Hwaro Hwokurapa Kwakanaka

Kodzero kukuita kwakafanira inheyo huru yakaiswa muUnited States Constitution. Iyi maruramiro inovimbisa kuti vanhu vose vagamuchire kubatwa kwakarurama mutsika yemitemo yenguva dzose, zvikurukuru mukutonga kwapamutemo kungatungamirira kukurasikirwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Hakusati kuri kurongeka kwapamutemo asi kudzorwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica, yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa chiito chehurumende chenyika uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti ruramisiro inodzorwa nenzira ine rupo. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, dzikamo pakati pesimba rehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu zvingava nengozi, zvichibvumira chiremera chisina kudzorwa pamusoro pevagari vemo ̱ fariro hurusa.

Kunzwisisa muitiro wakafanira kunoda kuziva chimiro chayo chine mhando mbiri: zvose zviri zviviri nhoo mumiitiro isina kururama nomudziviriri werusununguko rwakati rukuru. Bumbiro reMitemo harina kuratidzira udzame huri hwose hweihwo muitiro wakafanira unoda, richisiya matare achidudzira revo yawo munguva. Somuuyo, dzidziso yacho yakavapo mumazana amakore epfungwa dzapamutemo, kuchinjira kumigariro mitsva nepo inoramba yakatsiga munheyo yokururama kukuru.

Mavambo Egadziriro Yakafanira

Murangariro womuitiro wakafanira une mavambo makuru enhau, unoronda kudzokera kumutemo wavose wechiNgezi uye kurwisana neabsolutism. Chitsama chamashoko “ muitiro wekuvambira womutemo ̵ wokutanga kuoneka muMagna Carta ye1215, iyo yakakurumbira yakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kubatwa, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa maruramiro ake echinzvimbo chapasi pevhu. Kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.̵ iyi rapakuvamba rakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti kunyange mutongi anofanira kutanga miitiro yapamutemo pakuita chiito chinorwisana nomunhu.

Kwamazana amakore, matare eEngland akanatsa iyi nheyo, uye yakava rutivi rukuru rwegamuchidzanwa remitemo yavose yakaunzwa kunzvimbo dzinotongwa neAmerica. Apo Vavambi vakanyoresa Bumbiro remitemo, vakaziva kudikanwa kwokudzivirira vagari vemo pakunyengera kwehurumende. Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba raiva nedziviriro shomanene dzakajeka, asi Bill of Rights, yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakawedzerwa dziviriro dzinokosha. MuUnited States, Pendex yeshanu nerefekth Refemendis inodzivirira zvakajeka maruramiro echingamiro kugadziriro yakafanira:

  • Find mendment inoti: “ Hapana munhu achava ̾ kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. ̵
  • Mubatanidzwa weKinai Wechibvumirano unogovera iyi dziviriro kuzviito zvehurumende, uchiva nechokwadi chokuti nyika hadzigoniwo kuramba muitiro wakafanira. Wakasimbiswa muna 1868, pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, kuvimbisa kuti varanda vachangobva kusunungurwa navagari vose vaizogamuchira kubatwa kwakaenzana mumutemo.

Geneth Amendment ̱ Nhevedzano yeChibvumirano yeChinei yazova imwe yegadziriro dzakarongwa zvikurusa muBumbiro reMitemo, ichibatira semotokari yokubatanidza Bill yekodzero dzakawanda pahurumende. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti maruramiro okutaura norusununguko, kodzero yokutakura zvombo, uye kodzero yokupa zano kumarudzi ose anoshanda kupfurikidza neGuer Procession Clause of the Id 145th Amendment. Uyu muitiro we ̴ anosarudza kudzivirirwa kwemitemo ̵ akakudza zvikuru kusvika kwedziviriro yemitemo yomubatanidzwa wenyika.

