0] Imanikisiro: [[FT:2] Encclopædia Britannica paSharia inogovera ufakazi hune chiremera hwamanyuko aro nedudziro.

Mutemo Wetsika

Mutemo wetsika unobatanidza mitemo isina kunyorwa nemitemo yakashanduka-shanduka munzanga kwezvizvarwa. Inowanwa munzanga dzemo muAfrica, Asia, zvitsuwa zvePacific, uye pakati pendudzi dzokutanga dzaMarudzi muAmerica. Mutemo wetsika unodzora nyika, ukama hwemhuri, chisarudzo, uye nzanga. Inochinjika nokurerekerana, yakasiana kunyange pakati pemisha iri pedyo.

Kududzira mutemo wetsika kunotsamira payeuko nechiremera zvavakuru kana kuti vatungamiriri vegamuchidzanwa, avo vanosarudza gakava rakavakirwa pamipimo inogamuchirwa nenhau dzinotaurwa. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinowanzova zvinogadziridza panzvimbo pokuranga, zvichivavarira kudzorera tsinhirano mukati menzanga. Kumanikidza kunouya kupfurikidza nedzvinyiriro yenzanga, kutaurirwa, uye kuzivikanwa kwechiremera chomutungamiriri. Munyika dzakawanda, mutemo wetsika unogamuchirwa nenzira yakarongwa nehurumende, uchishanda segadziriro inowirirana pasi pemibatanidzwa yemitemo yetsika. Somuenzaniso, muSouth Africa, Bumbiro remitemo rinobvuma mutemo wetsika samanyuko akazvimirira, anozviisa pasi paBhishopu yekodzero dzavanhu.

Michina Inorovererwa Panyika

Kumanikidza isimba rinoshanda rokududzira zviri pamutemo.Pasinei hapo nokuti mutemo wakanyorwa kana kuti unodudzirwa zvakajeka sei, unoramba usingashandi pasina mitoo yakavimbika yokuita kuti mutemo uteererwe. Mitoo inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuchengetwa kwapamutemo kwehurumende: Matare anopa mirau, mirairo, uye mitongo, zvichitsigirwa nesimba rehurumende rokubvisa faindi, kupamba zvinhu, kana kuti kuisa mutorongo vapari vemhosva.
  • Kudzikamisa kwoutarisiri: Masangano anodzora (mutoo, Environmental Protection Agency muU.S., Salciality Seauthority in the U.K.) inoshandisa ndokumanikidzira mitemo yakananga kupfurikidza nokunzvera, zvirango, uye kugadzira nhinhi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kumanikidza nokupomera mhaka:[ Masangano eMitemo anoongorora mhaka, anounganidza ufakazi, uye anonongedzera mhaka kuvachuchisi, avo vanosarudza kana vachiunza pomero.
  • [[FMT:0] Kudzikamisa kwakavakirwa pako: Mumiitiro yetsika, kuchengetwa kunotsamira padzvinyiriro yeboka, kutaurirana, uye kuyanana kwakarongwa panzvimbo pezvinhu zvehurumende.

Misiyano mumitemo inogona kutapura zvikuru migumisiro. dare rakasimba rakasununguka munyika yavose ringanzvera nesimba kunyengera vakuru vakuru, nepo zviremera zvehurumende zvine basa rakasimba rokupa mhaka zvingaronga nenzira inobudirira mikana mikuru yenhau. Mitemo yerudzidziso kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza zvirango zvetsika nemitemo, sezvinoonekwa mumatare eSharia umo vatongi vanoshanda vose vari vaviri savatongi vomutemo navachengeti vetsika.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Matayera Okududzira

Madudzirirwe emitemo anogona kuiswa mumapoka anoverengeka akadai sematemo: mashoko anorwisana nedonzo rakakura zvikuru. MuUnited States, gakava pakati pechinjo yapakuvamba nerazvinomira zviripo. Mitemo yavose inowanzova inopesana pakati pemanyoro (kunangidzira parevo yakajeka yorugwaro) uye purpositivism (kutarira padonzo rakakura zvikuru). KuUnited States, kurukurirano pakati pechinjo yapakuvamba nechipenyu chebumbiro remitemo inoenzanisira uku kuoma. Mitevero yemitemo yavagari vemo, kupfurikidza nokupesana, inotsamira zvikuru parugwaro rwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo, asi vatongi vazvinovapo panguva inorangarira zvikuru donzo donzo netapuro yechinhu.

Somuenzaniso, kutsanangura mutemo kwechitendero kunobatsira nyanzvi dzinokwanisa kuronga mitemo mitsva panyaya dzisinganyatsobatanidzwi neQuran kana kuti Sunnah.

[[FT.:0] Inzanidzo yedzidzo: [“Kupa pamutemo] michina yeMax Planck Institute [ inogovera murangariro wedzidzo pakududzira kwapamutemo.

Matambudziko Munyika Yakazara Nyika Yose

Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo kwakawanda muboka rimwe chete. Nhevedzano dzemitemo dzinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mikana nezvinetso. Munyika dzakafanana neIndia, mitemo yomunhu oga yakavakirwa parudzidziso (Hunu, Muslim, muKristu) inoshanda pamwe chete nebumbiro remitemo renyika rokuranga uye muitiro wevagari vemo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kurwisano dzinodzorwa, kutenga, uye gakava pamusoro pouenzani hwechirume apo mutemo womunhu oga unovambana nemitemo.

