Kunzwisisa Ngozi Huviri Mugadziriro Yapamutemo yeAmerica

Nheyo yenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri inomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogara zvikurusa mumutemo wetsotsi weAmerica. Yakavakirwa muFindrence to the Findment to the Constitution yeU.S., inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu achadzivisa hurumende kutambudza munhu kanopfuura kamwe chete chete pashure pomutongo wokupedzisira ̶ kuva munhu mumwe cheteyo anopomerwa kukuvadzwa kaviri. Kunyange zvazvo murangariro wacho ungaratidzika kuva wakarurama, kushandiswa kwawo kunomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pezvakarurama, kupedzisira, uye ganhuriro dzesimba.

Ngozi mbiri haisiwo zvayo mutemo wetsika; inobatanidza ukoshi hukuru hwenzanga yakarurama: kuti hurumende haigoni kushandisa pfuma yayo huru kunetsa, kuneta, kana kuti kuranga mumwe munhu adzokororazve nokuda kwechakaipa chakanzi.

Mavambo Enhau Engozi Huviri

Pfungwa yokuti munhu haafaniri kuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo yapamberi peBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. Mutemo weRoma wakare waiva neshanduro dzenheyo, uye yakasimbiswa zvakasimba mumutemo weChirungu panguva yeChirungu paChinjo yeAmerica. Mutemo weChirungu unozivikanwa navose debet bis vea readar pro net ea causa[ (hainofanira kushatiswa kaviri nokuda kwechisakiso chimwe chetecho) wakapesvedzera kufunga kwapakuvamba kwapamutemo kweAmerica.

Vatsigiri vemitemo vakauya neiyi nheyo navo, uye mabumbiro emitemo anoverengeka akabatanidza zvikamu zvengozi zvakapetwa kaviri Bill of Rights isati yanyorwa. James Madison ̱ chikarakadzo chapakuvamba cheFindred Amendment chakadzivirirwa zvakajeka pakuva “ kuiswa mungozi youpenyu kana kuti danda rokutonga ” nemhosva imwe cheteyo. Mutauro wacho wakagamuchirwa nekurukurirano duku, inoratidzira bvumirano huru yokuti hurumende haifaniri kubvumirwa kudzokera kuvagari vemo nokusingaperi.

Tsando yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kugadziridzwa kweChishanu uye Kubatanidzwa

Findst Amendment ’ Reopardy Claus inoti:

“nomunhu upi noupi achaiswa mungozi imwe cheteyo kuti aitwe kaviri. ̵

Chikamu ichi chakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira Dare Gurusa ̱ chisarudzo mu Benton v. Maryland (169) kuti dziviriro yenjodzi mbiri yakabatanidzwa muhurumende kupfurikidza neST Proces Claus of the 144th Amendment. Nhasi, hurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende dzinosungwa nomutemo mukuru.

Dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo inotambanukira kumigariro mitatu yakasiana: (1) kurovererwa mhaka yechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokurevererwa, (2) kurovererwa mhaka kwechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokupwiswa, uye (3) zvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo inoitwa mukupfuurira kumwe cheteko. Zvisinei, revo chaiyoiyo ye ̴ mhaka imwe cheteyo ” yave iri nhau yokuparwa mhaka kukuru.

Kuora Mwoyo Kunobatanidza Nguvai?

Mubvunzo mukuru mumutemo wengozi mbiri ndounopa apo “jeopardy ̵ zvomenemene. Mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, ngozi inobatana apo vatongi vanoiswa panzvimbo yenhaka uye vanopika. Mukutonga kwebhenji, inobatanidza apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa. Munhau dzoupwere, njodzi inobatana apo dare rinotanga kunzwa ufakazi. Kana njodzi yabatanidzwa, mukwirirwi anogona kukumbira dziviriro mukurwisana nokupondwa kwechipiri kutoti kwapa mhaka.

Kana ngozi isina kutongobatanidza ̬ somuenzaniso, kana mhaka ikadzingwa dare rinobetsera vatongi risati rapikirwa ̵a dare gare gare harisati richirambidzwa.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Vagari Vemo Unyengeri Huviri

Nheyo yenjodzi mbiri dzinobatira mabasa anokosha anoverengeka anopfuura kungodzivisa muedzo wechipiri.