Marudzi Egadziriro Yakafanira

Muitiro wakafanira unowanzoiswa mumarudzi maviri akasiyana asi anowirirana: muitiro wechakafanira nemuitiro wakafanira wekudzivisa. Basa rimwe nerimwe rinobatira rakasiana mukuchengetedza maruramiro avanhu. Sezvo Cornell Law School ̱ Scregical Information Institute inotsanangura[, muitiro wakafanira unonangidzira parusando rwakarurama rwemiitiro yehurumende, nepo muitiro wakafanira wakaderera unonzvera kana hurumende ine ruramiso yakakwana yokuvhiringidza namaruramiro akati makuru.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wetsika unonongedzera kunhanho chaidzo dzinofanira kuteverwa munhu asati agona kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Chinodikanwa chikuru ndechokuti hurumende igovere miitiro inoruramisira, inobatanidza:

  • Cherechedza kupomera kana kuti kutaura munhu wacho, kwakapiwa panguva yakakodzera uye kunonzwisisika.
  • Mukana wokunzwiwa mukutonga kune revo pamberi poMuiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri.
  • Kodzero yokupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye zvapupu zvinopikisana neapine.
  • Kodzero yokumirirwa nezano, zvikurukuru munhau dzakakomba.
  • Chisarudzo chakavakirwa pachinyorwa noufakazi zvakapiwa, nezvikonzero zvakagoverwa.

Zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvemuitiro wokuronga kunosiana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza. Somuenzaniso, kutongwa kwakazara nemiitiro yose yemitemo kunodikanwa munhau yeutsotsi, asi miitiro mishomanene yakasanorongwa ingaringana nokuda kwokubviswa kwavadzidzi kana kuti betsero yegarikano. Dare Gurusa rakatanga kuedza kudzikamisa ̬ kuzivisa fariro yomunhu oga inotapurwa, ngozi yokunyimwa kwezvikanganiso mumiitiro yazvino uno, uye fariro yehurumende ̱ fariro mukuita zvakanaka kwegadziriro yezvigadziko ̬ kuti isarudze muitiro uri madikanwa mumugariro upi noupi unopiwa.

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unodzivirira maruramiro akati okuvamba padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, pasinei zvapo nemiitiro inoshandiswa. Inobvunza kwete bedzi ̴ How ̵ mabasa ehurumende, asi ̴ NHAU ̵ inoita. Kunyange kana hurumende ikatevera miitiro yakakwana, mutemo ungaputsa muitiro wakafanira wakakomba kana ukaputsa fariro yakadzikwa zvikuru yorusununguko pasina ruramisiro inogombedzera.

  • Kuroorana uye ukama hwemhuri, kusanganisira kodzero yokuroorana, kugara pamwe chete semhuri, uye kusarudza zvokurera mwana.
  • Kuva woga uye kuzvitonga, kusanganisira kusarudza nezvokudzivirira pamuviri, mufambiro wepabonde, uye ukama hwepedyo.
  • Dzidzo nokurera mwana, zvakadai sekodzero yokutungamirira kurerwa uye dzidzo yemumwe mu’ vana.
  • Kugadzira chisarudzo chezvokurapa, kubatanidza maruramiro okuramba kurapwa kwoupenyu.

Muitiro wakafanira usati watemwa uri pakati penzvimbo dzinomutsa nharo zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti unobvumira vatongi kurava mipimo yavo vamene muBumbiro remitemo, nepo vatsigiri vanoomerera kuti inodzivirira rusununguko rusina kushaikwa kunzanga yakasununguka. Dare rapamusoro raingoda kuti kodzero ipi neipi inzi iri mugadziriro yakafanira yakaderera zvikurusa ive “ yakadzikwa zvikuru muiyi Nyika ’ nhau negamuchidzanwa ” uye “ idictus mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarairwa.&821;

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Mitongo inoverengeka yenhau yakatanhamara yeDare Gurusa yakaumba kududzirwa kwomuitiro wakafanira muUnited States. Iyi nhau inosimbisa kunzwisisa kunochinja kwezvinobatanidzwa uye inoratidzira kuti dzidziso yacho yakashandiswa sei kumagakava chaiwoiwo enyika. Bumbiro reMitemo Rakagadzwa neRaibhurari yeCongress rinogovera kurangarirwa kune udzame kweizvi nemimwe mitoo yakafanira.

