Chibvumirano Chokutanga cheUnited States Constitution chinomira sechinhu chikuru chehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeAmerica, chinochengetedza rusununguko runokosha runoita kuti vanhu vasununguke. Chinotsigirwa muna 1791 sechikamu cheBill of Rights, kugadziridzwa uku kunodzivirira kodzero shanu dzinokosha: rusununguko rwokutaura, chitendero, kudhinda, gungano, uye kukumbira. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vaivimbisa vagari vemo, vachinzwisisa kudzika kwedziviriro idzi hachisi chinhu chedzidzo chete. Nyaya ino idikanwi nehurumende. Nyaya inopa kutarira kwakakwana paFirst Amendment, kutsanangura kwayo, kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvayo zvinoumba Dare Gurusaru, uye kukurukurirana kwazvino unoenderera mberi kuumba rerevo.

Rugwaro Rwe Amendeji Yokutanga

Tisati taongorora rusununguko rumwe norumwe, zvinokosha kuverenga mashoko chaiwo akatungamirira utongi hweAmerica kwemazana maviri emakore:

[[FOLT:0]] "Hapazoiti mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana rwokubudisa mashoko; kana kodzero yavanhu yokuungana norugare, nokukumbira Hurumende kuti ipedze kunyunyuta."

Mutsetse uyu mupfupi wakatsanangurwa neDare Repamusorosoro kuti ushande kwete chete kuCongress asiwo kuhurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzemo kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment.First Amendment inogadzira “Musika wepfungwa” umo mirangariro yakasiyana - siyana inogona kukwikwidzana, uye inoshanda sedziviriro yokudzivisa kuongororwa kwehurumende pamusoro porudzidziso, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye upenyu hwavose.

Kunzwisisa Rusununguko Rwose

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Rusununguko rwokutaura runowanzorangarirwa kuva runokosha zvikuru rweFirst Amendment. Runodzivirira maruramiro omunhu okutaura pfungwa, zvitendero, uye mirangariro pasina kudzorwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakati kodzero iyi haina kusimba. Marudzi ekutaura anogamuchira dziviriro duku kana kuti kwete anobatanidza dziviriro, kushatisa, kunyandurira kukuita chiito chokusada kusateerera mutemo, uye tyisidziro dzechokwadi. Somuenzaniso, [[FLD:] mu [FL:] scheckn v. United States[FLT] [19] [19] [19], Dare rakatanga “ngozi inopa. uye iripo inobvumira muedzo, kuisa maruramiro ezvokudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu echipavhu, kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu echipamute. [FFF] anobvumira maruramiro epamuro apamutemo okudzivisa kudzoseranwa.[F] [F] [5]

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Chechi Yokutanga Inodzivirira rusununguko rworudzidziso kupfurikidza namadigini maviri akasiana. ] Establee inodzivisa hurumende kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kufarira rumwe. Ikoku kwakadudzirwa kuraira munyengetero wechechi nehurumende, kunyange zvazvo miganhu chaiyo ichiri inokakavadzana zvikuru. [[FLT:] Mu [FL:] ENCE] v. [[FOL] [[12] [192]] [192], Dare rakarova munyengetero wavose muzvikoro.[FFF:] [mumasssssss as transfect, kana kuti muhurumende] inodzivisa , kana kuti njodzi dzehondo dzinodzoka.[10]

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Rusununguko rwenhau runovimbisa kuti vatori venhau namasangano enhau vanogona kushuma nhau uye kutsoropodza hurumende pasina ganhuriro kana kuti rutyo rwokutsiva. Irworwu maruramiro makuru kukuzvidavirira kwokusarudza nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa iyi dziviriro mu New York Times. v. United States [1971], “New York Times],“ , [v] , nhau, apo Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende haigoni kumisa kubudiswa kwezvinyorwa zvapambwa kubudiswa tyisidziro yakananga uye yapa nokukurumidza kuchengeteka kwapa njodzi yenyika. Chipomendero chinopfumisawo pamutemo kukupa njodzi yehurumende. Chineiwo betserowo padziviriro youtsotsi yavose; [FLT.[FLT] nguva dzose dzinobudisa dziviriro yavose, uye vanowana dziviriro mumitengo yavose, vanowana upfumi vazhinji vanowana njodzi. [F.F.FLT] [1964] [194] (1964]), vakawana Dare renyika, vakuru vakuru vakuru venhau venhau ve

