Kunzwisisa Mitemo Inodzora Hurumende Yakabudirira uye Zvainoitwa

Kudzikama kwehurumende kunotsamira pamitoo yapamutemo yokutsiva gavhuna kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vasingakwanisi kubatira. Nyika iri yose muUnited States inochengeta mugadziro wayo imene yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo nemitemo inodzora kutevedzana kwehurumende. Iyi mitemo yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kusava nesimba, inovimbisa kupfuurira kwemibato yavose, uye inochengeta chiremera chehurumende chapamutemo mukati menjodzi. Nepo mamiriro ezvinhu akafara akafanana neadzose enyika neapo anoisa gavhuna mukuru wokutanga mumutsetse(w) udzame hunosiyana zvikuru, kuratidzira chimiro chehurumende chimwe nechimwe chezvamatongerwe enyika nechinoitika chenhau. Iyi inopa kunzverwa kukuru kwemitemo yokutsiva yavose, kubva panheyo dzapamutemo nedzavose dzemitemo kuti zviwirirane mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro aenderane neanoramba kugadziridzamato anopfuurira.

Mavambo Epamutemo Okubudirira Kwehurumende

Gadziriro yapamutemo yenhevedzano yapamusoro yakavakirwa mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende imwe neimwe uye inowedzerwa nemirau. Mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa anodudza zvakajeka mutsetse wenhevedzano yagavhuna uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko, nokuda kwavamwe vakuru vakuru vebumbiro remitemo. Mutemo wemitemo unowanzozara muudzame hwemitsetse yetsika (ndaunoita seinotema, kuti mutevedzero unobvumidzwa sei, uye chinoitika kana vatsivi vakawanda vasingawa. Nemhaka yokuti mabumbiro emitemo kazhinji kazhinji anooma zvikuru kugadziriswa kupfuura mutemo wenguva dzose, nhevedzano huru yokutevedzana inova inova inotsigarira kutsiga, nepo matendikiso echiito anotendero anogona kushandurwa nyore nyore.

Mazano Okutonga Kunoitwa Pamutemo

Nhevedzano huru inodokuva inoteverwa nebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reCalifornia rinosarudza gavhuna mukuru wedare somutsivi, uye kana hofisi iyoyo isina, mutemi wehurumende angagovera kupfurikidza nomutemo nokuda kwomumwe mutsivi. Nenzira yakafanana, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa gavhuna mukuru mukuru weTexamente kutanga, richiteverwa napurezidhendi wetenisi. Nyika dzisina mutevendi mukuru wehurumende (Zvenzi Arizona, Oregon, uye Wyoming) pagadziriro dzemitemo dzinozivikanwa nezita nomunyori wenyika kana kuti mumwe mukuru mukuru. Kupfuura nzvimbo dzokutanga, nyika dzakawanda dzinovimba nemiraudzo yokuwedzera kunyora mira, kubatanidza gavhuna mukuru wehurumende, she, kana kuti vatungamiriri vemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.

Basa raGavhuna Ainyengera

Mune zvikamu makumi mana nezvishanu, gavhuna aripo uye ndiye mutsivi wokutanga kuna gavhuna. Basa ragavhuna mukuru mukuru harisi retsikawo zvadzo; mudzimwe nyika dzakawanda, vanotungamirira padare uye vangatora masimba agavhuna kwenguva pfupi apo gavhuna anenge abva muhurumende kana kuti akaremara. Zvisinei, kudzorwa kwakarurama kwechiremera mukutevedzana kwechinguvana kunogona kujeka. Dzimwe nyika dzinopa gavhuna masimba akazara, nepo dzimwe dzinoganhurira mabasa akadai sevetoes kana kuti kugadza. Somuenzaniso, muNew Jersey, gavhuna mukuru mukuru anova anoshanda namasimba akazara apo gavhuna wenyika, asi Bumbiro reMitemo reNew Jersey rinoda kuti gavhuna mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukunyora. Kunzwisisa izvi vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotsoropodza uye vanhu vose.

Gadziriro Yokubudirira: Ndiani Anodzora?

Kunyange zvazvo gavhuna ari iye wokutanga kutsiva, mamwe masangano anongotaura chete vakuru vakuru vashoma, asi mamwe achitaura gumi nemaviri kana kupfuura, chinangwa chacho ndechokuva nechokwadi chokuti munhu ane unyanzvi, anozvidavirira mune zvematongerwo enyika anowanika nguva dzose kuti adzorere magariro ake.

