Nguva Yapamberi Pechine Chibvumirano: United States saChangamire

Pamberi pezana ramakore rechi 20, Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa segadziriro yeganhuriro pahurumende yehurumende yehurumende yoga. Bumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba, sezvarakarongerwa muna 1787, rakanga risina murairo wekodzero, uye kugadziriswa kwakagamuchirwa muna 1791 kwakatungamirirwa zvakajeka paCongress: “Konretal haisati ichizoita mutemo ...” Hurumende dzakaramba dzakasununguka kugadza marudzidziso avo vamene, kutaura kwakaganhurirwa, mufambiro usina kufanira, uye kuramba kutongwa kwemhosva — zvose pasina kushandisa dare redare redare redare rehurumende rapakuvamba. Iyi yakaratidzira gadziriro yehurumende yapamhene yehurumende yakafara, umo masimba amapurisa nehurumende enyika zvakaganhurirwa.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya nokunatsiridza kwe 144th Amendment muna 1868. Commentatie Procession Claus yakazivisa, kuti: “Hapana Hurumende ichatorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.] Kwamakumi amakore, Dare raShona rakadzivisa pfungwa yokuti ichi chigaro chapamberi cheGavhuro chakabva kuBill of Rights mukurwisana nenyika. Mu Hashas - House Casess [1873]), Dare rakadudzira zvishoma maropafadzo kana kuti Immaclaus, kuchiidzika semotokari. Chirongwa chakasiya seChikamu chitsaru chakakurumbira bedzi [[Foct:2] Chikamu chedareidzo chamass. Chikamu chisati chatanga kushandiswa nokuda kweimwe Dare.

Kuberekwa kweIconporation: Gitrow v. New York (125)

Dzidziso yazvino uno ye [[FLT: 0] inosarudzwa [[FLT: 1] ine mavambo ayo mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20, apo Dare Gurusa rakavamba kunzvera kana maruramiro makuru akarongwa muBill of Rights akanga ariwo “nemhespect” fariro dzakadzivirirwa neKinneth Amendment. Mhaka yakashata yakanga iri [[FLT:] Gitlow v. New York[FLT] [[FLM]], 268], U. 652 [1925]). Benjamin Gitlow, mugari wenzanga, akanga apiwa mhaka yemhosva pasi pekodzero dzoutsotsi dzeNew York nokuda kwokubudisa kuparadzwa kunooneka kwehurumende. Dare rakatsigira kupwiswa kwake — kuwana kuti kutaura kwakajeka nokunaka, “kuzivisa, uye kutaura kukuru, kwainozivisa pakati pekodzero dzomunhu oga oga... nekodzero dzomutemo dzeNew York dzakadzivirirwa kupfurikidza nokubudiswa nokubudiswa. pamutemo. Dare rinotsigirwa nokubudiswa nehurumende.

Kutaura ikoko kwakanga kuri kworuzivo rwezvoruzivo rwe dictum (mashoko akataurwa mukupfuvura), asi kwakaisa hwaro nokuda kwokuchinja mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Kwenguva yokutanga, Dare rakabvuma kuti kodzero chaiyo kubva kuFirst Amendment yakashandiswa kunyika. Kunyange zvakadaro Dare harina kushandisa Bill of Rights yose panguva imwe chete. Panzvimbo pezvo, rakapfuurira nemhaka, zvakarurama — nokudaro shoko rokuti “kusarudza.

Nei “Kuchisarudzwa” Panzvimbo pe“Total”?

Mutongi John Marshall Harlan (mukuru) akanga atsigira kubatanidzwa kwakakwana kupfurikidza namaGungano kana kuti maImmuniti Claus, asi murangariro wake hauna kutongoraira voruzhinji. Gare gare, Mutongi Hugo Black akatsigira kubatanidzwa kwakakwana kupfurikidza neCentre Proces Claus, achiramba kuti Hurumende ye 144th Amendment yakarehwa kushandisa Bill of Rights yose kuhurumende. Dare rakaramba nzvimbo iyoyo, richisarudza kusvika kumwe kubvumira kwaro kuti risarudze ndokusarudza kuti ikodzero dzipi dzaiva “dzinokosha kurangariro yeAmerica yeruramisiro.” Somuuyo, dzimwe kodzero — sekodzero dzeChipiri dzeRendekstance dzokuchengeta uye kutakura zvombo — dzakanga dzisina kubatanidzwa kutozosvikira muna 2010, kungofanana nedzamaGrand Jury Claus of the Fidmigder, anoramba achibatanidza zuva rino.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvikuru: Kubva Kuchishanu Kuenda Kumisi Yechitanhatu

