Kudzivirira Kunoita Kodzero Dzinokosha Muzvikoro Zvevanhu Vose

MuUnited States, Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa maruramiro makuru kuvagari vose vose, asi aya maruramiro haashandi nenzira inongoerekana yavapo kuhurumende nevomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza zvikoro zvavose. Dzidziso yapamutemo ye inosarudza kubatanidzwa [ inovimbisa kuti dzakawanda dzeidzi maruramiro dzinodzivirirwa pamwero wehurumende kupfurikidza naBill of Rights iri kushandiswa kunyika kupfurikidza nePremishoni ye 1450. Iyi purogiramu, yakakudziridzwa inopfuura zana rimwe rezvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosoro, yakaumba zvikuru nzvimbo yepamutemo nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana.

Kunzwisisa Kusarudza Kuno mufungo

Kusarudza muitiro wapamutemo uyo Dare Gurusa reUnited States rakashandisa dziviriro dzakananga zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kuBill of Rights kuhurumende. Panzvimbo pokubatanidza Bill yekodzero panguva imwe (iyo yakarambwa mumhaka ya1833 Barron v. Baltimore), Dare rakatora mitoo yakananga, rinosarudza pahwaro hwakarurama kana dziviriro yakati iri "yepapfungwa yedare reAmerica reruramisiro).

Nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokusarudza iri mu Foundation [, yakatenderwa muna 1868, iyo inoti murutivi: "Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kumanikidza mutemo upi noupi uchavhara maruramiro kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi hainganyimi munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Dare Gurusa rakadudzira Dare raClausce semotokari yokushandisa Bill yekodzero dzekodzero. Muitiro uyu unovimbisa kuti haigoni kudzoranisa kodzero dzinokosha dzakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rwechitendero, uye kuva voga voga.

Kufambira Mberi Kwenhau Dzokusarudza

Dzidziso yacho yakavamba kuva nomugariro mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20. [FLT]] Gitlow v. New York (1925), Dare raidavira kuti rusununguko rwePremende Yokutanga yekutaura yakashandiswa kuhurumende kupfurikidza neNhengedzero yaClaus. Mutongi Edward Sanford akanyora nokuda kwezhinji kuti "nokuda kwezvinangwa zvazvino tingafunga rusununguko rwokutaura nerwokubudisa mashoko runodzivirirwa neRendeksion Reformation neDare rePrometersment iri pakati pekodzero huru dzomunhu oga ne'mas'orever's yakadzivirirwa nomutoo wakafanira weGeneti yeGenetic Exformation kubva kuUnited States.

Zviitiko zvinotevedzerwa kudzimwe maruramiro: [FLT] buyew. Minnesota (1931] yakabatanidza rusununguko rwemadhindindi; [[FLT]][FLT][FLT]][[FLT]][[FLT]][[[FLT:][6][40] [[40]) [[FLT] kubatanidza Free Exmakeeee; [[12] [[12][FLT:][FLT:][5][5][5].[5] V[5].[54] , kunyange zvazvo zvichisaidzokashamira , [[5] zvakashandiswa muidzo hurusa, [5] (5]) zvakatongeswa mudzimwe mativi zvamashoko akavanzika.[F.N]

Kutapura Zvikoro Zvavose

Zvikoro zvavose zvinotapurwa zvakananga neiyi dzidziso nemhaka yokuti zvinofanira kutsigira maruramiro echinjo yavadzidzi. Matare akatonga kuti vadzidzi havarasikirwi namaruramiro avo apo vanopinda chikoro, asi aya maruramiro anogona kudzikamiswa mukupesana nokudikanwa kwechikoro kuchengeta nhevedzano nechirango. Sezvo Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaziviswa nenzira yakakurumbira mu [FLT]][FLT]] [[1] . Desss Independent Community School District[ [12]: "Inogona kutongoshumwariswa kuti vadzidzi kana kuti vadzidzi vanorevesa kodzero dzavo dzepamutemo dzorusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo yechikoro."