Mutsara Womuenzaniso Wekubudirira

Pashure pagavhuna mukuru mukuru, vatsivi vanozivikanwa zvikurusa vanonzi munyori wehurumende, gweta guru, muchengeti wemari, coptorer, uye ipapo purezidhendi propro prever yehurumende senate namukurukuri weimba yehurumende. Muhurumende pasina gavhuna mukuru, munyori wenyika kazhinji kazhinji anotsigira nzvimbo yokutanga. Somuenzaniso, mutsetse waArizona wehurumende: munyori wehurumende, murwi mukuru wegweta, muchengeti wemari, uye ipapo mutungamiriri wemurayiridzo wavose. Dzimwe nyika dzinobatanidza mutungamiriri wezvokurimi kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa. Maine naNewpreshi, nyika shomanene, dzakadai saMaine neNew, nzvimbo yapurezidhendi wesen uye mukurukuri weimba, somutengi wokutanga nemhaka yokuti havana mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu

Vatsivi vanofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvimwe chetezvo zvokusadzoka sagavhuna (pane chiverengero chakafanana nezera, nzvimbo, uye kuva mugari) pasina kubvumira zvakajeka hurumende inoshanda kwenguva pfupi ingasakwanirisa zvizere. Zvinoverengeka zvinotaura kuti mutsivi ave mutezo webato rimwe chetero rezvamatongerwe enyika sagavhuna, gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kwechinotsiva. Somuenzaniso, bumbiro remitemo reOklahoma rinoraira kuti kana gavhuna mukuru mukuru mukuru abudirira, vanofanira kuva vebato rimwe chetero; kana vasina, purezidhendi anotsiva Dare, pasinei zvapo nepati, anotora. Kuwedzera, dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira chinodikanwa chokutsiva panguva yokutevererwa, nepo vamwe vanobvumira nguva pfupi.

Vatsivi Vomutemo

Vakuru vakuru vebazu vaneta, nyika dzakawanda dzinotendeukira kuvatungamiriri vemitemo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anoshandisa nguva yehurumende uye mukurukuri weimba yehurumende zvisarudzo zvakarovedzeka. Nyika shomanene, dzakadai seTennessee, dzinobatanidza mumiriri wedzidzo kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vakagadzwa, asi vatsivi vehurumende vanofarirwa nemhaka yokuti vakasarudzwa uye nokudaro vane chiremera chapamutemo. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwevatungamiriri vemitemo kunogona kuparira kusawirirana kwemasimba ehurumende, sokushandisa kwaizoita mutsivi wechiremera kwenguva pfupi achichengeta basa rehurumende.

Zvirongwa Zvokuzivisa Nokukanganisa

Muitiro wokutsiva unobatanidza matanho anoverengeka akakomba: kuzivisa nzvimbo kana kuti kusashanda, kuzivisa mutsivi, kusimbisa kuva anokodzera, uye kupa mhiko. Iyi miitiro inowanzonyorwa muudzame hwokungwarira kudzivisa nharo mukati menhambo dzakakwirira.

Marudzi Ezvikamu Zvemari

Nzvimbo inogona kumuka kubva murufu, kubviswa, kubviswa pahofisi (kupfurikidza nokusaidzira kana kuti kuyeuka), kana kuti chisarudzo chokupedzisira chokutonga choupengo. Nyika zhinji dzinobatawo urema hwomuviri hwechigarire kana kuti hwendangariro senzvimbo inosiirwa, asi muitiro wokutsunga unosiyana. Mudzimwe nyika, boka ravakuru vakuru vakadai sagavhuna mukuru, mutongi mukuru, uye mutongi mukuru wedangwe (‘kubvisa chigadziko kana kuti kurangarira). Mune dzimwe, mavhota panhau. Somuenzaniso, muMassachusetts, gavhuna angazivisa nokuzvidira basa ravo, uye kana vasingadaro, dare redare rehurumende rinogona kuita chisarudzo. Kudaidzwa kwekurumidziro, sokuitwa kwekurumidziro kana kuti kubatwa, kunganyandura gadziriro yezvokushanda kwapavhuna.

