Rusununguko rwokutaura runomira sechinhu chinokosha chenzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kupa vanhu simba rokuratidzira mifungo, kudenha chiremera, uye kutora rutivi muupenyu hwavanhu vose. Bva urwu maruramiro haruna kupesana nouremu. Hurumende iri yose inotarisana nebasa rakaoma rokudzivirira vagari vemo panjodzi idzo dzisingadzorwi nokutaura kunogona kuparira (kunyandurwa kwamasimba masimba, kutaura kworuvengo, mashoko okuvenga, mashoko asina kururama, uye tyisidziro kuchengeteko yorudzi. Dzidziso dzapamutemo dzinoshandisa iyi mipimo inokwikwikwidzana dzakaoma, dzinoita kuti dzisarudze, uye dzinoparira zvikuru.

Iyi nyaya inonzvera mitoo yapamutemo inotsinhiranisa rusununguko rwokutaura nekotsekano yapachena, ichikwevera sei pazvinoitika zvezvinoitika zvavose, mipimo yamarudzi ose, uye denho dzapanguva imwe cheteyo.

Mavambo Euzivi Neemitemo Okutaura Norusununguko

Rusununguko rwokutaura rwakavakirwa mumifungo yeNjereso, zvikurukuru mufungo wokuti musika wakasununguka wemifungo unokosha kuti zvokwadi ibude uye kuti utongi huwande. Vazivi vakadai saJohn Stuart Mill vakarangarira kuti kunyange kutaura kunogumbura kana kuti kwenhema kunofanira kushivirirwa nemhaka yokuti kunomanikidzira nzanga kunzvera zvitendero zvayo imene. Gadziriro dzemitemo munyika yose dzakabatanidza idzi nheyo mumirayiro nezvibvumirano.

Kudzivirirwa Nebumbiro Remitemo

MuUnited States, First Amendment kuBumbiro reMitemo inorambidza kuita mitemo “inodzivisa rusununguko rwokutaura.” Iyi dziviriro yakafara uye yakasimba, inowanzodzivirira kunyange kutaura kworuvengo kana kuti kwenharo kubva kuunzveri hwehurumende. European Convention on Human Rights inodzivirira zvakafanana kutaura kwapachena pasi peChikamu 10, kunyange zvazvo ichibvumira ganhuriro“ dzinodikanwa munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu” nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakadai sechengeteko yavose, chengeteko yorudzi, uye kudzivirirwa kwenyongano.

Zvishandiso zvekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose zvinosimbisawo kodzero yokutaura norusununguko.

Uko Kutaura Kunowirirana Nechengeteko Yavose: Ganhuriro Dzakarurama

Mitemo yenyika yose inosiya zvakaipa zvinokonzerwa nokutaura zvichipfuura kukosha kwokuzvidzivirira.

Kunyandurira Kumasimba Masimba

Imwe yeganhuriro dzinogamuchirwa zvikuru pakutaura inyandurirwo bedzi kana kuti kuita chiito chekusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo. muUnited States, Dare Rapamusorosa rakatanga “muedzo weBrandenburg” mu Brandenburg v. Ohio [69]. Kutaura kungaganhurirwa bedzi kana kuti kuvedzerwa kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chokusada mutemo chapedyo” uye sezvingabvira kunowana muuyo iwoyo. Mupimo uyu wakakwirira namaune, unodzivisa hurumende kuranga chisimba chapameso. Mamwe marudzi anogamuchira zvakafanana, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji kaduku, zvitsauko. Somuenzaniso, Kingdom’s Public Ordertion Act Agact utry anoshandisa utsotsi kana kuti mufambiro wa “kutuka.

