Gadziriro dzezvokuvhota hadzisi mitoowo zvayo younyanzvi yokushandura mavhoti muzvigaro; zvakatsigiwa zvikuru mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika nemhindumupindu yenhau. Pakati paidzodzi, gadziriro dzokuvhota huru (dzinowanzonongedzerwa kwadziri sedzekare kana kuti zviito zvokukunda) dzinoshandisa pesvedzero ine simba pamagamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika uye nhaka yenyika zvinochengetwa, zvinodenhwa, kana kuti kuchinjwa. Nokutsigira, mapoka akatangwa, uye kubudisa migumisiro inogadziridza, aya masangano anowanzosimbisa zvivako zviripo nenhau dzetsika. Bva inoitawo kuti pave nekurukurirano huru pamusoro pomukurumbira uye kuva mutengidziri mukuru wetsika uye kuchengetwa kwamagamuchidzanwa enyika, kuongorora zvose zviri zviviri miuyo inoparira kugadziridzwa nokutsoropotedza.

Kunzwisisa Mabasa Avakuru

Kuvhota kukuru mutoo wesarudzo umo muvhoti kana kuti mubato anowana mavhota mazhinjisa. Chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikurusa igadziriro yoruwa yemitezo imwe (SMDP), inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, uye India. Mutsika ino, nyika inokamurwa kuva maconsitue, muvhoti mumwe nomumwe anosarudza mumiriri mumwe. Mutevedzeri ane nhamba hurusa yevhoti yezvikamu (SMDP), kunyange kana iri pasi poruzhinji(wins). Uku kusvika kazhinji kazhinji kumativi maviri kana kuti masangano makuru, semapoka maduku kuti awane tsigiro kutonge akazara.

Vagari vemiitiro yavakurusa vanobatanidza gadziriro yamabhiritiki maviri (kuvhota kunomhanya) inoshandiswa muFrance nesarudzo dzakawanda dzapurezidhendi, uye vhoti yokutsiva (imomo) inoshandiswa muAustralia nokuda kweimba yayo yakaderera. Pasinei zvapo nemisiyano, gadziriro dzose dzevatongi dzinogoverana vara rimwe: dzinotusa boka gurusa ravavhoti uye dzinokombamira kubudisa hurumende imwe. Uku kujeka nokutsunga kunowanzorumbidzwa navatsigiri vanopikisa kuti miitiro yakadaro inoita kuti ishande udzori hunobudirira nokuzvidavirira.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha

  • Mitambo-yose: bedzi muwadhi wakawanda muruwa rumwe norumwe unowana mufananidzo.
  • Kuvhota kwakarongwa: kazhinji kazhinji vadzori vaviri vanotungamirira panzvimbo pechisarudzo chavo chakasarudzwa, kudzivisa kuvhota "kuvhota" kwavo.
  • Producations dzakaitwa: Vaparidzi vanogona kuwina ruzhinji rwezvigaro zvemitemo neyakawanda zvikuru yevhoti dzakakurumbira.
  • Miuyo yenhau: Mapati maduku ane tsigiro yakafara angagamuchira zvigaro zvishomanene kana kuti kwete, nepo mapati enharaunda anogona kuratidzirwa kupfuura munzvimbo dzawo dzakakombwa.

Izvi zvinhu zvinotapura zvakananga nzira iyo magamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika anochengetwa nayo. Nemhaka yokuti gadziriro dzavakuru dzinotendera masangano akagadzwa ayo ane mavambo makuru munzanga, anokombamira kuronga mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika aripo (hwungava hwakavakirwa paboka, rudzidziso, dzinza, kana kuti nzvimbo. Nokufamba kwenguva, aya masangano anova rutivi rwenhaka amene, achiumba kariro nemiitiro zvezvose zviri zviviri vezvamatongerwe enyika navavhoti.