Chibvumikiso Nenzvimbo Yehofisi

Kana nzvimbo yatotangwa, mutsivi akasarudzwa anofanira kuziviswa pamutemo uye anofanira kuita mhiko yebasa. Kupika kwacho kuri zvikurukuru kwakafanana nouyo gavhuna akatora. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda mutsivi kunyora magwaro akanyorwa nomunyori. Muhurumende dzakawanda, mutongi mukuru wedare rapamusorosoro anofanira kuisa mhiko yacho, asi pane dzimwe nguva gavhuna anoenda kana kuti mumwe mukuru mukuru mukuru anogona kuita saizvozvo. Nguva inokosha: munguva isina kurongwa, mhiko ingaitwa nenzira isina kurongwa uye gare gare gare inonyorwa. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokuurawa kwaGavhuna William Goebel weKentucky muna 1900, mutsivi wehurumende akatsiva chipikirwa mumusha wapachivande chetenzi, uye muteverikiti wehurumende gare gare gare anogona kuita chiito.

Kubudirira kwechigarire

Hakusi kusipo kuri kwose kunoumba nzvimbo. Gavhuna kazhinji kazhinji anofamba kunze kwehurumende nokuda kwezvikonzero zvebhizimisi kana kuti zvomunhu oga. Miganhu mizhinji inobvumira gavhuna kuendesa simba kwechinguvana kuna gavhuna mukuru mukuru, uyo anova anoshanda. Gavhuna anogona kutangazve masimba pakudzoka. Musiyano pakati penhevedzano yenguva pfupi neyechigarire unokosha: mukati mokusavapo kwechinguvana, gavhuna anoramba ari muhofisi asi vamiriri vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru. Chinotsiva chinoda kuteverwa kwakazara, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chinokurudzira sarudzo chaiyo kana chikamu chakasara chenhambo yacho chiri chirefu. Panenge hafu yenyika yacho inova nesarudzo chaiyo kuti izadze gibernator rericative; vamwe vanobvumira mutsivi anotsiva kubatira nhambo.

Gadziriro Dzekurumidziro Nedzinowirirana

Kudzora kwazvino uno kunoda gadziriro dzakasimba dzemigariro yechienzi: ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, denho dzamagandanga, zvirwere, zvinoitika zvenyukireya, kana kuti kudzikamiswa kwehurumende. Hurumende dzakawanda dzakasimbisa mitemo yadzo yokutevedzana mukupindura zviitiko zvakadai sa9 / 11, Hurricane Katrina, uye denda reCOVOID19.

Kubudirira Kwehurumende Panjodzi uye Kuramba Yakabatana

Nyika dzine rondedzero dzakakwirira . yakadai seCalifornia nokuda kwokudengenyeka kwapasi, Florida nokuda kwemadutu, kana kuti New York nokuda kwetyisidziro dzemagandanga . dzakatanga kukura nhevedzano ine udzame yokupfuurira kwegadziriro dzehurumende. Idzi dzinowanzobatanidza vatsivi vakasarudzirwa vanoramba vachiziviswa uye vakagadzirira, nzvimbo dzakachengeteka nokuda kwechigaro chechinguvana chehurumende, uye gadziriro dzekurukurirano dzinochinja. Somuenzaniso, pashure pePritutus Katrina, Louisiana yakahwirudzura mitemo yaro yakatevedzana kuvimbisa kuti gavhuna mukuru mukuru agone kuita chiito nokukurumidza kudai gavhuna wacho akashaiwa simba uye kugovera nokuda kwezviito zvekupika zviri kure. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumirawo gavhuna kuti atsa mutsigiridzi mutsivi wekurumidziro kana nhevedzano yose yakaparadzwa.

Kukundikana uye Kutadza Kubudirira

Murakatira wefuruwenza ya 1918 nenjodzi dzoutano dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakasimbisa kudikanwa kwemirau yakajeka apo gavhuna anenge ari mupenyu asi asingakwanisi kuita mabasa. Mitengo mizhinji zvino inobvumira gavhuna kuendesa simba nokuzvidira kwechinguvana mukunyora. Kana gavhuna asingagoni kukurukura, ruzhinji rwekabhabhabhu, gweta guru, kana kuti dare remitemo ringazivisa kuti kuderera kwechinguvana. Kufunda kwa 2020 kwakaitwa naGavhuna reNational Gavhunalments Association kwakawana kuti hurumende 41 dzaiva negadziriro dzokutamisirwa kwechinguvana kwesimba nemhaka yokuoma kwemuviri kana kuti kwendangariro, asi mipimo yokuzivisa muchadenga kwakapararira zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kunzi nzvimbo dzezvokuraparapa, nepo vamwe vanosiya vakuru vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuchinja munhengedzero dzechikamu cheCHOVID dzakaita izvi pamabasa adzore.