“ Hazvigoni kutaurwa kuti vadzidzi kana vadzidzisi vanorerutsa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi rechikoro.] — Mutongi Abe Fortas, TINK v. Des Moines [1969] [FLT]

Iyi nheyo yakashandiswa munharaunda dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo, ichivimbisa kuti dziviriro dzinobatanidzwa kupfurikidza neMitemo yeKinai Yevhuro inotambanukira mukirasi, mukoridho, uye mibato yechikoro.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Rimwe ramaruramiro anokosha zvikurusa anodzivirirwa kupfurikidza nokusarudza ndi rusununguko rwokutaura. Vadzidzi vane maruramiro okutaura mirangariro yavo, chero bedzi isingadzongonyedzi mhoteredzo yedzidzo. Zviitiko zvemark zvakadai se [FLT]] . Des Moines zvinogadza muenzaniso wokuti kutaura kwakasununguka kwavadzidzi kunodzivirirwa muzvikoro.

Mu , Dare rakatsigira maruramiro avadzidzi kupfeka zvigadziko zvitema kuti vatsungirire Hondo yeVietnam, kuwana kuti chikoro chakanga chisina kuratidzira kudzongonyedzwa kupi nokupi kwezvinhu. Mutongi Abe Fortas akatsanangura kuti "rutyo rwakasiana kana kuti rutyo rwenyonganiso haruna kukwana kukurira maruramiro okutaura. Iyi mhaka yakabatanidza dziviriro yokutaura kwapachena yeFirst Amendment mumashoko akapoteredza echikoro, achiita kuti zvikoro zvive zvinodavirwa kumipimo yemitemo.

Zvisinei, chirango chakatevera chakabudisa mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha. [FLT] Bhethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986), Dare rakati zvikoro zvinogona kuranga zvinyadziso, kana kuti kutaura kusina kufanira kunosekesa basa rechikoro. Mu [[FLT]][FLT]] [kabhitilksilk .][[5] .Kulmeier [[FLT:] [8] [8] [FLT] [1] [3] [3] [mushonga], Dare rakatonga kuti chikoro chitsoro chamapepanhau uye kuti chigone kudzorwa kana kuti "itwerororo]

Nhasi, kutaura kwavadzidzi kunotambanukira kunzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzenzanga dzinoitwa panzvimbo dzemasangano. Matare epasi akarwisana kana zvikoro zvichigona kuranga vadzidzi nokuda kwokutaura kwepaIndaneti kunoparira kuvhiringidzika. Mamwe matunhu ashandisa mupimo, nepo mamwe akasarudza kutaura kwe-compampus. Dare Rapamusoro richangobva kuranga vadzidzi mu [[FLT]]] [[FOY .] Mahanoy Ubuso yenzvimbo yeChipatarati rechikoro v. BL.[FLT:] [20]] [FLT:] [2] [5], rinodzora kuti chikoro chisarutsive mudzidzi nokuda kwokutaura kwakashata paSna, nemhaka yezvikoro zvinoshatsa kusharira chikoro apo chikoro chinenge chatoita mabasa echikoro.

Kodzero Kurusununguko Rworudzidziso

Zvikoro zvavose zvinofanirawo kuremekedza rusununguko rworudzidziso rwavadzidzi. Matare akarangarira kuti vadzidzi vanogona kunyengetera kana kuti kukurukura kutenda kwavo, kana kuchisadzongonyedza basa redzidzo rechikoro. Iyi dziviriro inobva mukubatanidzwa kweFirst Amendment Free Expressicision uye

Kutangwa kwaClaus kwakapinzwa kupfurikidza ne [[FLT: 0][FLT]]. Everson v. (1947), uko kwakabatira kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo mutemo wokuti "hausati mutero upi noupi, mukuru kana muduku, unogona kutevedzerwa kumabasa api neupi orudzidziso kana kuti masangano. [FLT:] [12] [12] yakatungamirira kunhevedzano yezvisarudzo yomunyengetero worudzidziso nomurayiridzo worudzidziso muzvikoro zvavose: [[FLT:][12][12][FLT][12].[12]