Venga Kutaura

Mitemo yemisikanzwa yokuvenga inosiana zvikuru mumiganhu. United States inodzivirira kutaura kworuvengo muFirst Amendment kutoti kwakapinda mumugariro wakaganhurirwa wakadai se “kurwisana namashoko” kana kuti tyisidziro dzechokwadi. Mukupesana, nyika zhinji dzeEurope neCanada dzinoisa zvirango zvoutsotsi nokuda kwokutaura kunosimudzira ruvengo pamapoka anozivikanwa. Dare guru reCanada mu R. Keegstra [1990]) rinotsigira mitemo yokutaura inovenga, richifunga kuti kuvadziko inoparirwa neparadziro inosha nzanga yenzanga neuenzani. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakatsigirawo zvaro nokuda kwokuramba nokuparadza ruvengo rwedzinza, rinozviwana mukati ganhuriro dzinobvumirwa neChikamu 10 cheChikamu chamagaro cha 10.

Kushorwa Namashoko Enhema

Mitemo inozvidza inodzivirira vanhu pakutaura kwenhema kunokuvadza mukurumbira wavo. Nepo kuzvidza kunogona kutyisa, miganhu inosiana mumadzikano akwakaita nekutaura kwakasununguka. Nhamba dzavose dzinofanira kubvumikisa chaizvoizvo kuva “utsinye hwechaihwo” kuti hubudirire mukutaura kwakaipa muUnited States, chidziro chakakwirira chakabva mu New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]. Munhambo yemitengo, kuparadzirwa kwamashoko enhema pamusoro poutano hwavose nesarudzo-chato. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo mitsva kuti dzirwise “New York Times Co. v.C. Sullivantion [[FLT] [1964]

Chengeteko Yorudzi Nezvakavanzika Zvavakuru - vakuru

Hurumende dzinowanzoganhurira kutaura kungatyisidzira chengeteko yenyika, kwakadai sokubudisa mashoko akaganhurirwa kana kuti manyuko ouchenjeri. United Kingdom’s Secrets Act neEspionage Act zveUnited Kingdom zvinoita kuti kuzivisa zvinhu zvinotapurika kuve kwokusatenderwa kuve kwepamutemo.

Mishandirapamwe Yepamutemo Yaipfuura Nepane Mitongo Mikuru

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei kutaura kumwe cheteko kungava kwapamutemo mune imwe nyika uye utsotsi mune imwe nyika.

United States: Dziviriro Yakasimba Zvikurusa

Mutemo weAmerica wakasununguka wokutaura unosiyaniswa nedziviriro yawo yomuromo inodokuva inodzivirira, kunyange apo inogumbura kana kuti yenhema. Dare Rapamusorosanoramba richidavira kuti mushonga wekutaura kwakashata kutaura kwakawanda, kwete kuongorora. Marudzi bedzi akatangwa zvakajeka okutaura kunobatanidza kunyandura chiito chokusada kutongwa kwemitemo, ruzvidzo, ruzvidzo, kunyengera, vatano dzevana, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, uye kutaura kunokosha kumufambiro woutsotsi. Venga, kutoti kwawira mune chimwe cheizvi zvikamu, zvinoramba zvakadzivirirwa nenzira yemitemo. United States inomirawo yoga mukudzivirira sangano renyika nekurukurirano yezvokutengeserana pasi peFirst Amend Reformation, kunyange zvazvo iri pamwero yakaderera.

Iyi dziviriro yakasimba yakaumba tsika dzeAmerica nezvamatongerwe enyika, ichigonesa kurukurirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika asi ichibvumirawo kupararira kwemashoko asiri iwo uye okutaura kworuvengo.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muenzaniso weUnited States unoregerera zvikuru uye kuti unobvumira kuvadziko kunzanga dzakaganhurirwa.

Europe: Mutoo Unokuvadza

Gadziriro dzapamutemo dzeEurope, dzakaumbwa neEuropean Convention on Human Rights, dzinobvumidza ganhuriro huru pakutaura nezita rechiremera, kuenzana, uye nhevedzano yavose. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rinoshandisa muedzo wokusawiriranisa: ganhuriro ipi neipi inofanira kuronda donzo rapamutemo, uye inofanira kupiwa nenzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Dare rinopa mitezo ganhuriro yokuonga, kureva kuti inochinjika munzira yaanodzikamisa nayo kutaura nedzimwe maruramiro.