Kusarudza Kunokosha Nokugadzwa

Apo nzvimbo yechigarire ichaitika uye mutsivi asingasarurwi, hurumende dzinofanira kusarudza kana kuzoita sarudzo chaiyo kana kuti kubvumira mutsivi kubatira nguva yasara yeshoko. Pari zvino, 27 nyika dzinoda sarudzo chaiyo nokuda kwagavhuna kana nzvimbo yacho ikaitika pakuvamba munhambo, kazhinji kazhinji mukati mamakore maviri okutanga. Masangano asara anobvumira mutsivi kubatira nguva inodzoka. Muitiro chaiwo wokusarudza umene unobatanidza miganhu yakaganhurana, mubato, uye kubatana navakuru vakuru vehurumende vesarudzo. Somuenzaniso, [[FTLT:0] TExas Confect Confect Relation Miitiro yeErotect udzo inobvumira nguva yakakomba yokuzadza. Vatevedzeri vatsivi vanobatira namasimba makuru kutozosvikira miuyo yokuvhotoro yapamutemo.

Matambudziko Nekuchinja Mumitemo Yehurumende Yakabudirira

Pasinei nemazana emakore okubudirira, mitemo yehurumende inotevedzana ine misiyano uye zvinhu zvisina kumira zvakanaka zvinogona kunetsa munguva yenjodzi.

Kukanganisa Kutsunga Kuita Zvinhu Nenzira Yokusakwanisa Kuita Zvinhu

Chimwe chezvinetso zvinoramba zvichipfuurira zvikuru kurondedzera nokusakwanisa kugadzirisa zvinhu. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anoshandisa mutauro usina kujeka wakadai so “kusakwanisa kuita masimba nemabasa ehofisi” pasina kududza kuti ndiani anosarudza kana kuti ufakazi hupi hunokwana. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukumira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, mukati ma 1990, New York yakatarisana negakava apo Gavhuna Mario Cuomo akavhiyiwa; gavhuna mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende akanga asina kugadzwa nenzira yakarongwa kuti aite basa nemhaka yokuti pakanga pasina muchina wakajeka. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, COVID-19 yakasunda magakava akawanda kuti agone kushandura simba nokuzvidira kupfurikidza nechiziviso chakapfava. Kunyange zvakadaro, pasi pehafu yehurumende dzine chokuita mahurukuro umo gavhuna wezvigadzi asingagoni kukurukurirana kana kuti arambe kumira parutivi.

Mitemo Yakareruka Nezvinhu Chaizvoizvo Zvazvino Uno

Mimwe mitemo yehurumende inotevedzana inovambira muzana ramakore rechi 19 uye inotora nyika pasina kurukurirano yapakarepo kana kuti kufamba nendege. Somuenzaniso, nyika shomanene dzichida kuti gavhuna avepo mumuviri kuti aite mabasa munyika, kuchiparira nyongano apo gavhuna ari kunze kwenyika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemibatanidzwa. Dzimwe dzinofunga kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vanokwaniswa netelegraphial kana kuti positi. Kupfuudzira iyi mitemo kuratidzira kurukurirano dzazvino uno / kubatanidza vhidhiyo yakachengeteka inobatanidza kunyoresa zvipikirwa nesiginicha yemichina nokuda kwezvinyorwa. Comment=Unifix Law Commission ratest yagadzira zviito zvemuenzaniso panhevedzano yegati yenhau yehurumende, asi kugamuchirwa ndezvokuzvizviito zvokuzvidira.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu Nemiitiro Yakanakisisa

Masangano akadai seNational Garguvers Association, Council of State Governments, uye Brennan Center yeRuramisiro zvakabudisa mishumo inorumbidza miitiro yakanakisisa. Kuchinja kukuru kunobatanidza: (1) kutanga nzvimbo yokugadza, isingaparati. Somuenzaniso, [FTLD:] 2019 Centre Center [FLT] . [5]

Kuedza Kudzora Nokugadzikana

Kutevedzana kwemitemo yenyika kunotapura zvakananga chivimbo chavanhu, kupfuurira kwemabasa anokosha, uye kuva pamutemo kunozivikanwa. apo chinjo inoitika nenzira iri nyore, vanhu vangasatongozvicherechedza.