Pashure Gitlow[, Dare rakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma ndaza yekodzero dzakabatanidzwa, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo yeDare reWarren (1953-1969). Pasi apa pane nhau dzechiratidzo dzakaumbazve muitiro woutsotsi wehurumende norusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Mapp v.O. (1961): Kutonga kweExclussion Appy kuS

[[FLT:] Mapp v.O., 367 U.S.61), Dare rakaramba kuti Firmendment [Fourth Amendment [[] inodzivirira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nehosha — uye mutemo wokuzviparadzanisa (kunowanwa zvisiri pamutemo) haungashandiswi pamuedzo) — unoshanda kumatare ehurumende. [[FLT:] Mapp] [FLT] [5], anotaura kuti zvakanga zvakasununguka kushandisa ufakazi nenzira isina kufanira kana mitemo yavo vamene ikabvumira. Dollrep nokuda kwokuva nezvinhu zvinonyadzisa zvinowanikwa mukati mekunzvera kusati kuri pamutemo. Dare guru rinodzorongedzerwa nomutemo weGene.

Gideon v. Wainwright[[FL:1] (1963): Kodzero ku Zano

Clarence Earl Gideon, musungwa murombo weFlorida, akakumbira Dare Gurusa negakava pfupi rakanyorwa noruoko kuti akanga anyimwa SSxter Amendment [ zano rokutonga. Mu [[FLT:]] Gideon v. Wainwr, 372] U. 335 [1963]), Dare rakabvuma kuti kodzero yokubetsera zano munhau dzoutsotsi ikodzero inokosha, yakapinzwa kupfurikidza neGendleroi. Mitezo inodikanirwa zvino kugovera gweta ripi neripi ripi neripi neripi rakakomba rakananga mhaka idzo dzakatarisana nemhosva idzo dzinoshaiwa. Mhaka iyi yakakwira kudzivirira vanhu munyika yose uye inoramba kuva utsotsi.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Kodzero yokuramba wakanyarara

Zvichida chinoitika chakakurumbira zvikurusa chokubatanidza, Mira v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (196), yakashandisa [ Fith Amendment [[ ropafadzo yokudzivisa kuzvibvunzurudza. Dare raida mapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro avo (mhiko dzemhevedzo dzakarovedzeka) pamberi pokubvunza. Chisarudzo chakava chinomutsa zvikuru panguva, chinotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo wemaoko. Kunyange zvakadaro chakava chakasimbiswa zvikuru mutsika dzeAmerica zvokuti nyevero dzinova mubhaisiro dzeterevhizheni. [FLT:]

Kumwe Kusarura kwaWarren

  • Mutemo wePendeko wePuromendi wekutanga: Gitlow), dhinda ( nearbb.Minnesota[[[FL:5], 1931], gungano ( Jonge v. Oregon[, 1937], kushandiswa kworudzidziso kwapachena ([[FLT:]] Canfolv.[FLT], 1940, kuumbwa kworudzidziso ([FLT:]]]
  • SSYPM: Kutonga kwekurumidziro nokutonga kwavanhu (Klopefer v. North Carolina, 1967]), dare risingasaruri ([[FLT]] Dgan v. Louisiana[FLT], 1968], rwisano yezvapupu ([ Poctive v.CT], 1965), muitiro unomanikidzirwa ([[FLT:].[FLT]]
  • [[FLT: 0] metermeterment:[ Chirango chechienzi ([ Robinson v. California, 1962]).

Kusarudza Nhevedzano new.

Mutongi Hugo Black nguva dzose akataura kuti Gwendedzero reKireth Rescreenment yakaitwa kuti ibatanidze Bill yekodzero yose mukurwisana nehurumende — zvisati zvirizve, zvishoma. Aidavira kuti hwerengedzo yaizodzivisa kuva nechokuita kwe “magariro echinyakare”. Mu [[FLT:] Dican v. Louisiana (1968), Black akanyora muProctive: “Ndaizotevera mutauro wakapfava weFimplief Reformation uye kubatanidza Bill of Rights muFinet Amendment."