Miranda muArizona (1966)

Nyaya iyi yakaratidza chinodikanwa chokuti mutemo ushande kuti uzivise vanhu nezvekodzero dzavo pakubvunzurudzwa, kusanganisira kodzero yokunyarara uye kodzero yegweta. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa maitiro akakodzera okuita kuti vanhu vave nechokwadi chekodzero dzavo uye kuti vazvishandise zvine revo. Dare rakataura kuti kana pasina nyevero dzakadaro, mashoko anowanikwa pakubvunzurudzwa anowanzova asingakodzeri mudare. Chisarudzo cheMiranda chakachinja nzira dzemapurisa munyika yose uye chinoramba chiri chinhu chinokosha pakudzivirira kweutsotsi.

Wade (1973)

Muchisarudzo ichi chakatanhamara, Dare Gurusa rakaziva mukadzi ’ kodzero yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri, kuchidudza mutoo wakafanira. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa ukoshi hwezvigaro zvomunhu oga nokuva woga munhau dzine chokuita nezvisarudzo zvokubereka. Dare rakawana kuti kodzero yokuva woga, kunyange zvazvo isina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo remitemo, yakadzivirirwa nekodzero yokubvisa pamuviri nemukadzi ’ chisarudzo chokugumisa pamuviri. Roe v. Pashure padade yakaiswa pamitemo neDobbs v.Vakadzi &817; Vatano yezvoutano (2022), iyo yairangarira kuti maruramiro okubvisa mimba haana kudzika mukati mei muganhu zvikuru muNational &817; nhau inosara nhau inotambudza.

Kelly (1970)

Nyaya iyi yakatambanudzwa mutoo wedziviriro wakafanira kuvanhu vaigamuchira betsero dzegarikano. Dare rakatonga kuti pamberi pokugumisa betsero dzegarikano, hurumende inofanira kugovera ziviso nebanza nokuda kwokunzwa kwomunguva isati yasvika. Chisarudzo chacho chakaziva kuti betsero dzegarikano rudzi rwezvinhu zvisingagoni kubviswa pasina muitiro wakafanira. Iyi mhaka inoratidzira kuti muitiro wakafanira weparamende unoshanda kwete bedzi kukuita utsotsi asiwo kubetsero dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinoshanda nekodzero.

Matews v. Eldridge (1976)

Munhau iyi, Dare Gurusa rakataura kunzvera kudzikamisa nokuda kwokuziva kuti mutoo wechakafanira ndeupi. Dare rakati zvinhu zvitatu zvinofanira kurangarirwa: fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa; ngozi yokushaiwa kusina kururama mumiitiro yazvino uye ukoshi hwezvokuwedzera; uye hurumende ’ fariro, kubatanidza mitoro yezvikwaniriso nedzokutarisira. Uku kuedza kunoramba kuri gadziriro yomuzvarirwo yokurangarira muitiro wakafanira mudzoro muzvose zviri zviviri mugadziriro yokutarisira nemamiriro ezvinhu okutonga.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Iyi nhau yakaziva maruramiro makuru eroorano yevatano pasi pazvose zviri zviviri Gungano reClassias neFomatity Protection Claus. Dare raidavira kuti maruramiro okuroora rusununguko rukuru runodzivirirwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira, uye vakwanyina voutere ivavo vevatano vangasanyimwa maruramiro iwayo. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivirira zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga pamusoro poukama hwevatano noupenyu hwemhuri, kuratidzira nzwisiso inochinja yerusununguko nokuenzana.