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunowedzera zvinetso izvi. Kudyidzana kwemitemo yemabumbiro epasi pose, utsotsi hwepakombiyuta, uye kodzero dzevanhu vemarudzi ose zvinoda kuti matare adudzire mitemo yokumwe, asarudze kuti yozoishandisa rini, uye kuti inoshanda pamwe chete kudivi rimwe nyika dzose. Murangariro we [rurimi uye ruremekedzo pakati pemarudzi] unotungamirira zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvakadaro, asi kusawirirana kunomuka apo mitemo yenyika inorwisana nezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Somuenzaniso, matare eEurope angaramba kumanikidza U.S.

Rimwe denho huru ndiro rescreens kururamisiro. Kungava muvhozhokero yomutemo inodhura kana kuti yaichimbova tsika yapamberi petsika yakabva mumatare ehurumende, mapoka akaganhurirwa anowanzoparapatika kuti ashandise miitiro yemitemo. Ruyamuro rwemitemo, chisarudzo chegadziro, uye kuziva matare emo imishonga mishomanene, asi kusawirirana kunopfuurira.

Miitiro Yazvino Uno: Kunyungudutsa uye Kuzvidzora

Nyika dzakawanda dzemitemo yehurumende zvino dzinodudza zvisarudzo zvedare zvakakwirira sechiremera chinonyengetedza, nepo matare emitemo anozivikanwa navose achiwanzobatanidza nzvimbo dzomutemo (muchib., project Comment Requence in the U.S.). European Union muenzaniso unoshamisa wokuva muvhenganiswa, kubatanidza mativi ose omutemo wehurumende newavose mumirauriro yawo nezvisarudzo zvedare.

Mitemo yezvitendero inoshandawo nezvirongwa zvenyika. Dzimwe nyika dzine pesvedzero yeSharia dzakachinja mabumbiro emitemo yemhuri kuti awirirane nemipimo yekodzero dzevanhu yamarudzi ose, nepo dzimwe dzichichengeta tsananguro dzakasimba. Mutemo wetsika uri kubatanidzwa mumiitiro yepamutemo yakarongwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakafanana ne “Community Sed Reconstred" programuts muNorway, iyo inobatanidza magamuchidzanwa evaSami omumwe marudzi kupinda mumatorongo.

Imbano yeMazita: Bhange reNyika yeIndex yoMutemo [ inogovera mashoko pamusoro pokuti nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinoshandisa sei ndokuita kuti mitemo iteererwe, ichisimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera kumativi ose.

Kunetsa Vadzidzisi Nevadzidzi

Nokuda kwenhau navadzidzisi vemitemo, kunzwisisa misiano mukududzira kwapamutemo nokuita kuti zvinhu zvive zvinokosha kuti vadzidzi vafunge zvakakomba pamusoro peruramisiro, chiremera, uye chinjo yetsika. Kunzvera kwokuenzanisa kunobetsera vadzidzi kuona mutemo kwete segadziriro yemitemo yakare asi sesangano rine simba rinopesvedzerwa netsika, simba, uye pfungwa. Pakufunda zvinoitika zvenhau () zvakadai sokukura kwegadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende kana kuti kutanga kwekodzero dzavanhu dzamarudzi ose kunogona kunzwisisa zviri nani nei rugwaro rumwe cheterwo rwapamutemo rungaparira miuyo yakasiana zvikuru mumamiriro akasiana - siana.

Pfungwa dzinokosha dzokudzidzisa dzinosanganisira:

  • Ukoshi hwamashoko akapoteredza pakunzvera manyuko makuru apamutemo: mutemo unobva kunyika yemutemo wavagari vemo unofanira kuraviwa nechimiro chawo chebumbiro remitemo mundangariro, nepo chisarudzo chomutemo chinozivikanwa navose chichida ngwariro kunhevedzano yapamberi penhau.
  • Basa revatambi vezvemitemo: vatongi, vaiti vemitemo, nyanzvi dzezvitendero, uye vakuru vomunzanga mumwe nomumwe anoumba mutemo kuburikidza nezvisarudzo zvavo zvokududzira.
  • Kusawirirana kunoramba kuripo pakati pechokwadi nokuchinja - chinja: Masangano anowirirana anoita kuti pave nokufanofanoziva, nepo mutemo wechitendero uchibvumira kuti zvinhu zvienderane; mutemo wechitendero unogovera nhungamiro yetsika, asi mutemo wetsika unoramba uchichengetedza kuwirirana munzanga.

mhedziso

Madudzirirwe anoitwa mitemo uye kudzorwa mumitemo yakasiana - siana inhau iri pamavambo omutemo unoenzanisa. Uku kunzvera mutemo wavose, mutemo wevagari vemo, mutemo worudzidziso, uye mutemo wetsika kunozivisa kuti hakuna “nzira imwe yakarurama” yokunzwisisa nayo mitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, gadziriro imwe neimwe inoratidzira mutoo wakasiana kuchiremera, ndangariro, uye nzanga. Sezvo nyika inova inova inowirirana zvikuru, nyanzvi dzemitemo navagari vemo zvakafanana vanofanira kuvandudza unyanzvi hwokunzvera iyi misiyano yavo, pamusoro pokuva kwayo inoshanda, uye kudzidza kubva kusimba ravo. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, zivo iyoyi inopa simba guru rokunzwisisa kuti nzanga dzinozvidzora vamene sei uye kuti ruramisiro inodzorwa sei mumugariro wakasiana-mitemo.