Voruzhinji, vachitungamirirwa neSahlulero Byron White, panzvimbo pezvo vakaenderera mberi nomutoo wakasarudzwa, vachinzvera ukoshi hwenhau nehunoshanda. Gakava rakamutsa mubvunzo mukuru wouzivi: Dare rinofanira kunonoka kudzora rusununguko, kana kuti rinofanira kugombedzera uriri humwe hwenyika hwerusununguko? Kusarudza kwakaramba kuripo zuva racho, asi kusabvumirana kwaMatongi Black kwakaramba kuchipesvedzera. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisana kuti kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzechipo nedzechipo, kunyange zvazvo “chinoumba chikwaparo chechinjo” chakabatana nekodzero. Somuenzaniso, Second Refmerment yakaramba isingadiwiwiwiswi kubva pa 1791 kusvikira [[FLT:] [FD5] [FLD].[FLT] [FLD] [20] [20]

Kodzero Dzisina Kubatanidzwa: Guru Nezhinji

Hakusati kuri kodzero iri yose muBill of Rights yakashandiswa kumitemo. Rusarudzo rukurusa ndi Frimendment’s Grand Jury Clause, inoda kutongwa kwehurumende nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba kutangwa nemhosva. Dare Rapamusoro rakachengetwa mu [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT:] [FLT] [5] [FLT] [1] [185] [184] [[5] [5] [[5])] (55] kuti Mubatanidzwa weBasaroro reBasa reBasa reGucialkssss Clation Revolue.[FF] [FFFT], kunyange zvazvo .[5]

Zvishandiro zvazvino uno ne Mibvunzo isingapindurwi

Kusarudza kunoramba kuchiumba kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muzana remakore rechi21, kazhinji mumabhuku ezvinonyorwa zvevagadziri vemafremu aisagona kuve aitarisira.

Kuva Woga Nekodzero Dzokubereka Vana

Kodzero yokuva woga — kunyange zvazvo isina kududzwa zvakajeka muBill of Rights — yakazivikanwa se “fariro” yakadzivirirwa neMfumo ye14. Mu Griswold v. Connecticut[ [1965], Dare rakakunda kurambidza kwehurumende kudzivirira kubereka, kubvisa chisarudzo mu “maruvara” anobva mukodzero dzakawanda, kubatanidza Wechitatu, Wechitatu, uye Wechitatu Reputions. Gare gare gare, [[FLT:] v.[FLT][FLT] [FF] 3] [3] , , , ganhur3] , zvichitambanurira kusarura kubereka. [zvinotenderwa zviripo]

Shanduro yechipiri pashure [[TL:0] McDonald

Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment mu McDonald v. Chicago [2010]) yakava nemigumisiro yakapararira. Dare rakaramba kuti kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvitakura zvombo inokosha uye inoshanda kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Kubvira ipapo, matare maduku akarwisana nemitemo yehurumende yokudzora pfuti — zvakadai sezvombo zvinorambidzwa, miganhu yemagazini, uye kuvanza miganhu yemitemo. Dare Gurusa re 20222 mu New York State Rhifle & Pistol Association inoitwa naPursol Association inotected . Bruth . Brug'[FFLT] rinonate zvinotaura kuti zvirongwa zvehondo zvisaidzo zvinodzorwa nomutemo wenhau yenhau inodzo. Chibvumirano chakabudisa chitsauko chitsaru chaparo chapa pamutemo chinenge chato chagara chinoitwa kupfurikidza nechiito chakashandurwa chinenge chato.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Ruzivo rwazvino uno runomutsa mibvunzo mitsva nokuda kweChibvumirano cheChina. Carbated v. United States (2017]), Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti hurumende inowanzoda murairo wokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yeserura yenhau yeserura — kunyange zvazvo mashoko acho akaitwa nevechitatu (kambani yerunhare). Chisarudzo chacho chakatsamira paWechinai seyakabatanidzwa mu Mapp, asi yakaashandisa kumashoko matsvaidhiropu yemikoro. Nenzira yakafanana, matare ehurumende zvino anotarisana nenhau dzakafanana nokushandiswa kwamapurisa ezvikamu zveraisero, dron, uye mapepa. Chisarusaidzo chinovimbisa kuti kudzivirira kupfurikidza nokungodzivirira kupfurikidza nokungoshandiswa kwounyanzvi; kunyora mashoko ose ari maviri.