Panguva imwe cheteyo, Free Execreence Claus(inoonwa mu [[FLT: 0] Cantwell v. Connecticut[[FL:2] [[FLT]] ] (inodzivirira maruramiro avadzidzi okuzvidira munyengetero womunhu oga, kurukurirano yerudzidziso, uye kuparadzirwa kwamabhuku orudzidziso, kwenguva refusaidzosa kana kuti kumanikidza vamwe vadzidzi. Zvikoro zvingagoverawo zvinodikanwa zvezvinodikanwa zverudzidziso, zvakadai sokusavapo kwezororo rorudzidziso kana kuti kubvumira kuregererwa zvokudya. Dzidzo pakati pokudzivisa nokudzivirira nokudzivirira rovedzeka dzinoramba, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvakapedzwa kupfurikidza nomuedzo [FON:] [FFF]] mumutauro weGeneast] [FF]] (FFF6]]).[7]

Kuwana Nzvimbo Yokuva Woga uye Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Kusina Ungwaru

Gadziriro yechina, yakanyoreswa kupesana nezvikoro [[FLT]] Mapp v.O. (1961]], inodzivirira vadzidzi pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye nhutu muzvikoro. Zvisinei, mamiriro echikoro akafanirwa nemupimo wakaderera kupfuura chisakiso chakazara. [FLT]]][FLT]] New Jersey v. T.[FLT.] [1985]), Dare rapamusoro raingoda kuti vakuru vechikoro vangoda kunyumwiswa kwakafanira bedzi. [=paro yezvisaririra]

Uku kudzikamisa chiito kunoreva kuti nepo vadzidzi vachifarikanya maruramiro epachivande, vatungamiriri vechikoro vane nzira yakati yepachivande yokunzvera kuti vachengete chirango nekotsekano. Kuedza mirimo kwavadzidzi vamadhiragi kwakatsigirwa mu [FLT]VFONIAS School District 47J. Acton[ [195] [195] [195] [195]] [kuedza mirimo [[FLT] kusingawanzoitwiki kunoitwa kana chikoro chichiratidza kudikanwa kwemutemo.] Asi kunzvera kusingacherekerwi kwemiwo yose. (FLT: 5,5]]B) kungada kuratidzira dzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yechikoro.

Munhambo yemitengo, kunzvera kwavadzidzi nhare dzeserura namarapy kwakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva. Dare Rapamusorosoro mu [FLT]] Riley v. California [2014 rakashandisa chinodikanwa chedisvo kumashoko orunhare nokuda kwokusungwa kwavakuru, asi matare akaderera anoshandisa mupimo une mufungo unoregeredza zvikuru nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vechikoro. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inoganhurira mano ezvikoro okunzvera runhare rwavadzidzi pasina mvumo kana kuti bvumirano yavabereki, kuratidzira kutamburira kupfuurira pakati pekotsekanwo yavakuru vechikoro navadzidzi.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Muzviito Zvokuranga

Kuparadzana kunotambanukirawo kumuitiro wakafanira wedziviriro muNhevedzo yeMitemo yeMitemo ye 144. Mu [FLT] Gos v. Lopez [ [77], Dare rapamusoro rakasarudza kuti vadzidzi vatarisana nedziviso dzamazuva gumi kana kuti shomanene vafanirwa nemutoo wakafanira: kutaurirwa kana kuti ziziviso yakanyorwa yepomero, tsananguro youfakazi, uye banza rokupa rutivi rwavo. Nokuda kwekudzingidzirwa kwareru kana kuti kudzingwa, miitiro mizhinji yapamutemo inodikanwa kazhinji kazhinji.