Nhoroondo Yezvakaitika uye Kutangazve Kwetsika Dzematongerwe Enyika

Kugamuchirwa kwevhota yavakuru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kwaisava kwetsaona. Kwaiwanzoratidzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika nesimba panguva yokuvamba kwenyika. MuUnited Kingdom, gadziriro yokutanga-kare-papepa yakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuMasangano emisi yeMiddle Age, kusimbisa kudzora kweWhig naTory masangano ayo gare gare akava Riberals naConservative. Nenzira yakafanana, United States yakabatanidza maruwa ose anowana maruwa serutivi rwechivako chenyika yakafara yeSpearedhi yakarongwa kudzikamisa pesvedzero yenyika huru neduku dzinova Eleal College inowedzera mubatanidzwa wemifungo mukurusaruvara kudare ramakuru.

Midzi iyi yenhau inoreva kuti gadziriro dzavakuru dzakabatanidzwa nokuzivikanwa kwenyika. Somuenzaniso, tsika yeBritain yehurumende inotonga nesimba, inoumbwa nebato nezvigaro zvakawanda, yakabatana zvikuru negadziriro yevhoriyamu. MuCanada, tsika yakabatsira kuchengetedza udzori hwemapati eLiberal neConservative, nepo ichibvumirawo mapoka eruwa akafanana neBloc Québécois kumirira nzanga dzetsika dzakasiyana- siyana. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu enharaunda, zvisinei, anogona kusimbisa nokudenha nhaka yenyika.

Kusimbiswa Kwemagariro Evanhu

Gadziriro dzamasangano makuru dzinokombamira kusimbisa mibatanidzwa yegamuchidzanwa yezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti masangano matsva apararire. Munyika dzakawanda, mhuri dzemapati dzine misikanzwa yapakati napakati pemibato yebasa yapakati kana kuti nzvimbo dzenzanga dzemasangano edemocracy . Iyi ruramiso inogona kuonekwa sechimiro chokuchengetedzwa kwenhaka: vavhoti vanogara nhaka kuvimbika, gadziriro dzenhimberi dzinotsungirira, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinova rutivi rwechipfeko chetsika chenyika. Somuenzaniso, UK Labour Party yes iri pedyo namasangano ebhizimisi nemhiko dzebhizimisi zvakaramba zviri pakati penyika yeBritain kwezana ramakore, zvichitsigirwa netsika inowanzobvumira mapoka echitatu kuwina kupfuura zvigaro zvishomanana.

Fundo Yenhau: India Nenhaka Yayo Yakasiana

India, Pepartamente yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvikurusa yenyika, inoshandisa gadziriro yokutanga-kare-pasi yeLok Sabhaha (imba iri pasi). Gadziriro yacho yakabetsera kudzora kweIndian National Congress mumakumi amakore apakuvamba uye gare gare Baratiya Janata Party. Pasinei zvapo nomutauro mukuru, rudzidziso, uye mhatsa yetsika, tsika dzakakurumbira dzakasimudzira mwero wekupfuurira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, namapati enyika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji achikwikwidza mapoka eruwa. Iyi synoloji yakadzorwa nechinodikanwa chokuumba maguta makuru(-) yabetsera kubatanidza nhaka dzomuruwa dzakasiana-shati yorudzi, nepo inochengetawo masangano omunharaunda anowina zvigaro mumusha. Zvisinei, vatsoropoteshi vanogona kubvisa gadziriro yacho apo boka rimwe retsikano rimwe retsikano yakabatana mutsika.

Kuchengetedzwa Kwenhaka Kupfurikidza Nokusarwisana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Imwe yebetsero dzinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa dzekuvhota kukurusa iteramo yadzinogovera. Kupfurikidza nokuita vakundi vakajeka, gadziriro inobvumira pesvedzero inosarudzwa pasina kurukurirano dzenguva refu dzinozivikanwa mumireza yematuro. Iyi ruramiso inogona kubetsera zvakananga kuchengetwa kwenhaka yenyika. Hurumende nevoruzhinji vakasimba dzinogona kuita miitiro yetsika yenguva refu, kudzivirira nzvimbo dzenhau, miraza yemari, uye kusimudzira zviratidzo zvorudzi pasina tyisidziro yokuoma kwetsika muparamende yakakamukana.

