Kunzwisisa Kudzorwa uye Kutarisirwa Kwehurumende

Masangano ehurumende anotungamirira anoumba musimboti wekudzora kwazvino uno, achivimbisa kuti masangano avose neevoga anoshanda mukati memiganhu inodzivirira vagari vemo, misika, uye mhoteredzo. Pakati payo, kudzora igadziriro yemitemo, kuongorora, uye kudzikamisa yakarongedzerwa kuronga mufambiro womunhu mumwe nomumwe nemasangano ane zvinangwa zvakakura. Pasina utariri hwakadaro, maindasitiri anogona kuisa mibayiro mipfupikiswa yenguva refu kupfuura kuchengeteka kwenhambo nenhambo, ruramisiro, kana kuti kuchengeteka. Nyaya ino inogovera kuongororwa kukuru kwemashandiro anoshanda, marudzi akasiyana - siyana emitemo, kukosha, zvinetso zvawo, zvinetso zvavanotarisana nazvo, uye izvo remangwana nokuda kwegadziriro yokushanda munyika yose.

Murangariro wemitemo unovambira shure kumazana amakore akapfuura, kubva kumipimo yesangano ramasangano echinyakare kusvikira kumitemo yebhangi yapakuvamba yazvino uno. MuUnited States, Interstate Commerce Act ya 1887 yakaratidzira imwe yenhamburiko dzokutanga dzehurumende kudzora basa ravanhu. Nhasi, inodokuva chikamu chiri chose (kubva pazvokudya nemirimo kuti zviwane mari, simba, kurukurirano yemari, uye zvokufambisa) zvakaumbwa nechimiro chakati chehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwavagadziri vemiitiro yemitemo navatungamiriri vebhizimisi asiwo nokuda kwevagari vemo vanotsamira pazvinhu zvakakotsekanwa, mhepo yakachena, uye misikamisika yakachena zuva riri rose.

Makambani Ehurumende Anotarisira Michina

Kutarisira hurumende hausi mubato wakasiana - siana wakasiana - siana, mumwe nomumwe une simba rawo umene, ganhuriro, uye mitemo yetsika. Kuziva aya mapoka kunojekesa kuti simba rokutungamirira rinoparadzirwa sei ndokushandiswa mumapazu akasiana - siana nemwero yehurumende.

Utariri Hunotonga

Mitumbi inodzorwa nemitemo yakadai seUnited States Congress kana kuti masangano ehurumende . inoisa mitemo yenheyo inorondedzera chinodzorwa uye sei. Ine simba rokubvumira masangano, mari yakafanira, uye kupfuudza mitemo mitsva inokudza kana kuti kubvumirana. Mutemo unobatanidzawo kunzwa, kuongorora, uye kusimbiswa kwevakuru vesangano. Somuenzaniso, matare esangano anoongorora nguva dzose Environing Protection Agency (EPA) kuvimbisa kuti utariri huri kushandira nokutendeka mitemo yakachena. Uku kutarisira kunovimbisa kuti bazu rezvo kuti risapfuura chiremera charo kana kuti risaita basa.

Kutarisira Kwoutarisiri

Bazu guru rinoita kuchengetwa kwemirau yanhasi. Masangano anotungamirira akadai seBato reBasa, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), uye Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (OSHA) (ichisarudzo ine udzame, kunzvera, uye kuisa zvirango nokuda kwokusawirirana. Purezidhendi anopesvedzerawo miraudzo kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, zvikarakadzo zvemari, uye kugadzwa kwavatungamiriri vesangano. Somuenzaniso, Hofisi yeInter of Information and Regatation Affairs (ORA) muhwirudzuro dzeNhaudzo dzedzimba dzinokarakadzwa kunzvera nzverwa mari dzavo nebetsero, kudzorwa kwokutsoropodza pamuitiro wokuita mitemo.

Kutonga

Matare anobatira savamiriri vokupedzisira vechiito chokutungamirira. Vanodudzira mirau, vanohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvesangano nokuda kwomutemo nokunzwisisa, uye vanova nechokwadi chokuti mirau haiputsi maruramiro emitemo. Kutarisira kwomutemo kunogovera nzvero mukurwisana nokuitwa kwomutemo kana kuti kwokuchinja. Nhau dzeWhondamark dzakafanana ne Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council yakatanga dzidziso yokuzviisa pasi petsana kurondedzero dzemitemo yakajeka, kunyange zvazvo Dare gurusa remisi ichangobva kupfuura yakavamba kupfupika ikoko. Pasi pokutarisira kwomutemo.

Gadziriro Dzokuzvimirira

Mimwe mitumbi inodzorwa inoshanda kunze kwoudzori hwakananga hwebazu kudzivirira chisarudzo. Zvirongwa zvakadai se Universe and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Commission (FCC), uye Federal Trade Commission (FTC) zvinotungamirirwa nebitmarkssssssssss ane mitezo yakadzika miganhuro. Iyi purogiramu inovabvumira kuronda nharidzano refu, dzakadai sokudzivirira mibatanidzwa yezve kana kuti kuvimbisa makwikwikwi mutenziro , pasina kudzorwa nezvirongwa zvipfupi zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, kuzvimirira kunosimudzirawo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira uye kugona kudzorwa.