Gadziriro Inodikanwa Mudzidzo

Vadzidzi vane kodzero dzinovadzivirira pazviito zvokuzvidira zvedzidzo, kunyange zvazvo mwero wekodzero idzi uchisiyana nedziya dziri mukutonga kwoutsotsi. Dare Repamusorosoro rakaziva kuti vadzidzi vezvikoro zvehurumende vane kodzero yemwero wakati wemuitiro wakafanira pavanotarisana nezviito zvinokosha zvokuranga.

  • Mu Gos v. Lopez (1975], Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti vadzidzi vanotarisana nokusiiwa kwamazuva gumi kana kuti zvishoma vanofanira kupiwa ziviso yepomero uye banza rokunzwiwa. Dare rakasimbisa kuti kunyange kuvharwa kwechinguvana kunopinza mudzidzi ̱ zvinoparira fariro yedzidzo nefariro yerusununguko mumukurumbira.
  • Nyaya iyi yakasimbisa kuti kodzero dzakakodzera dzinotambanudzirwa kuvadzidzi vezvikoro zvehurumende, vachivimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka muzviito zvokuranga.Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso chokuti zvikoro zvinogona kuranga vadzidzi pasina dziviriro ipi neipi yetsika, zvichirangarira kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoda dziviriro dzinenge shomanene.
  • Nokuda kwokudzinga kwenguva refu, miitiro yakarongwa zvikuru ingadikanwa, zvakadai sokutongwa pamberi pomukuru mukuru wechikoro asingasaruri, maruramiro okupa zvapupu, uye maruramiro okukwirira.

Mudzidzo yakakwirira, zvinodikanwa zvomuitiro wezvinodikanwa zvedzidzo zvakashandiswa kuchirango chavadzidzi nokudzingwa kwedzidzo. Nepo matare kazhinji kazhinji achipa kudzorwa kumitongo yedzidzo, anoda miitiro yakarurama apo mudzidzi anotarisana nepomero dzakakomba idzo dzingaguma nokudzingwa kana kuti zvimwe zvirango zvakakomba. Nhau ye Dxon v. Alabama State Board of Education [1961]) yakanga iri chisarudzo chakatanhamara chinotambanudza gadziriro dzakafanira kukuvara vadzidzi veyunivhesiti yavose vanotarisana nokudzingwa nokuda kwetsika dzakashata.

Kuoma Kwegadziriro Yakafanira

Zvinorehwa nemuitiro wakafanira kusvasvavirira kure, kuchitapura mativi akasiyana- siyana omutemo nokudzora. Zvinobatira sedziviriro pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kunoitwa nehurumende uye zvinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe mumhoteredzo inova yakaoma zvikuru. Nheyo inovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinooneka zvakajeka, zvine mutoro, uye zvinodzokororwa kuhwirudzurwa kwokutonga.

  • Kuitwa kwemitemo yacho kunoratidza kuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye nguva dzose, zvichidzivisa kuchengetwa kwemitemo pasina anosarudzwa kana kuti kusarura vamwe.
  • Rinogovera gadziriro yapamutemo yokuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vapikire zviito zvehurumende zvinotapura maruramiro avo, kungava kupfurikidza nokutongwa nehurumende, kukwirira mhaka muhurumende, kana kuti zvikumbiro zvoutsotsi.
  • Kunosimudzira kuzvidavirira mukati megadziriro yokutonga kupfurikidza nokuraira vatongi navaiti vechisarudzo kuita zvisarudzo zvokusasarura uye zvakavakirwa paufakazi nomutemo.
  • Muitiro unodikanwa unoumbawo ukama huri pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, sezvo Mendement yechi 145 ’ What Procession Claus chishandiso chikuru chokuva nechokwadi chokuti inotaura maruramiro makuru.
  • Muzera remichina, itiro hanya dzakakodzera dziri kumuka munharaunda dzakadai sokunzverwa kwehurumende, kuitwa kwechisarudzo chemitemo, uye kuratidzirwa kwemagariro avanhu, uko miitiro yegamuchidzanwa ingasadzivirira zvakakwana fariro dzomunhu oga.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Dziri Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira unopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka sedenho itsva inomuka. Nharo dzazvino uno pamusoro penzira yokushandisa nayo nheyo dzekare kuruzivo rwezvinhu negadziriro dzenzanga izvo zvigaro zvaisagona kufungidzira. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwegadziriro dzinogadzirwa nezvirongwa zvehurumende kusarudza kukwaniriswa kwebetsero kana kuti kudeya kutaurazve kumira mberi kwekudzorwa kwemhosva mukutonga kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekodzero yokucherekedza, tsananguro, uye kuhwirudzura kune revo. The Brennan Center for Justice[ yakasimbisa kukosha kwokuchengeta muitiro wakafanira mukuchengetwa kwokutama, apo miitiro yokubvisa pamutemo inogona kubvisa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvitakiso zvokudzivirira.