Somuenzaniso, kuvakwazve kwehondo kwapashure peEurope kwakaona gadziriro dzakatanhamara munyika dzakadai seUK neFrance dzichitsigira hurumende dzakasimba idzo dzakaita mabasa enhaka yorudzi, zvakadai sokutangwa kweBritish National Trust neUnistrity yeFrench yeSarudzo. Kupfuurira kwemiitiro mumarusando echisarudzo kwakabetsera kuchengeta ndokudzorera zvicherwa zvenhau, manyoro, uye magamuchidzanwa. Mukupesana, nyika dzine gadziriro dzakaenzana zvikuru pane dzimwe nguva dzinorwisa kuchengetesa mari inowirirana nokuda kwenhaka, sezvo hurumende dzinobatana dzinochinja zvinhu zvinokosha kazhinji kazhinji.

Zviratidzo Zvenyika uye Zvaiitika Kare

Gadziriro dzavanamabhinya dzinogonawo kusimbisa kubatanidza nhoroondo dzenyika. MuUnited States, muitiro wezvikamu zviviri unomanikidzirwa namasangano anokunda angaita kuti asarudzo ose atsigire nhau yamarudzi yakasimudzirwa paBumbiro remitemo, kukura kwokumadokero, uye zvinangwa zvedemokrasi. Nepo iyi nhauro yakakwikwidzwa, kupfuurira kwayo kunobva kutsika yevhota kuti itsive kana kuti kuderedza tsika dzechikaro izvo zvingadenha nhaka huru. Nenzira yakafanana, tsika yeUK yekutanga yepashure pebumbiro remitemo yemitemo yehurumende, magamuchidzanwa eparamendio, uye chiNgezi sembiso, sezvo nyika ichiva yakasiana zvikuru.

Zvisinei, kuterama kunogona kuuya nendyiko. Gadziriro imwe cheteyo inodzivirira nhaka inogonawo kuva yechienzi kana kuti magamuchidzanwa anobviswa. Somuenzaniso, kuratidzirwa kwapachivande kwamaruwa, kudzorwa kwehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji zvikurusa kunogona kunonotsa chinjo dzinofambira mberi dzine chokuita namaruramiro emo, uenzani hwechirume, kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwetsika. Kuchengetedzwa kwenhaka, muchiedza ichi, kunodzivirira zvinhu zvinokosha zvetsika asi kungadzivisawo mhindumupindu iri madikanwa.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo: Kurerutsa Nokukakavadzana

Kuderedza uku kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakananga yokuchengetedzwa kwemagamuchidzanwa ezvematongerwe enyika nenhaka, zvikurukuru kunzanga dzisiri rutivi rwemasangano makuru etsika kana kuti ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutsigirwa Kwemiduku

Kana gadziriro ikaramba isingabatanidzi mabato maduku, inogona kunyarara nenzira inobudirira inomirira magamuchidzanwa etsika akasiyana- siyana kana kuti edzinza. Somuenzaniso, mapoka emo muCanada neAustralia anowanzowana zvakaoma kuwina zvigaro pasi penzvimbo yokutanga kutoti akaiswa panzvimbo. Somuuyo, nhaka yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika nezvimiro zvetsika zvokutonga zvingafuratirwa mukugadzira mitemo yenyika. Zivo yegamuchidzanwa nemiitiro zvenzanga idzi zvinowanzova zvishoma kubatanidzwa munhamburiko huru dzokuchengetedza nhaka apo zvinenge zvisina kuratidzirwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Masangano Anokamuranisa Maruwa Nemasangano Okutsigira Nyika

