Chitanga Kunzi: Nheyo yeHurumende Yakadzikama

Hurumende imwe neimwe, norudzi rwayo, inoshandisa chiremera chikuru ($. Mutero mukuru, kuchengetwa kwomutemo, simba rehondo, uye maruramiro makuru avanhu vayo. Chiremera ichi chinokosha mukuchengeta nhevedzano, kugovera zvinhu zvavose, uye kudzivirira chengeteko yorudzi. Asi simba rimwe chetero, kana rikasadzorwa, kuva chishandiso chedzvinyiriro, uori, kana kuti kuzvishandisa. Chinetso chikuru chetsika dzapamutemo naizvozvo ndechokusimbisa nyika zvinokwaneinira kushanda zvinobudirira apo inovaka panguva imwe cheteyo dziviriro yakasimba mukushandiswa kwesimba iroro. Kubva kuMagna Carta muna 1215 kusvikira kuU.S. Hurumende yeChibvumirano cha 1787, nzanga zvavanhu zvakaedza nezvivako zvakagadzirirwa kuparadzira simba nokudzika muganhu. Kuedza uku kudzora kwazvinoita kuti zvishatisa simba nhasi, kuongorora uye kudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kuvhuradzikira hurumende zvinozvidzo, uye hazvidzoreki zvehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Simba reHurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti simba rakadzikama sei, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa icho simba rehurumende riri chaizvoizvo. Mupfungwa yakafara zvikurusa, simba rehurumende isimba rapamutemo rokuita ndokumanikidzira zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza panzvimbo yakarondedzerwa navagari vemo. Vaongorori vezvamatongerwe enyika saThomas Hobbes naJohn Locke vakaisa chiremera ichi mu [[FLT:] chibvumirano chenzanga] [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [1] pfungwa yokuti vagari vemo vanobvuma kudzorwa mukutsiurwa nokuda kwedziviriro nenhevedzano. Apo chibvumirano ichocho chinoputswa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kana kuti kuterama, kutenderwa kwehurumende kunodzorwa mumitezoro, pasina kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende., marudzi akasiyana-kasiyana ehurumende anoparadzirwa nenzira yakasiana-pete. A anoonekwawo zvikuru nemitemo inodzorwa muhurumende inosa. [2]

Kuparadzaniswa Kwesimba

Chivako chinogara zvikuru chokuganhurira chiremera chehurumende kuparadzanisa masimba, chakataurwa nemuzivi weFrance Montesquieu mubasa rake ra1748.] Mudzimu weMitemo [. Montesquieu akarangarira kuti kuisa ngwariro pamitemo, kuva mukuru, uye mabasa okutonga mumaoko mamwe chete zvinokurudzira udzvinyiriri. Kudzivisa ikoku, akakarakadza kuti basa rimwe nerimwe rigoverwe kuratirwa, rakasununguka. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa muU.S. Constitution uye gare gare gare gare yagamuchirwa nedzimwe hurumende dzakawanda munyika yose. Pfungwa yendangariro yakapfava yakapfava kupfurikidza nokuparadza simba rimwe, hapana bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora rimwe. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinopiwa simba raro raro raro asi rinotsamirawo murutivi kukuita zvinangwa zvaro zvinozivikanwa zvikuru. [Foctal orgotiotiverome]

Mapazi Matatu Nemabasa Awo

  • Bazu rePuregial: Rinopomerwa mhaka nokusimbisa mitemo, kutungamirira mirau yokumwe, uye kuraira mauto ane zvombo. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mutungamiriri haazvimiriri mudare remitemo; mumiganhu yeparamende, mukuru mukuru anobva kudare uye anozvidavirira kudare. Simba romukuru wehurumende kuita chiito nokukurumidza uye nenzira yakakomba rinodzikamiswa nechinodikanwa chokuti rinofanira kushanda mukati memitemo nemiganhuro yemitemo.
  • Bhazi reRegitoriti: Mutoro wokuita mitemo, bhajeti, uye kutungamirira mukuru mukuru. Mitemo inogovera nzvimbo nokuda kwefariro dzakasiana- siyana kuti dzinzwiwe uye kuti mirau yavose itsikwe. Simba rayo rokunyora rinoongororwa nenzvero yedare, kuvimbisa kuti mitemo inoshanda uye igovero.
  • Holyiball: Rinodudzira mitemo nokupedza kakavadzano. dare rakazvimirira rinotsigira mutemo kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti vose vari vaviri vagari vemo navakuru vakuru vehurumende vari pasi pemipimo yapamutemo. Matare anogona kudzikamisa mitemo inorwisana nebumbiro remitemo, achigovera dziviriro inodenha mukurwisana newirirano yemitemo kana kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Ichi chimiro cherartite chakagadziridzwa munzira dzakasiana-- siyana nenyika dzakasiyana- siyana. Somuenzaniso, United Kingdom haisati ichishaiwa kuparadzana kwapamutemo kwamasimba pamuenzaniso weU.S., bva bumbiro rayo remitemo risina kunyorwa nedare ramajangariko rinoramba richigovera ganhuriro dzine revo. Nokuda kwenzvero ine udzame pamusoro penzira iyo kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoshanda muUnited States, ona mukuru mukuru mukuru House yeWhite House ku mapazi matatu .]

Makeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kwoga hakuna kukwana; bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuvawo nenzira yokudzivisa nayo kudzongonyedzwa navamwe. Iyi tsika yokutarisira nokuzvidzora inozivikanwa secheckers nedzikamo. Inoparira simba rinopfuurira rekurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, inomanikidzira mapazi kubatira pamwe apo anenge achidzivisa upi noupi wavo kuva nesimba risingadzorwi. Nzvero nedzikamo zvinovakirwa mumabasa ezuva riri rose ehurumende − kupfurikidza nesimba reto, miitiro yokugadza, kunzwa kwomutemo, uye hwirudzurudzuro yedare.

Michina Yekero Yekeyi Nebharanzi

  • Mutevedzeri Veto: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba kusaina mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare, achiutumira kurangarirazve. Ikoku kunopa mukuru mukuru inzwi rine simba mukugadzira mitemo asi anogona kuva asingadzoreki (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza netatu mbiri dzesimba gurusa rechibvumirano), achichengeta chiremera chapabazu remitemo.
  • [ Kutonga kunotsiva: Congress kana kuti paramende inogona kunzvera zviito zvokutungamirira, kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadza, kutendera zvibvumirano, uye kubvisa vakuru vakuru nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata. Masimba iwaya haasati achingovawo zvake anoumba mufambiro wechiremera kupfurikidza nokuparira miuyo chaiyoiyo nokuda kwokubatwa zvisina kufanira.
  • [[FLT: 0] judicial Review: Matare anogona kurovanya mitemo kana kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Chinyorwa 1803 U.S.Imhosva yeDare Gurusa . Mathry v. Madison akatanga iyi nheyo, inozivisa kuti "ndiro yakajeka nebasa rebato rokutonga kutaura chiri mutemo. Kubvira ipapo, hwirudzurudzura dare rakapararira kumarudzi akawanda. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pe [[FLT]] - v.[FLT]
  • Kugadza nokusimbisa: Mumiitiro yakawanda, mukuru mukuru anoisa vatongi, mitezo yekabhii, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru, asi mubatanidzwa wemitemo unofanira kuvasimbisa. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti kurangana kunofanira kuongororwa nakufungwa navanhu.

Kuchinja - chinja kwetsika kunogona kuita kuti gadziriro yacho ive nyore, uye zviito zvokutungamirira mumuitiro wokumwe uye kuchengeteka kwenyika kazhinji kazhinji zvinotarisana nenzvero shoma.

Kupindura Pachena

Kana vagari vemo vavhota, vanopinda mudzimba dzehurumende, kana kuti vanopinda mukubvunza ruzhinji, vanoisa zvinodikanwa zvavo nezvinokosha mumuitiro wokuita chisarudzo. Izvi hazvivaki migumisiro yetsika asi zvinovakawo chivimbo munzanga uye zvinoita kuti vakuru vakuru vaite zvinhu.