Kuguma Nokuvharwa

Kana chisarudzo changopiwa bedzi — kuva nemhaka kana kuti kwete R nhau yacho inofanira kupedzwa. Kuguma kunobetsera vakwirirwi, vanyajambwa, uye nzanga. Pasina irwo, hurumende ingagona kupfuurira kupomera munhu nokusingaperi, kubvisa pfuma nokuparira nhamo yemirangariro. Dare Rapamusoro raziva kuti ̴ mamiriro ezvinhu ane pfuma yaro yose nesimba hazvifaniri kubvumirwa kuita kuedza kwokudzokororazve kusimbisa munhu, nokudaro kumunyadzisa, ndyiko nenhamo. ̵ (] Greek.[FL:1], 1957]).

Kudzivisa Kunyanyowandirwa Nehurumende

Kudzivirira kwengozi kuviri kunoshanda sechenjero pasimba ravachuchisi. Kana vachuchisi vaigona kudzosa mukwiridziri pashure pomureversi nemhaka bedzi yokuti havabvumirani nedare rinobetsera vatongi ’ chisarudzo, hurumende yaigona kubvisa nenzira inobudirira zvisarudzo zvedare ramatare pasina kutevera muitiro wokukumbira. Ikoku kwaizosekesa basa ramatare savabati venhau ndokutanga gadziriro yokuwana mhaka isingagumi.

Kuchengeta Zviwanikwa Zvevatongi

Nokurambidza kutambudzwazve pashure porutongeso rwokupedzisira, ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinosimudzira kushandiswa kunobudirira kwegadziriro yeruramisiro uye dzinoodza mwoyo kutenga kana kuti kunetsa kwehurumende.

Kukurudzira Kunyatsoongorora

Vachiziva kuti vanongowana mukana mumwe chete wokuva nemhosva, vachuchisi vanoudzwa kuti vagadzirire nyaya dzavo nokungwarira uye vape uchapupu hwose huripo pakutongwa.

“ Same Offense ̵ Kuedza: Bhangi uye Kupfuura

Nhau yakaiswa pachena zvikurusa mumutemo wengozi dzakapetwa kaviri ndeyokusarudza icho chinoumba chinyorwa chimwe chetecho. ̵ Dare Rapamusorosa rakavamba muedzo unodzora mu stamburger v. United States [1932]): kana mutemo mumwe nomumwe uchida chibvumikiso chechinhu icho mumwe asingadaro, iwo imhaka dzakasiana, uye kupomera kunotevedzana hakuna kurambidzwa.

Somuenzaniso, mukwirirwi anobira bhangi uyewo anoshandisa pfuti mukati moutsotsi angapomerwa zvose zviri zviviri kuba mubhangi uye kushandisa pfuti muutsotsi hwamasimba masimba. Munzvero yeBlockburger, aya mhosva dzakajeka nemhaka yokuti imwe neimwe ine chiteshi chimwe chinoshaiwa (pfuti haipo mumutemo wokupamba, uye bhija haridikanwi nokuda kwokupfura pfuti). Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarirawo kuti Blockburger itsika yokududzira, kwete mutemo wemitemo wetsika wetsika we̬legrillasss anogona kurondedzera mhaka dzakaparadzana kunyange kana dzichikunda muedzo mumwe chetewo).

Zviitiko zvakazonatsa kuongorora kwacho. Mu Grady v. Corbin (1990), Dare rakashandisa Dare serino mufambiro “ dare raimirira ̵ bvunzo, asi chisarudzo ichocho chakadzorwa mu United States v. Dixon[[FLT]] [1993], iyo yakadzoka kumuedzo weBlockburger sediso. Nhasi, matare anotsamira zvikurukuru paBlockburger, akawedzerwa nerangariro yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo neeconteration ecrition (is preclition).

Zvakasiyana Kumutemo Uviri Wengozi

Pasinei zvapo noukuru hwayo, ngozi mbiri hadzishandi mumigariro inoverengeka inokosha.