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuvhota kukuru kunogona kuwedzera kusawirirana kwenharaunda. Apo boka revoruzhinji renyika rinodzora mubatanidzwa wehurumende nepo nzvimbo ichishandisa nguva dzose vhoti yebato rinorasika, nhaka yetsika nezvamatongerwe enyika iyoyo inganzwa yakatyisidzirwa. Uku simba kwakataurwa sechisakiso mukukwirira kwamasangano esecestianist munzvimbo dzakadai seScotland (muUK), Catalonia (muSpain, iyo inoshandisa gadziriro yakavhengana asi ine zvinhu zvikuru), uye Quebec (Canada). Nzwisiso yokuti voruzhinji vari kure vanoisa mutengo wavo unogona kuraira chipfuudzo chikuru zvikuru kana kuti kuzvimirira, vachiisa nhaka panzvimbo yerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Urugero: Scotland neUNIO - Gadziriro yeUK yeyokutanga-yokunyora yapa munhau yakapa chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro kunyange zvazvo ichiita zvisina kutsarukana muScotland. Ikoku kwakagovera kupfungwa yokuti magamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika eScotland Scotland . akadai sehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nesangano renzanga (kubatanidzwa). Kusagutsikana kwakaparira kumanikidza kweScotinational Party kweScopian kuti izvimiririre, uko kunodenha zvakananga nhaka yeUnion. Nepo 2014 inonongedzera kuchengetedza Union, zvigumbuso zvinosarudzwa zvechisorwa pasi pezvisaririra zvenzanga zvenzanga.

Kuremekedzwa Kwokusaenzana

Vatsoropodziwo vanotaura kuti gadziriro huru dzinogona kuparira kusaenzana kwemagariro avanhu nedzinza kupfurikidza nokuvhara masangano matsva anomirira nzanga dzine muganhu. MuUnited States, masangano maviri ezvikamu akashorwa nokuda kwokukundikana kukurukura urudzi hwegadziriro kana kuti kusaenzana kwezvemari, sezvo mapoka makuru ose ari maviri achitsigira kumipimo yawo yapakati yetsika netsika. Nhaka yekodzero dzavagari vemo, somuenzaniso, ingachengetwa munhoroondo dzorudzi, asi gadziriro yavavhiyi inokuita kuti kuomere nokuda kwemanzwi akasiana nere.

Kudzikamisa Tsika Nekusawirirana: Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu Nemapurogiramu Akavhengana

Mukugamuchira zvikanganiso zvokuvhota kwakakwana, hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzakavhengana kana kuti dzinotsiva idzo dzinovavarira kudzikamisa dzikamo nemirairo yakakura. Iyi chinjo dzinowanzoedza kuchengeta betsero dzoutongi hukuru hwakadai sehurumende yakajeka nomufananidzo wechaungamirira, (pane zvinobatanidza mativi akaenzana anobvumira mapoka maduku namapoka maduku kuva nenzwi.)

Masangano eMitembero Akabatana

Nyika dzakafanana neGermany, New Zealand, neJapan dzinoshandisa kuvhota kwakavhengana. muNew Zealand, apo chikamu chezvigaro chinogoverwa nemitoo yezvigaro zvechikuru uye zvimwe nendaza yebato kuti zviwane miuyo inowirirana. Iyi tsika yakabvumira mapoka makuru avanhu kuramba akasimba apo vaipa nzvimbo yakadai semaruwa maduku kana kuti mapoka eruwa. MuNew Zealand, kuchinjwa kubva kutsika yokutanga-kare kuenda kuMMP muna 1996 kwakatungamirira kuparamende yakasiana-nji, neMāori inowedzera uye hurumende dzakabatana kuva pamutemo. Iyi transsvet haina kubvisa magamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika; panzvimbo iyi yakadzikisa, ichiita kuti iwirirane, ive, ichiita kuti ive nhaka yokudzora. Somuenzaniso, Māoror anogara mutsika dzakasiana-magaro, uye anodzongedzerwa nezvikamu zvikuru zvetsika.