Germany, somuenzaniso, inonyandura utsotsi kuruvengo ( Volkschetzung), kuramba Nazi, uye kushandiswa kwezviratidzo zveNazi. France inorambidza kutaura kworuvengo nokuramba Rupomedzo. United Kingdom inobatanidza mutemo wavose negadziriro dzemitemo kuti ikurukure, kunetsa, uye kutaura kwougandanga. Mitemo iyi inoratidzira kudzivirira kwenzanga kunoisa dziviriro yamapoka asina dziviriro parusununguko rwakakwana rwokutaura.

Canada: Rusununguko Runogamuchirwa

Kusvika kweCanada, muChikamu cheChikamu 2 (b) chinodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura. Chikamu 1 chinobvumira ganhuriro dzine mufungo “dzinoruramiswa nenzira ine mufungo munzanga yakasununguka nedemokrasi.” Dare Gurusa reCanada rakatsigira mitemo yokuvenga kutaura, mitemo inodzivisa kutsigira kuparadzwa kwerudzi, uye ganhuriro pavatano yavana. ] R. Keegstra[, Dare rakasimbisa kuti kuvenga kutaura kusati kuri bedzi denho dzomunhu oga asi musengwara wenzanga kurwisana nokusarura rudzi rwavanhu nehuenzana. Nokudaro mutemo weCanada unorangarira kusasununguka kutaura kwakarurama kwakakwana asi sokumwe chete.

Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu Wenyika Yose

Dare reSangano Rokusarudza Vanhu rakabudisa General Peksion No. 34 paChikamu 19 cheICCPR, richijekesa kuti ganhuriro pakutaura kwakasununguka dzinofanira kuva dzisati dziri dzorusununguko, dziri madikanwa, uye dzinowirirana. Dare rakaratidzira itiro hanya pamusoro pemitemo yakafara zvikurusa pamusoro pokuzvidzwa, kumhura, uye chengeteko yenyika. Masangano amarudzi ose anoomerera nokuda kwedudziro duku yeganhuriro dzinobvumirwa, anokurudzira kutaura kwapamberi apo kunenge kuchiita chiito chinonyandura kurumbidzo, ruvengo, kana kuti masimba masimba sezvinorondedzerwa muRabat Plan of Action.

Basa Rematare: Kudzikamisa Kuongorora uye Kubudirira

Zvisarudzo zvokutonga ndiwo mutoo mukuru uyo miganhu yekutaura kwakasununguka inonatswa nawo.Matare anoshandisa nzvero dzinodzikamisa kunzvera kuti aone kana ganhuriro ichishanda donzo rapamutemo pasina kudzongonyedza zvisina kufanira pamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo.

Nheyo Yokuti Ndizvo Zvazvinofanira Kuita

Kushanda kwenzvimbo inobvumiranwa kunokosha kunzvero yemutauro wakasununguka yeEurope neCanada. dare rinobvunza kuti: Ko ganhuriro yacho yakabatana nenzira ine mufungo nedonzo guru? Inokanganisa zvakarurama here? Ko Ko idzikamo yakarurama inorovanywa pakati peganhuriro nerudyi here? Kana prong ipi neipi ichikundikana, ganhuriro haishandi. MuR (Zvomenemene) v. Munyori weHurumende nokuda kweBato reHome[, UK House of Lords yanatsiridza kurome munhau dzekodzero, kusimbisa kuti matare anofanira kuyera mupimo chaiwo pamunhu mumwe nomumwe.