Imwe nhau inokosha ishandisirwo yomuitiro wakafanira mumiitiro yevatano yepakoreji. Kutevera nhungamiro yehurumende, mayunivhesiti akawanda akagamuchira miitiro yakasiana nemiitiro yegamuchidzanwa yedare, achinyandura murairo pamusoro peziviso, maruramiro okupa mhaka dzeambuya yeastamine, uye mutoro wechibvumikiso. Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa kuti mukutongwa, zvinhu zvinokosha zvokururamisira zvinofanira kuremekedzwa, kunyange zvazvo zvingaita chimiro chakasiana kupfuura mumiedzo yakazara.

Muitiro wakafanira wapamberi unoramba uri murwi mumatare. Chisarudzo chapamusoro ’ chisarudzo muDobbs v. Jackson Women ’ Sangano rezveutano (2022) chikatongwa naRoe. Wade uye chakati kodzero yokubvisa pamuviri haina kudzivirirwa nomuitiro wakakomba. Ichi chisarudzo chakamutsazve gakava pamusoro pekodzero dzisina kuchinjwa uye mutoo wakafanira wokudzizivisa. Vamwe vatongi vanotendera kusvika kwapakuvamba zvikuru uko kunoganhurira maruramiro akafanira kukuvara zvikurukuru munhau, nepo vamwe vachitsigira nokuda kwomuitiro mukurusa wekusununguka uyo unochinjirwa kuchinjidza kutsika.

mhedziso

Kodzero kukuita kwakafanira ikokusi yehurumende yenyika yeAmerica. Inodzivirira vanhu pazviito zvehurumende zvokusasarura uye inovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inogoverwa zvakanaka. Kunzwisisa misiyano yemiitiro yakafanira kunokosha nokuda kwavose vari vaviri vadzidzisi navadzidzi sezvavanoshandisa mamiriro akaoma emitemo. Kungava mukutonga kweutsotsi, kutongwa kwedare, kana kuti betsero yehurumende, chinodikanwa chemuitiro wakafanira chinoratidzira musengwa wokubata munhu ari wose nechiremera noruremekedzo.

Sezvo nzanga inochinja, matare achapfuurira kuchenesa izvo muitiro wakafanira unoda mumativi matsva. Nheyo dzeziviso, kunzwa, uye kuita chisarudzo dzinoramba dziri dzenguva dzose, asi kunzvera kwadzo kunofanira kugadziridzwa kumamiriro ezvinhu. Pakupedzisira, muitiro wakafanira hausi dzidziso yapamutemo chete i̵ ichipikirwa chokuti hurumende haisati ichizongoita nenzira yamaune, uye kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vachava nebanza rine revo rokunzwiwa upenyu hwavo, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu zvichitapurwa. Chipikirwa ichocho ndicho chinoita kuti dziviriro yapamutemo yomuitiro wapamutemo yegadziriro yapamutemo yakasununguka neyakarurama kwazvo kunzanga.