Nyaya iyi yaibatanidza dare rinonzi (Curce Procession Claus) muchirango chechikoro, richidzivisa zviito zvokuzvidira kana kuti zvisina kururama. Dare rakaziva kuti dzidzo yavose ifariro yezvinhu inodzivirirwa neKineith Amendment, uye kuti mukurumbira womudzidzi nemikana yomunguva yemberi zvinoumba fariro yorusununguko. Nepo zvikoro zvichichinja kuita chiito nokukurumidza mumamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro, zvinofanira kutevera mipimo mikuru yeruramisiro.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, funganyo pamusoro pemitemo yamaderesi nechirango chakakomba chavadzidzi vashomanene zvakatungamirira kudenho dzapamutemo dzinotaura kuti iyi miitiro inoputsa muitiro wakafanira kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana. Nepo kubatanidza kusingapiwi murairo kwakananga kwedzinza, chikamu chakaenzana cheFirdenceth (yakabatanidzwa pachakasiana na [FLT]][FLT]BN] v. Komiti yeDzidzidzo[] [1954]))) inodzivisa rusarura rwemhizha rwechimbiso rwechinyakarevo, uye zvikoro zvinofanira kuvimbisa kuti chisashandiswa nomutoo wedzinza.

Matambudziko uye Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Nepo kubatanidzwa kunosarudza kuchidzivirira maruramiro mazhinji, kune ganhuriro. Zvikoro zvinogona kuisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo kuvimbisa chengeteko nenhevedzano. Somuenzaniso, kutaura kunosimudzira masimba masimba kana kuti ruvengo kungaganhurirwa kunyange kana kutaura kwakasununguka kuchiwanzodzivirirwa. Dare mu Wissin v. Mitchell [1993] [FLT] yakatsigira zvirango zvinowedzerwa nokuda kwemhosva dzoruvengo, uye matare akaderera akabvumira zvikoro kuranga rusaruro kana kuti kunetsa kwouganda izvo zvinoparira dzidzo inorwisana.

Mukuwedzera, handi Bill of Rights yose inodzivirirwa. Hurumende yeChipiri yeSandes inobvumira kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, kunyange zvazvo yakabatanidzwa mu [FLT]]McDonald v. Chicago[ (2010) [2010] , inobvumira hurumende kudzora pfuti munzvimbo dzinotapukira sezvikoro. Gadziro yeThirdmende yacho inorwisana navarwi haisati yamboshandiswa kunyika. Chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFind Rendement chinosara chinoramba chikawedzerwa, kutaura kunogona kushandisa kutaura kwokutanga panzvimbo yedare guru. Uye chibvumirano chinodzongodzosa kukutonga kwevagari vehurumende hachitongoidzwi mudare redare.

Mumashoko akapoteredza echikoro, matare anowanzoshandisa kunzvera kwakadzikama maruramiro emitemo omudzidzi anopesana nefariro yechikoro mukuchengeta mhoteredzo yakakotsekana, yakarongeka, uye yedzidzo. Uku kudzikamisa idi kwakananga uye kunogona kutungamirira kumiuyo isingawirirani mumativi akasiyana- siyana. Somuenzaniso, mamwe matunhu akatsigira mitemo yemipfekero yechikoro inodzivisa mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo mamwe akaaparadza seanopfuura. Chinodikanwa chokuti zvikoro zvigovere kutaura kworudzidziso pane dzimwe nguva kunorwisana nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo yetsika, sezvinoonwa munharo pamusoro peLGBTQ namapoka avadzidzi vorudzidziso.