Rusununguko Rwegungano

Chikamu chakarurama “rugare kuungana” chinobvumira vanhu kuungana mumapoka nokuda kwamadonzo anorondedzerwa (kubva pakuramba nekokorodzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika kumisangano yenzanga nokunamata kworudzidziso. Iyi rusununguko rwakabatanidzwa zvikuru nerusununguko rwokutaura, asi runokurukura mugariro weboka wekutaura. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti hurumende dzingaisa nguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro pamagungano kudzivirira chengeteko yavose, chero bedzi vachibatanidzwa nokusiya mikoto inozaruka yekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso, guta rinogona kuraira mvumo yokudzora kufamba nokuchengeteka, asi harigoni kuramba mvumo yakavakirwa pamurangariro weboka. Nguva yazvino uno unoonekwa nekodzero zvakatanhamara pamusoro peiyi maruramiro avose, sezvo kushora kwaMarudzi, 6 denho, uye mitemo inodzivisa. Mumibato yezvikoro, inoumba zvikoro, kuratidzira, uye kuratidzira nhevedzano nhevedzano kwenhau yedzidzo pamusoro penhau yedzidzo.

Kodzero Yokukumbira

Chirango chakarurama “kukumbira hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. Dare guru rinopa vagari vemo simba rokuita kuti mashoko avo anzwiwe navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa uye masangano avose. Idzi maruramiro anogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: kunyorera dare, kusaina rumbidzo paIndaneti, kukwidza matare, kuranga, kana kuti kunyange kutora rutivi mukuedza. Dare guru rakadudzira zvikumbiro zvakarurama, kwete bedzi kudzivirira zvikumbiro zvechienzi asi kubatanidzawo kubatanidzwa neboka remhindu. [FLT: 0] ANACP. . Komiti yemitemo yemitemo [FLT:] [1963] [1], Dare rakabudisa miganhuro pasi pamitengo yeNaACP, kana kuti rinokurudzira nokuda kwechipo chavadzidzi, kupfurikidza nechikumbiro chikuru chehurumende, kupfurikidza nokubvuma kukumbira kupfurikidza nechikumbiro chapamutemo chavakurudziro chavagari vehurumende. Mune simba renyika inobvumira kupfurikidza nechipo kuti ipfupikisa, inobvumira kupfurikidza kupfurikidza nechirongwa chapamutemo, vagarikanwa kuti vasa. Mune vagari voruzhinji

Mhaka Dzinokosha Dzamatare

Kupfuura zvatotaurwa, dzimwe nyaya dzinoverengeka dzinokosha kuti tinyatsonzwisisa:

  • Scheck v. United States (1919)[FLT] - yakasimbisa “ngozi yakajeka neiripo” kuedza kuganhurira kutaura mukati menguva yehondo.
  • Gitrow v. New York (1925) – Appendix First Amendment kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGumbi reMitemo reMitemo yeKinayi yePremendment yeSTIClassia.
  • .Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community [1969)] – Asimbisa kuti vadzidzi vangapfeka zvibayiso zvemaoko kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam kutoti mufambiro wacho uchidzongonyedza chikoro mune zvokunyama.
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) – Yakabatira maruramiro ezvinobudisa nhau okubudisa Pentagon Papers, achiramba kuganhurirwa kwapamberi pezvi.
  • Engel v. Vitaire (1962) - yakadzora kuti munyengetero unodzorwa kuchikoro unoputsa Chivako chaClaus.
  • Citizens United v. Federal Enfation Commission (2010) - - Akawana kuti mari yebhizimisi yokutsigira mashoko anozvimirira ezvamatongerwe enyika haigoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment, kufutunura dziviriro dzekutaura nokuda kwamasangano anoparira mhindu.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – Kunyange zvazvo zvikurukuru iri dare reroorano revatano, mutongo waibata pamusoro pokurovedza muviri kwapachena nokugadza pakukurukura pokugara kworudzidziso.
  • Packingham v. North Carolina (2017) - Kudzongonyedza mutemo unorambidza vapari vemhosva dzevatano vakanyoreswa kubva pasocial network, uchitaura kuti zviteshi zvemasangano enhau inzvimbo dzavanhu dzavanhu dzazvino uno nokuda kwokutaura.

Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinojekesa miganhu yerusununguko, rusununguko rworudzidziso, kubudisa rusununguko, kuungana, uye kukumbira, kazhinji kazhinji kunoratidza kurwisana kwenzanga nekwezvamatongerwe enyika kwenguva yavo.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Dzine chokuita Ne Amendement Yokutanga

Nhau dzinoverengeka dzinotambudza dzinodzora gakava razvino uno:

Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Nekutaura Kwakasununguka

Zvikuva zvechipameso zvakadai setwitter, Facebook, uye YouTube zvinobatanidza mabhiriyoni ezviito zvokutaura zuva nezuva, bva hazvimanikidzwi neFirst Amendment nemhaka yokuti makambani emunhu oga. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kugakavadzano pamusoro pechinogutswa, de-platforming, uye inofungidzirwa kuva nzvero dzemirangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare Rapamusoro-soro rinozoziva kuti nheyo dzokutaura dzakasununguka dzinoshanda sei mutaundi remitengo yemakombiyuta, kunyange zvazvo zviitiko zvakafanana ne Packingham v. North Carolina inokarakadza kuti zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga zvinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwemagariro. Vashandi vanowanzodavira nenzira yenhema kuti kutaura kwavo kwakadzivirirwa nenzira inotedzerwa mumitemo yapamutemo panzvimbo idzi, nepo vatsigiridzi nokuda kwokuoneka zvakanaka zvikuru.

Kuvenga Kutaura.

United States inoita mutoo wokuregerera kuvenga kutaura kuenzaniswa nedzimwe hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu, ichiidzivirira kutoti yapinda muboka rinozivikanwa senyanduro, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kana kuti kunetsa. Iyi nzvimbo yakasimbiswa mu R.A.V. v. Guta reSt. Paul [1992], asi kukura kwamapoka anovenga, urudzi hwevachena, uye chikoro zvinobatanidza kutaura kwakaparira gakava. Vatsoropotedza kuti kushora kutaura kunopesana munzanga uye kunoshora kuenzana, nepo vanodzivirira kuti mushonga wakanakisisa nokuda kwokutaura kwakaipa kutaura kukuru, kwete kutsoropodza hurumende.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Kupararira kwemashoko enhema, kunyanya panguva yesarudzo uye panjodzi dzoutano, kunopa zvinetso kuhurukuro yehurumende.

Mabhuku Anorambidzwa uye Maraibhurari Echikoro

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kwave kune denho huru kumabhuku mumaraibhurari ezvikoro, kazhinji kazhinji ichinangidzira ngwariro pamisoro yedzinza, vatano, uye mirangariro yevatano. First Amendment inodzivirira maruramiro okurava nokuwana mashoko, asi mapuranga echikoro ane chiremera pamusoro pezvidzidzo uye miunganidzwa yamabhuku echikoro. Mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Island Miston Free School Dis. Pico[FLT] [192] yakatonga kuti mabhodhi echikoro angasabvisa mabhuku eraibhurari nemhaka bedzi yokuti anovenga mifungo. Nhasi, nheyo iyoyo inoedzwa semapoka makuru anosunda nokuda kwokubviswa kwamabhuku anorangarira kuva asina kufanira, uye matare mumitemo yokubvisa kwakadaro.