Kodzero Yokuva Nezvakawanda uye Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga

Nepo kuvhota kusati kuri kubatanidzwa murumbidzo rumwe chete, First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nesonganiro, yakabatanidzwa kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvakadai se Denge v. Oregon (1937), yakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo yehurumende inoganhurira kusvika kana kuti mari yemibato. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT:]] Conftension United. FFEC[FLT] [20:0] — nhau yehurumende — Dare rakashandisa ganhuriro inoiswa kupedzerwa ganhuriro pamitengodziro yazvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chinoshanda mumitemo yakasununguka mumurangariro mumwe chete. [FT], panguva inoteverwa na[FT]

Makotsekano Neganhuriro Zvokusarudza

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro dzayo, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kwakaita tsoropodzo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti mutoo wedare wakatungamirira kudziviriro isingawirirani: chikonzero nei iri maruramiro okutonga munhau dzevagari vemo (Sayendeth Amendment) isina kubatanidzwa zvizere, nepo kodzero yokupa zano (Samende yeSixth Amendment)? Kuvimba kweDare pa “kururamisira kwendangariro” kwave kuchipomerwa kuva anozviisa pasi — kuratidzirwa kwemipimo yemitemo panzvimbo perevo yapakuvamba yebumbiro remitemo. Vapristard Thomas Thomas vanotsigira nokuda kwokubatanidza kupfurikidza ne [[FLT: 0] Prigeges kana kuti Immaunites Claus [FLD:1], panzvimbo pezvo, izvo zvinogona kubudisa kodzero dzakasiana (kubatanidza revoko rerudyi uye kutakura zvombo).

Imwe fatiruchism inonangidzira ngwariro pa [[FLT:] .Imitengo inosarudzwa ine simba guru muWashington, ideredza mano enyika okuedza matongerwe enyika akasiyana pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende hadzigoni kusarudza kubvumira kunzvera kusingabvumirwi kubvumirwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende asi kuputsa Gadziriro yeChina. Vatsigiri vehurumende vanotaura kuti kuchinjika kwenhambo yapamberi pekufambiswa kwemitemo kunobvumirwa kuumba miitiro youtsotsi kumipimo yomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, kuvhozhokerwa kwapa — kunoitwa nesimba neDare reWarrenren — ndiko kuti kodzero dzinokosha dzifaniri kuva pasi pezvikuru zvomunharaunda; maruramiro echiito chakarurama kana hurumende ichigona kubvisa chaizvoizvo.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Isingaperi

Kubatanidza kwakarongwazve kwakagadziridzwa zvikuru kweAmerica nedziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa Bill of Rights kuhurumende, Dare Rapamusoro rakaita uriri hwakafanana hwerudzi hwekodzero — uriri hunopfuurira kumuka sezvo nhau itsva naruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinobuda. Bva muitiro wacho hauna kutongotonga kana [[FF] ,] Sangano rinodzivirira [[5] [1] Kudzora kweChipiri kutakura chibharo [[5] mubato] here? [5] Majeza echikamu 1]

Dzidziso yacho ibvumirano yokuchinjika kweBumbiro reMitemo. Panzvimbo pokugadza chirongwa chakabatana cheganhuriro dzehurumende muna 1868, vagadziri veIneth Amendment vakaita “muitiro wenguva yapakati” mutauro unochinjika uyo Dare rakashandisa kufema upenyu muBill of Rights. Sezvo chinjo dzenzanga, kubatanidzwa kunosarudza kunovimbisa kuti rusununguko rukuru rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, mitoo youtsotsi, uye zvakavanzika zvinoramba zvichimanikidzirwa mukurwisana nomwero uri wose wehurumende. Ndicho chikonzero nei dzidziso yacho inopfuurira kuumba kodzero dzamagariro dzazvino uno — uye chikonzero nei ichizoramba iri rutivi runokosha rwomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica wezvizvarwa zvichauya.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Project on Incorporation Doctrine ne [[FLT:]Kunzvera kweBasa reProject parondedzero ye 144th Amendment Accolas .