Uchangamire Huviri (Changamire Akatanhamara)

Zvichida chisiiwi chinokosha zvikurusa i “ zviremera zvinoparadzaniswa ̵ dzidziso. Mumutemo uyu, hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe zvinorangarirwa kuva zviremera zvakasiana. Naizvozvo, chiito chimwe chingaputsa zvose zviri zviviri mutemo womubatanidzwa nowehurumende, uye chiremera chimwe nechimwe chingatonga mukwirirwi pasina kunyandura njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri.

Somuenzaniso, munhu anobira bhangi rakaiswa muhurumende muGeorgia anogona kutongwa navose vari vaviri hurumende yeU.S. nehurumende yeGeorgia. Dare rapamusoro rakasimbisazve iyi dzidziso mu Ghower v. United States (20209), achiramba nharo kuti vapokani vaviri vanoranga mhaka imwe cheteyo. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa pfungwa yokukanganisa zvakapetwa kaviri, asi inoramba kuti mutemo wakasanoumbwa.

Nenzira yakafanana, munhu anogona kutongwa nenyika mbiri dzakasiana nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho kana kuchiputsa zvose zviri zviviri zvinoti ’ mitemo, kunyange zvazvo nhau dzakadaro dzisingawanzoitiki uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinoganhurirwa namapepa akabatana.

Kusarurama

Kana kutongwa kukaguma mukusatonga zvakanaka musati masvika, ngozi ingasadzivisa kutongwa kwechipiri. Chisakiso chikuru ndechokuti kutongwa kusina kururama kwakaparirwa ne “maniciftiactus ̵ (zvakadai sedare rinotonga rakaturikwa, chirwere chedare, kana kuti chikanganiso chikuru) kana kuti kupfurikidza nokusazvibata kwemuchuchisi kunoitirwa kunyandura mukwiridziri kupinda mukukumbira mhaka. Kana utsotsi huchibva kumukwiridziridziridziriso ’ kurongetazve, kazhinji kazhinji kutonge kubvumira muchuchisi mushandisi mukutenda kwakaipa.

Kukwezva Kunoitwa neHurumende

Murwi weReopardy Claus haarambidzi hurumende kufadza kurambwa kwepomero dzakatangira (kwakadai sokupiwa kwechibvumirano chokudzvinyirira ufakazi) kana kuti kufadza chisarudzo chokutonga). Zvisinei, hurumende ingasakwidza kusunungurwa, kunyange kana yakavakirwa pachisarudzo chapamutemo chakashata, nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi akatoiswa mungozi uye akawanikwa asina mhaka. Kana mutongo wekuregeredzwa watopirwa watopinzwa, ndowokupedzisira uye haugoni kuiswazve.

Kuongororazve Pashure Pokunge Kutendiswa Kwaitwa Kuti Kufambe

Kana mukwirirwi akakwidza nenzira inobudirira kupwiswa ndokuwana tsivo, hurumende inowanzobvumirwa kuidzamisa nhau yacho. Ikoku imhaka yokuti mukwirirwi “waived ̵ dziviriro yengozi yakapetwa kaviri kupfurikidza nokutsvaka kutonga kutsva. Zvisinei, pane kusiyana: kana kutenderwa kwacho kuchichinjwa pazvikonzero zvoufakazi husina kukwana (kuwana kuti hapana muvambi weidi ane mhaka angagona kuve akawana ane mhaka yakaisvonetswa), mazaro engozi akapetwa kaviri nemhaka yokuti kudzorwa kwacho kwakaenzana nearvost.

Kutapura Kupinda Muropa Kuviri Mumutemo Wazvino Uno

Ngozi mbiri dzinopfuurira kuita basa rinokosha mumhaka dzakakwirira nedzakaoma. Kushanda kwadzo kwakaedzwa mumatare ougandanga, utsotsi hwemichero michena, uye mhaka dzinobatanidza vakwirirwi vazhinji nepomero dzinopfuudzira. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokudenha kwe 9 / 11, hurumende yakatsvaka kupomera vanhu muzvose zviri zviviri matare ehondo nematare ehondo, ichimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pengozi dzakapetwa kaviri nouchangamire huviri.