U.S. Scrutiny NeIntermediate Scrinciney

MuUnited States, matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana - siana yenzvero. Gadziriro dzakavakirwa pagutsikano dzinodzorwa zvikuru: mutemo unofanira kusanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro inogombedzera yehurumende ndokushandisa mutoo mudukusa. Somuenzaniso, kupiswa kwomureza kunorambidzwa kwaizodokukundikana. Kuganhurirwa kwemireza yokusatora rutivi, zvakadai senguva, nzvimbo, uye miraudzo, kunzvera kwapakati: zvinofanira kugadzirirwa zvishoma kubatira fariro inokosha yehurumende ndokusiya mikoto inosakisa yekurukurirano.

Zvisakiso Zvepasi

Zviitiko zvikuru zvinoverengeka zvinoenzanisira chiito chokutonga. Mu Scheck v. United States (1919), Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akataura zvakakurumbira kuti First Amendment haidziviriri “kushevedzera nenhema moto muAntare nekuparira kuvhunduka.] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT] [19] [199], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti kupisa mureza unodzivirirwa neFiriji. [Peturo] MuUPFLT] [FLT] [3] .[3] V[FLT] [5] [200] (200]) (inofungwa nemiganhuro yezvipiso, asi inosimudzira muganhu zvechipo, asi inosimudzira muganhu zvechipo.[5]

Zvinetso Zvitsva: Nguva Yokuverenga Nokusaziva

Masangano ezvemagariro evanhu anoita kuti pfungwa dzisvike nokukurumidza kumamiriyoni evanhu, asi anoitawo kuti mashoko enhema, kuvenga, uye kukurudzira zvisipo zvienderane nemashandisiro adzo emitemo panzvimbo dzemakombiyuta pasina kuvhiringidza kana kukanganisa kutaura kwerusununguko.

Kusaziva Neutano Hwevanhu Vose

Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, mashoko enhema pamusoro pokurapa, nhomba, uye matanho outano hwevanhu zvakaparadzirwa zvakafara, zvichitungamirira kukuvadziko chaiyo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo yekurumidziro yokuranga kuparadzirwa kwemashoko asina kururama. Somuenzaniso, Singapore Inodzivirira paOnline Follings and Manipect Act (POFMA) inopa vashumiri simba rokubudisa mirayiro yokururamisa kana kuti zvinovhara zvinhu zvinopesana nezvinokuvadza kufarirwa nevanhu vose. Vatsoropotedza mutemo wacho vanogona kushandiswa kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana nemitemo yepamutemo. MuUnited States, Pestemendement inodzika miga yomutemo inorambidza kukanganisa mashoko enhema, inosiya zvikuva nechikamu cheProgiramu pasi peProteji yePromendetics Decratect 230 yeChikamu cheMitemo yePromendero.

Ugandanga Hwakabudisa Mashoko PaIndaneti

Indaneti yazova chishandiso chokutsvaka magandanga uye kuderedza. Nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo inoda zvikuva kuti zvibvise zvinhu zviri mukati nokukurumidza. Ugandanga hweEuropean Union hunoisa chinodikanwa cheawa imwe nokuda kwezvinhu zvakadaro, kana zvichifanira kurangwa nokuda kwezvisingawirirani. UK Online Safety Act 2023 inoisa basa rokutarisira pamapaji kuti idzivise kupararira kwezviri mukati, kubatanidza mashoko emagandanga. Mitemo iyi inotarisana nedenho dzepamutemo pamusoro pekushanda kwayo parusununguko rwekutaura uye muitiro wakakodzera.

Peta purofiti yemutoro inopesana. Kudzorwa kweHurumende

Kuitirana nharo pamusoro pokuti hurumende kana kuti zvikuva zvinofanira kudzora kutaura paIndaneti kuri kuwedzera. Vamwe vanotaura kuti makambani ega haana basa nehurumende uye kuti mutemo wenyika uri madikanwa kuti pave nemitemo inochengetedza mitemo yehurumende. Vamwe vanonyevera kuti mabumbiro ehurukuro dzehurumende anofanira kuisa pangozi kutaura pachena uye kuti zvikuva zvinofanira kushanda pasi pemitemo yakajeka inoremekedza kodzero dzevanhu. UN Guideng Principles on Business and Human Rights inokarakadza mutoro unowirirana, ichida kuti masangano adzivirire kodzero dzavanhu nemakambani kuti azviremekedze.