Zvimiro Zvokugoverana Kunokosha Kwavose

  • Sarudzo: Nguva dzose, yapachena, uye inosarudzwa icherekedzo hurusa pasimba. Vanobvumira vagari vemo kutsiva vatungamiriri vakarasikirwa nechivimbo chavo uye kuratidzira nhungamiro yavanoda kuti hurumende itore. Voter vout, perero yakasarudzwa, uye kusavapo kwechisarudzo kunokosha kuita sarudzo inobudirira.
  • : Hurumende zhinji zvino dzinoita mhosho, kubudisa miitiro yedavidzo nokuda kwetsinhiro, uye kuronga magungano evagari vemo panhau dzinokosha. Uhu hurongwa hunopa vanhu inzwi rakananga mukuumba mirau nemitemo, zvikurukuru panhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sokuronga, purogiramu yemhoteredzo, uye kuronga bhajeti.
  • Community Organting and Civil Society: mapepanhau eependent, mapoka evashandi, mibatanidzwa yevashandi, uye nzvimbo dzepaIndaneti dzinokudza itiro hanya dzavanhu uye kufumura zvakaipa. Chaunga chine simba chinoshanda segadziriro yenyevero yapakuvamba, kuchisvinurira vagari vemo kushatiswa kungabvira vasati vakura.
  • Kutora rutivi kwapamhene:[[FT:1] Maturusi eEgonsula anokwanisa paIndaneti kukumbira, masiteji akavhurwa, uye horo dzinoda kuzivikanwa. Nepo kutora rutivi kwemichina kuchigona kuwedzera kuwanikwa, kunomutsawo funganyo pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemashoko uye mashoko asina kururama, kuchida kudzora kungwarira kuzvidzora kumene.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzikama kwenzira iyo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inosimbisa nayo kuzvidavirira, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Ahelp(IDEA) inobudisa mishumo yegore negore pa decracy index [ iyo inoronda kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo munyika yose. Chinokosha ndechekuti dziviriro dzesangano dzinoshanda zvakanakisisa apo vanhu vanenge vachipa ngwariro.

Mabasa Apamutemo

Kudzokororwa kwechekero iri yose nedzikamo mutemo uripo. Nhevedzo yokuti hakuna munhu, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru, akakwirira pamusoro pomutemo. Gadziriro yapamutemo yakasimba inogadza miganhu yakajeka nokuda kwechiito chehurumende, inogovera miganhu apo miganhu iyoyo inoyambuka, uye inovimbisa kuti mitemo inoshandiswa nenzira isingachinjiki. Mabumbiro emitemo ndiwo magwaro makuru epamutemo munyika zhinjisa, anotara maruramiro anodzivirirwa uye anobvisa masimba ebazu rimwe nerimwe. Kupfuura mirau, mitemo yemitemo yemitemo, miraudzo, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinoumba mibatanidzwa yokuwedzera yeGunda.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzakavakirwa

  • Zviito zvose zvehurumende zvinofanira kuvakirwa mumitemo yapamberi, inozivikanwa pachena. Ikoku kunodzivisa kutonga kwokuzvitutumadza uye kunobvumira vagari vemo kudeya kutaura kuti mamiriro ezvinhu achaita sei. Nyanzvi yemitemo Tom Bingham yakazivisa zvikamu zvisere zvechiduku, kubatanidza upregist, isiri retropice, uye chengeteko yakarurama.
  • Muitiro unodikanwa: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vakafanirwa nechiziviso chakarurama uye kunzwa pamberi pehurumende kungavatorera upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Muitiro wakafanira ichekedzo yezvirango zvechimbichimbi inodzivisa zvirango zvepachivande uye iva nechokwadi chokuti mupomerwi anogona kuzvidzivirira amene.
  • dziviriro yematombo: Mitemo inofanira kushanda zvakaenzana kuvanhu vose, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo, pfuma, kana kuti mugariro wekare. Iyi nheyo inorambidza kuchengetwa kwoupamhina uye inoda hurumende kururamisa kurapa kupi nokupi kwakasiana.
  • Dare rinotsamira pamunhu: Dare rinofanira kuva rakasununguka padzvinyiriro yavakuru vakuru kana kuti yemitemo. Ruzvimiriro rwedare runodzivirirwa noupenyu (kana kuti mashoko akatarwa), chengeteko yomubhadharo, uye kudzorwa mukubviswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo mutongi unobvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira, gadziriro yose yecheki inovamba kukundikana.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, yakagamuchirwa neChibatanwa chaMarudzi muna 1948, yakabatira sechiyereso nokuda kwegadziriro dzapamutemo kupota nyika. Unogona kurava rugwaro rwakazara papeji yapamutemo yeUN. Nyika dzakapinza idzi nheyo mumutemo wadzo wemhuri, zvakadai sebumbiro remitemo kana kuti namabasa ekodzero dzavanhu (create dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru mukurwisana nemutungamiriri wehurumende.)