Midziyo Yesimbi Yakagadzirwa Nechigwadara Netapuro Yayo

Kumwe kushandura kunoiswa pachikamu chezvikamu zviduku. Iyi purogiramu inochengeta miuyo yenhau asi inokurudzira vapapatika kukwirira mberi kwavo, vachisimudzira nhimbe dzinobatanidza. MuAustralia, RCV haina kubvisa kudzora kwemapoka makuru asi yakapa vamwe vemasangano maduku semaGreenland mukana wokupesvedzera kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvinodiwa. Iyi purogiramu inopfuudzira vapari vemigumisiro yezvamatongerwe enyika kukurudzira kukwirira mberi kwechivako chavo, kusimudzira nhimberi dzinobatanidza. MuAustralia, RCV haina kubvisa kudzorwa kwemapoka makuru asi yakapa mativi maduku akafanana neGreens kuti apfuureidzo kupfurikidza nezviito zvinodiwa. Iyi yakapfumisa nhaka yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAustralia kupfurikidza nokuvaka mubatanidzwa wetsika dzinosarudzwa, nepokuchengeta tsika inochengetwa nehurumende imwe chete.

Magadziriro Ezvikamu Zviviri

Gadziriro yamativi maviri akabatanidzwa nokuda kweGungano raro reNational ndichimwe tsinhirano. Kana pasina mutevedzeri anowana voruzhinji chose chose mumheto yokutanga, kumhanya kunoitirwa pakati pavadari vakuru. Iyi gadziriro inoda kuwirirana pakati pamapoka, kazhinji kazhinji ibvisa kure kana kuti kure zvikuru vapindi munhivi yechipiri. Muuyo wave uri kuchengetwa kwe "reblican" yegamuchidzanwa inobatanidza mapoka makuru kuvhara, kusimbisa nhaka yenyika yeFrance nepetroit. Zvisinei, vatsoropote vanoona kuti ikoku kunogonawo kudzvinyirira kutaura kwapachokwadi kwamagamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika akasiyana- siyana.

Mugumisiro: Basa Risingaperi Regadziriro Dzevatungamiriri Mukuchengetedza Nhaka

Gadziriro huru dzokuvhota hadzina kutsigira rutivi; dzinoumba nokushingaira nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika nepesvedzero izvo magamuchidzanwa anopukunyuka ndokubudirira. Kupfurikidza nokutsigira mapato akatangwa ndokuita hurumende dzakatsiga, dzinobetsera kuchengeta nhaka yorudzi (kubva kumagamuchidzanwa ebumbiro remitemo kuenda kumasangano etsika). Kujeka nokusarudza kwemiuyo mikuru kunobvumira kuita mitoo inowirirana, iyo inogona kudzivirira nzvimbo dzenhau, inosimudzira zviratidzo zvorudzi, uye inotsigira mibatanidzwa yezvamatongerwe enyika yakare.

Bva mativi mamwe chetewo anodzivirira nhaka anogonawo kuderedza manzwi mashoma nokusaenzana. Kupesana pakati peteramo nekusabatana kunoberekwa mugadziriro dzose dzezvisarudzo, asi kunoziviswa zvikuru mukuita gadziriro dzose dzinohwina. Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinochinja, vakawanda vakasarudza kubatanidza zvinhu zvinowirirana kana kuti mitoo yokuvhota kuti vawedzere kumirira pasina kurasikirwa nebetsero dzehurumende huru. Iyi chinjo inoratidzira kuti kuchengeta nhaka yezvamatongerwe enyika hakudi kuoma; kunogona kuwirirana nokuchinjika kunzanga yakawedzerwa.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi vanonzvera ukama pakati pegadziriro dzevhota nezivikanwo yetsika, kunokosha kuziva zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro zvokuvhota kukuru. Kuchengetwa kwenhaka haisi nhau bedzi yomutemo kana kuti muitiro(kwakabatana zvikuru nokuti vagari vemo vanoratidzira sei kuda kwavo kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuti ikoko kuchashandurwa sei kuva hurumende. Kunzwisisa izvozvi kunotibetsera kunzwisisa nhevedzano yakaoma pakati pemibatanidzwa yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu namagamuchidzanwa mapenyu iyo inorondedzera rudzi.