Kurwisa Mari Nekutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chisarudzo chamasangano chakabudisa mafashamo endyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika yakazvimirira, chichitaura kuti kuganhurira kupambadza kwakadaro kunoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kufunganyo pamusoro pepesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika, nepo vatsigiri vachiti chinodzivirira mano amasangano, mibatanidzwa, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe kutsigira nokuda kwavada kutendiswa nezvinoparira. Gadziriro inopfuudzira pamusoro pakuti Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment inofanira kubvumira mipiro isina kuganhurirwa uye kana zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa zviri pamutemo.

Kudzidzisa Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Muzvikoro

Vadzidzisi vane basa rakasiyana nemamwe rokubatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa kodzero dzavo uye mabasa pasi peFirst Amendment.Vadzidzi pavanoziva matauriro avanofanira kuita vari munhungamiro dzechikoro, vanova vangwaru zvikuru, vanotsoropodza. Nzira dzokudzidzisa dzinobudirira dzinosanganisira:

  • Kushandisa fundo dzenhau se Thinker v. Des Moines kunzvera migariro chaiyoiyo youpenyu(e. se. mudzidzi akapfeka T-shirt neshoko rinomutsa nharo kana kuti kunyora nyaya inopomerwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwepepanhau rechikoro.
  • Kutsigira kutonga kweDare Rapamusoro Kunoshorwa uko vadzidzi vanopokanidza mativi ose egakava reFirst Amendment, zvakadai sokuramba kwechikoro kubvumira boka rorudzidziso rinopinzwa navadzidzi kana kuti kurambidzwa kwezvirevo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Zviitiko zviri kuitika zvinowedzera: Ko vadzidzi vaverenge nezvokuramba kuchangobva kuitwa, kurambidza kubudisa nhau kwemasocial network, kana kuti zvinetso zvemabhuku uye vataure nhau dzinobatanidzwa.
  • Kudzidzisa musiyano pakati pechiito chehurumende (ichitsigirwa neFirst Amendment) nechiito chokuzvimiririra) (zvisiri)) — kusiyana kwevadzidzi vakawanda kunovhiringidza.
  • Kukurudzira hurukuro yavagari vemo: Rondedzera nzira yokusabvumirana nayo noruremekedzo, kudenha pfungwa pasina kudenha vanhu, uye kuteerera mirangariro inopesana.
  • Kupa zvirongwa uko vadzidzi vanonzvera kufeya - feya kwemotokari yomunzvimbomo, kupinda musangano wedare reguta, kana kuti kubvunzurudza mutori wenhau pamusoro perusununguko rwokubudisa nhau.

Apo vadzidzi vanonetseka nemibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pekutaura kwakasununguka nekotsekano yenzanga, vanokudziridza unyanzvi hunodikanwa kutora rutivi muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. National Constitution Center ne ACLU zvinopa zviwanikwa zvakaisvonaka zvapachena nokuda kwavadzidzisi (constitutioncenter.org/project; ].org/Ziva-maukoro enyu []).

mhedziso

Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment haisi chinhu chisaririra chenguva yakagadzwa; igwaro benyu rinopfuurira kuumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica. Kuvambira mukirasi kusvikira kumutsara wokuramba, kubvira paimba yenhau kusvikira kunzvimbo inobuda mashoko namasangano avanhu, idzi mvumo shanu dzinogovera kuvakwa kwenzanga uko kutaura nemhiko yeboka rimwe nerimwe ringabudirira. Asi maruramiro anouya nemitoro. Kunzwisisa ganhuriro yokutaura kwakasununguka, ukoshi hwenhau yakasununguka, uye kodzero yokuungana norugare zvinobetsera vagari vemo kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa nokudzidza pamusoro peFirst Amend Amend, tinovimbisa kuti zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi hazvisati zvichingoziva bedzi kodzero dzavo asi zvinoshandisa nenzira yokuchenjera kuvaka nzanga yakarurama neyamadoko.