Kudzivirira Mavhairasi Esimba

Mitsetse yakatevedzana inodzivisa kukwirira nokuda kwesimba ndokuderedza ngozi dzenjodzi dzebumbiro remitemo. Mukati me 2000 Florida inorondedzera gakava, mitemo yokutevedzana yenyika haina kuedzwa, asi kujeka kwemutsetse wokutevedzana (gavhuna mukuru, ipapo mutongi mukuru) kwakavimbisa vanhu. Mukupesana, hurumende dzine mitemo isina kujeka dzakava nekangaidzika. Somuenzaniso, muna 2014, Pennsylvania yakava negavhuna wehurumende yaigona kutora simba kana gavhuna wacho akarega kuva mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende kwenhambo refu; mutongi mukuru mukuru mukuru akabudisa murangariro unojekesa mutemo.

Kuramba Ndiine Utongi Hwehurumende

Kubudirira kunoitwa nomutungamiriri akasarudzwa nemutungamiriri akasarudzwa (zvikurukuru mumwe akatarisana navavhoti munyika yose) majeri edemokrati anopfuura kutevedzana nemukuru mukuru akagadzwa. Ndicho chikonzero nei hurumende zhinjisa dzichiisa vakuru vakuru vebumbiro remitemo mumutsara. Apo mutungamiriri wemitemo anogona kubudirira, maruramiro anogona kukurukurwa, asi anowanzogamuchirwa nemhaka yokuti mutungamiriri wacho akasarudzwa naMagrandher aGray Davis uye sarudzo yaAzria yeArnold Schwarzenzeger inoratidzira sei kuti nzira yokutsiva nayo inogona kuratidzira nayo chinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika pasina masimba masimba.

Zvidzidzo zveChedical Case

Nhau inopa mienzaniso inorayiridza. Muna 1972, Gavhuna George Wallace weAlabama akapfurwa ndokuoma mitezo; mutemo wokutsiva wakashanda zvakanaka sezvo mutungamiriri wehurumende akaita mabasa kwechinguvana kutozosvikira Wallace agona kutanga mabasa akaganhurirwa. Muna 2017, New Jersey yakava nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana apo Gavhuna Chris Christie mukuru wehurumende, Kim Guadagno, akanga asina kusarudzwa zvakajeka kuva gavhuna mukati mokunzvera kwetsika kwehurumende; zviitiko izvi zvakasimbisa mitemo yayo yokutamisirwa kwenguva pfupi. Zvinoshamisa zvikuru, muna 202020, vatongi venyika dzakaedzwa zvakanaka nokuda kweCHOVID-19 uye kwechinguvana vaitumira simba kupfurikidza nezviziviso, kubatanidza Gavhuna mukuru weO Phovin Statt neMutongi Missouri Mike Parson. Izvi zvakakurudzira zviitiko zvechinjoudzo.

mhedziso

Mitemo inodzorwa yehurumende inopfuura zvikuru pamutemo; iko kuoma kwekupfuurira kwehurumende nokuzvidzora kwedemokrasi. Sezvakataurwa nenyaya yokutanga, "inovimbisa kupfuurira kwoutungamiriri, inotsigira kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende, uye inodzivirira dzikamo yehurumende mukati menguva dzenjodzi. Nemhaka yezvinyorwa zvakanaka. Misiyano pakati pehurumende inogona kureva musiyano pakati pekuchinja kwapasingagadzirirwa nebumbiro remitemo. Vagadziri vemitemo, nyanzvi, uye vagari vemo vanofanira kunzwisisa mitemo iyi zvakafanana, vachitsigira kuchinja apo panenge pane zvikamu zviripo, uye vanonzwisisa gadziriro yokungwarira iyo hurumende inochengeta isingashandi chinhu. Nokuda kwokuwedzera, [[FLT: 0] Vatongi] vanogovera migove yemitengo.