Nhau Dzinoparira: Ruzivo Nezvinhu Zvenzanga

Kushanduka - shanduka kwokukurumidza kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunopfuurira kuedza miganhu yokusarudza. Zvikoro zvinorwisana nokuvhura paIndaneti, tyisidziro dzepaIndaneti, uye kutaura kwevadzidzi kunobuda muvhairasi. Dare repamusorosoro Mahanoy chisarudzo muna 2021] chakagovera nhungamiro asi zvakasiya mibvunzo yakawanda. Matare epasi anofanira kusarudza apo chikoro chingaranga mudzidzi nokuda kwemiraundiro yenzanga inonongedzera kuchikoro kana kuti vadzidzi vacho. Mamwe matare anoshandisa [[FLT:]] [FLT]] mupimo werobhoti", nepo anoda kuti vamwe vasarukidze zvikuru nexus kumibato yechikoro.

Imwe nhau iri kumuka kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira nokunzvera muzvikoro. Kucherekedzwa kwezvirongwa zvechikoro, uye kuunganidzwa kwemishumo yemashoko kunosimudzira zvinetso zveGavhura rechina. Nepo zvikoro zvingava nechisarudzo chakafara pasi pa T.L.O., mamwe matare akawana kuti kunzvera kunopfuurira, pasina kunyumwiswa kungagona kuputsa kariro dzine mufungo dzavadzidzi dzechivande.

Mabhuku Anorambidzwa Nokudzorwa Kwegadziriro

Kodzero dzeFirst Amendment dzinotambanukirawo kumashoko. [FLT] Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District v. Pico (1982], Dare Rapamusoro raibata kuti mabhodhi echikoro haagoni kubvisa mabhuku muraibhurari dzechikoro nemhaka bedzi yokuti havadi pfungwa dziri mazviri. Murangariro wakaita kuti "mapurasikiti echikoro ane chisarudzo chakafara mukutarisirwa kwezvinhu zvechikoro, asi anofanira kushandisa uchenjeri ihwohwo nomutoo unopfuura ."

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona denho dzamabhuku dzichiwedzera, kazhinji kazhinji kutora mabhuku pamusoro porudzi, vatano, uye vatano. Matare ari kurwisana kana mabhodhi echikoro angabvisa mabhuku akavakirwa pa "shati" (semu Pico) kana kuti kana kubvisa kwakadaro kuri rusaruro rusinganzwisisiki. Kubatanidzwa kweFirst Amendment yeFirst Amendment yakasununguka uye zvitsamiro zvokubudisa zvakasununguka zvinoreva kuti mamiriro ezvinhu enyika namabhodhi echikoro anofanira kuremekedza iyi miganhuro yemitemo.

mhedziso

Kusarudza kubatanidzwa kunokosha mukudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzevadzidzi muzvikoro zvehurumende. Kunovimbisa kuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo hadzina kuganhurirwa kumasangano ehurumende asi dzinotambanudzirwa kunzvimbo dzedzidzo, kusimudzira nzvimbo umo kodzero dzinoremekedzwa nokutsigirwa. Kubva pakutaura kwakasununguka uye rusununguko rwechitendero kuenda kunzira yokuva woga uye nzira yakafanira, Bill of Rights, inoshandiswa kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment, inopa dziviriro iyo chikoro chose chavanhu vose chinofanira kukudza.

Bva kushandiswa kwaaya maruramiro hakusati kuri akakwana. Zvikoro zvinofanira kudzikamisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana nezvinodikanwa zvose zvekotsekano, nhevedzano, uye basa redzidzo. Sezvo ruzivo rutsva nechinjo dzenzanga zvichamuka, matare achapfuurira kunatsa miganhu yokubatanidza kusingasaruri mumugariro wechikoro. Kunzwisisa iyi dzidziso inokosha kuvadzidzisi, vatarisiri, vadzidzi, uye vabereki vanotsvaka kufamba pakwakatarisana nemitemo yemitemo nedzidzo yavose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Chirongwa chekunzvera kwakasarudzwa kubatanidzwa, [[FLT]] Cornell Information Institute's, uye [[FLT:] Contion] Completetion [[FLT:] Contact:5] kunzvera kwechidhindo che 144. Nyika inonatsiridza mirangariro yeDare gurusa [[FLT]][12][FT]].[12][12]