Imwe nhau yazvino uno inobatanidza kurovererwa kwehurumende nehurumende kwakatevera kwemufambiro mumwe chetewo wakadzika midzi. Dzidziso yakaparadzana yaibvumira zvose zviri zviviri, asi vatsoropodzi vanoiita kuti igone kunyengera hurumende. Dare Rapamusorosashairira fariro mukunyanyisa Gamble, asi matare maduku anopfuurira kuchenesa miganhu, zvikurukuru apo zviremera zvehurumende nehurumende zvinotsinhirana zvikuru kana kuti apo kukwidziridza kumwe kunenge kuri dare reSangonita “ssam ” kudzivisa Repard Claus.

Ufakazi hweDNA nenhau dzinotonhora zvakamutsawo nhau mbiri. Dzimwe nyika dzakapa mitemo inobvumira kutongwazve pashure pokunge ufakazi hutsva hweDNA hwavapo, asi mitemo yakadaro inorwisana nomutemo wegamuchidzanwa wokuti kupiwa mhaka ndokwokupedzisira. Dare Rapamusoro harisati ratonga pamusoro pokuva pamutemo kwakadaro ̴ kuISlait-Apost ̵ mitemo yokuedza yeDNA, ichisiya nhau yacho yazaruka nokuda kwedenho yomunguva yemberi.

Kutsoropodza uye Kuitisana Nharo Kunopfuurira

Nepo njodzi mbiri dzichiremekedzwa zvikuru, hadzisati dziri dzisina vatsoropodzi vamwe vanotaura kuti dzidziso yakasiana yamaruramiro inofanira kurangarirwazve nemhaka yokuti inobvumira hurumende kunzvenga nenzira inobudirira chitsama chamashoko.

Somuenzaniso, munhu anoita umbavha kamwe chete angapomerwa mhosva dzakawanda dzokurangarira ̬ kudenha, kudenha, kuvhozhokera zvombo, kuva nemirimo, zvichingodaro. — kana mitemo yakawanda ichiputswa. Nepo pomero imwe neimwe ingapfuura blockburger, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti muuyo wacho unoguma nezvirango zvakawanda nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho chinokosha. Dare rakarangarira kuti Kurova Kuviri Claus hakudzivisi kubvumira chirango chakawanda mukutonga kumwe chete, asi kunoisa muedzo wakawanda nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo.

Imwe nharaunda yekurukurirano inobatanidza kurasikirwa nezvinhu zvehurumende nokurashikirwa kwemari yokuranga. Dare Rapamusorosanotaura kuti kuraswa kwehurumende hakukonzeri dziviriro dzavagari vemo nguva dzose kuviri, asi kana kurashwa kuchiparira chirango chakakomba kwazvo zvokuti kuumba chirango choutsotsi, kungarambidzwa pashure petsotsi risingabvumirwi kana kuti kutenderwa ( United States v. Ursery, 1996).

mhedziso

Ngozi mbiri dzinoramba dziri fandesheni yeruramisiro yamatsotsi eAmerica, ichidzivirira vagari vemo pakusaruramisira kukuru kwokutongwa kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwoutsotsi humwe chetehwo hunonzi. Inogovera kupera, kuderedza simba rehurumende, uye kuremekedza perero yechisarudzo chedare. Bva dzidziso yacho haisati iri yakakwana; yakasiana seuchangamire huviri uye matare anobvumira kuchinjika mumamiriro ezvinhu akati. Sezvo denho itsva dzemitemo dzinomuka ̬ kubva muugandanga kuti ufakazi hwedare huregeredzere.

Kunzwisisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofarira mutemo webumbiro remitemo, ruramisiro youtsotsi, kana kuti dziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga. Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona Cornell Legional Information Institute ̱ nduramo panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, U.S. Dare redzidzo , uye Supreme Court ’ mifungo mu [[FL:] United States v.Dixodex: 93] iyo yakajekesa pejirofiti inopfuura youkurusa.]