Kuratidza Dzikamo: Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yevaiti Vemitemo

Mutemo wokuita zvokugadzira unodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri kutaura kwakasununguka uye kuchengeteka kwavanhu kunoda kusanorongwa.

  • Tsananguro dzakaganhurirwa nedzakananga. Mitemo inofanira kurondedzera zvakajeka kutaura kwakarambidzwa, kudzivisa mashoko asina kujeka akadai se “mashoko enhema” kana kuti“ zvirimo” zvinogona kuturikirwa kwakafara. Rabbat Plan of Action inorumbidza kuti kunyandura mitemo kunobatanidza vavariro, kukuvara, uye bviro yekuvadziko.
  • Chiratidzo nechinodikanwa. Chirambidzo chipi nechipi chinofanira kuva mutoo muduku zvikuru wokuwana nawo donzo rapamutemo. Hurumende dzinofanira kurangarira kana mishonga yavagari vemo, nhimbe dzedzidzo, kana kuti ganhuriro yepachikuva yakakodzera zvikuru kupfuura zvirango zvoutsotsi.
  • Kutarisira nokuongorora kwokuzvimirira. Zvisarudzo zvokuganhurira kutaura zvinofanira kuva zvokukurumidza, kuhwirudzura kwokuzvimirira nematare kana kuti magariro akazvimirira. Ikoku kunodzivisa kunyengera uye kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwavaridzi verivari uye vatori venhau. Mitemo inoisa musengwa woutsotsi nokuda kwokuzivisa mashoko mufariro yavanhu inofanira kubatanidza fariro huru dzavanhu. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu rakasimbisa basa rinokosha ravatori venhau se “vacherekedzi venhau.”
  • mutoo wakavakirwa paharma. Panzvimbo pokurambidza pfungwa, ramba uchifunga nezvekutaura kunoparira kana kuti kungaparira kuvadziko iri pedyo. Ikoku kunowirirana nenzvero yeBrandenburg nemipimo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu.

mhedziso

Kusawirirana pakati porusununguko rwokutaura nekotsekano yavose rutivi runoratidzira rwomutemo wazvino uno webumbiro remitemo. Hapana chaunga chinogona kutaura kuva chakasununguka kana chikanyaradza kusabvumirana, asi hakuna chaunga chinogona kurarama kana chikabvumira kutaura kuva chombo chamasimba masimba kana kuti dzvinyiriro. Gadziriro dzapamutemo kupota nyika yose dzakakudziridza gadziriro dzakaisvonaka dzokudzora uku kunyanduka, kubva kudziviriro yeFirst Amendment kusvikira kuganhuriro dzinokuvadza dzomutemo wekodzero dzavanhu weEurope.

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchichinja uye tyisidziro itsva dzichimuka, mutemo unofanira kuchinjika nepo uchiomerera kunheyo huru: chiremera chomuzvarirwo chomunhu ari wose, ukoshi hwekurukurirano yapachena, uye kudikanwa kwokudzivirira vasina dziviriro. Mitemo yakanakisisa ndeiyo inoganhurira kutaura bedzi apo kunenge kuri madikanwa uye munzira dukusa, iyo iri pasi poutarisiri hwedare, uye iyo inoratidzira bvumirano yedemocracy. Mumugumo, dzikamo pakati porusununguko rwokutaura nekotsekano yavose haisati iri pfundo rakatsigarira asi iro rine simba rinoda ngwariro yenguva dzose nengwaro. [[FLT:] Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu paganhuriro kana kuti [FL:]