Kujeka Nokuzvidavirira

Kunyange mitemo yakanakisisa yakagadzwa haibetseri kana vanhu vasingagoni kuona kuti iri kushandiswa sei. Kuona zvakanaka izuva rinoparira utachiona: apo zvisarudzo zvehurumende, mari, uye mashoko okuita zvinovhurika kuti zvinzverwe, vakuru vakuru havangatongopindi muushati kana kuti kuzviitira. Kuzvidavirira kunobatana nokuoneka kwezvinenge zvichiitika, kunoreva kuti pane migumisiro chaiyo nokuda kwokusazvibata, kungava kupfurikidza nokuongorora, kupomera mhaka, kana kuti kukundwa kwemitoro. Pamwe chete, kujeka nokuzvidavirira zvinovhara kuva pedyo nokuoneka kwevanodzorwa naavo vanotonga.

Maturusi Okuita Kuti Kuona Zvakanaka Kuvepo

  • Rusununguko rweMitemo Yemashoko (FOI): Iyi mitemo inopa vagari vemo maruramiro okukumbira nokugamuchira magwaro ehurumende, neganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa nokuda kwechengeteko yorudzi kana kuti kuvandika. Nyika dzakafanana neSweden dzakava nemitemo yeFOI chifo chezana ramakore rechi 18, U.S. yakagadza Freedom of Information Act muna 1966. Mitemo yeFOI inopa vatori venhau, vanzveri, uye vanosimudzira kufukura tsvina, uye kushatisa.
  • .Open Government Itiatiaties: Hurumende zhinji zvino dzinobudisa mabhajeti, zvibvumirano, uye vhoti dzemitemo paIndaneti mumaforoma emichina. Masuo e Data anobvumira munhu upi noupi kunzvera kushanda kwehurumende. Open Government Preneship, boka ramarudzi ose, rinofambira mberi munharaunda ino.
  • Mitemo yemisi yose neMishumo: masangano ezvipinduro ezvitendero zvehurumende yeUnited States akadai seHofisi yeMatare (GAO) kana kuti Office yeProject yeNational muUK/20bhajeti inonzvera nenzira inoshamisa gadziriro dzehurumende nokuda kwokusanoita nepamutemo. Mishumo yavo ndeyavose, uye masangano anofanira kupindura kuzvakawanwa.
  • [ `Wistleer Protections's:[ Mitemo inodzivirira vashandi vanoshuma chakaipa kubva mukutsiva inokurudzira vaviri kufambira mberi noufakazi hwoushati kana kuti kuregeredza. Dziviriro dzakasimba ndidzo rutivi rukuru rwemhoteredzo yakatsinhano yakanaka.

Masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai seTransparency International anobudisa Conceptions Index, iyo inoisa nyika pahwaro pahunorangarirwa kuva ushati hwezvikamu zvavo zvavo zvavo zvavo. Nhamba dzakakwirira dzinowirirana zvikuru nemiitiro yokuona zvakanaka zvikuru nokuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, kunyange nyika dzine mitemo yakasimba dzinotarisana nedenho itsva. Dzakadai semari yakasviba mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kugadzira kwemitemo yemitemo, uye uori hwemitemu inodzoro kunoda kugadziridzwa kupfuurira.

mhedziso

Kudzikamisa simba mukati mehurumende hakusati kuri kushandiswa kworumwe rudzi rwegadziriro yenguva yakatemwa kana kuti gadziriro dzakarongwa. Ibasa rinopfuurira, rinoita kuti pave nokungwarira. Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoumba nheyo; kunzvera uye kuvadziko kunovimbisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rigare mukati menzira yaro; kutora rutivi kwavose kunoitwa nesimba redemocracy; mativi emitemo anogadza mitemo inosunga; uye kuzvidavirira kunoitwa nemitemo inodzorwa. Zvinhu izvi zvinotsamira pa(a utera hunogara huripo) mumwe zvinogona kudzikamisa mugadziriro yose. Somuenzaniso, kuderera murusununguko (chimiro chokuvara.) kugona kuita kuti zvive nyore nokuda kwemutungamiriri wehurumende kufuratira kutarisirwa kwomutemo, uko kunogonesa pamutemo kuderedza muitiro wakafanira. Kumwe nokusakafanira, izvo zvinosimbisa, zvimwe zvichiumba kuvimbwa zvakanaka kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokugadziridza kupfurikidza nokuzvidzora.