Kukosha Kwokudzorerwa Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Mutemo unobudirira unopa betsero dzinooneka dzinotsigira budiriro yezvemari negarikano yavose.

Kudzivirirwa Nevatengi

Mitemo inodzivirira vatengi pakubiridzira, zvigadzirwa zvisina kukotsekana, uye kushambadzira kunotsausa. [FDA, somuenzaniso, inoda miedzo yezvokurapa yakakomba pamberi pokugona kutengeswa. Nenzira yakafanana, Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) inoisa mipimo yekotsekano yechinhu chiri chose kubva kumichina yemagetsi kusvikira kumagetsi. Iyi mitemo inoderedza ngozi yekuvadziko ndokupa vatengi chivimbo chokuti zvavanotenga zvinowirirana nekotsekano yapa dziviriro. Pasina utarisiri hwakadaro, kukundikana kwemitengo, kutengeswa kwemibato ine ngozi inoshatsasa.

Kubudirira Mune Zvokushambadza uye Makwikwi Akanaka

Kudzosera kudzokororwa kunodzivisa miitiro inodzivisa kubatira pamwe, uye kunovimbisa kuti misika yemari inoshanda nenzira inooneka. SEC inoda makambani anotengeswa pachena kuzivisa mashoko emari, kuderedza kudzoreka kwamashoko pakati pemibato yemibatanidzwa yemibato, uye kuisa mutemo panzvimbo yezvokushandira mari kunoitwa neFTC neBato reSanihedhedhed reSanicharamendicha izvo zvingakuvadza makwikwikwi. Misika inokwezva bhizimisi inokwezva nokusimudzira zvinhu, asi inotsamira pagadziriro inodzosera zvinhu inodzoserwa inoita kuti mitemo yemitambo ishande.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Mitemo yemhoteredzo inogadza ganhuriro pakushatisa, inoda paradzano yemhoteredzo, uye dziviriro zviwanikwa. EPA’s Clean Air Act neClean Water Act yakaderedza zvikuru mhepo nemvura muUnited States chifo cha 1970. Mitemo inokurukurawo tyisidziro dzinobuda dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye kuiswa kwechepfu kwemakemikoro. Nokubatanidza ndyiko dzemhoteredzo yenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzira zvinhu, iyi mitemo inobetsera kuchengetedza mhoteredzo neutano hwevoruzhinji nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu Vose

Mirairo yekotsekano yamabasa yakadzorwa neOSH, mipimo yekotsekano yezvokufambisa yakagadzwa neFederal Aviation Administration (FAA) neNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), uye mitemo yokuvaka inodzorwa pamwero womunzvimbomo zvose zvinobetsera kudzivirira tsaona nekuvadziko. Somuenzaniso, mirau inoda mabhandero ezvigaro, mabhakiti endege, uye kudzorwa kwemagetsi zvakaponesa kwakaponesa makumi ezviuru zvoupenyu mumugwagwa. Kudzivirira kwaparuzhinji kunowanzova kusingaonekwi kusvikira kwakundikana, asi kushanda kwayo kwenguva dzose iko yenzanga yazvino unotevesa.

Zvinetso Zvikuru Zvokutarisana Negadziriro Yokutungamirira

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwawo, gadziriro dzokutungamirira dziri kusangana nezvinetso.

Mitengo Yokushandisa uye Mutoro Wokutarisira

Mitemo inoisa ndyiko dzakananga pamabhizimisi . yakadai semitengo, mapepa, uye kudikanwa kwokuripira vashandi vanobatira pamwe (* pamwe chete nendyiko dzisina kunanga dzakadai sedzorosoko nenguva inononoka . Mabhizimisi maduku, zvikurukuru, anoparapatika kuronga zvinodikanwa zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvinoiswa nokuda kwamabhizimisi makuru. Mukuwirirana ne CD[FLT]], mutoro unorema unopfuudza unogona kudzivisa nokuderedza kukura kwemari. Kudzikamisa betsero dzemitemo nendyiko dzayo idzvinyiriro yenguva dzose mugadziriro yokudzora.

Kubatwa Kwoutungamiriri

Kubata kwoudzori kunoitika apo sangano, panzvimbo pokubatira fariro yavose, rinodzorwa namaindasitiri anofungidzirwa kuva anodzora. Ikoku kunogona kuitika kupfurikidza nokuchinja basa romumba, kukurudzira, kana kuti kuridzwa kwakarongwa kwoukama. Muuyo unowanzova mutevedzeri muduku, kuisa mitemo inogamuchirika, uye kurasikirwa nokuvimbwa. Somuenzaniso, kushata kwemari kwa2008 kwakaratidza kuti kubatwa kwokudzosera mutemo kwakaparira sei kuderera kutarisirwa kwekukweretesa chikwereti nemisika. Kudzivisa kubatwa kunoda kuva kwakasimba, kutarisirwa kwoudzori, uye kurasikirwa nemitemo yakasimba yekusavimba.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokukamukana

Nzvimbo inodzorwa munyika dzakawanda itsika dzakadzama dzemitemo inopesana uye pane dzimwe nguva inopesana kubva kumitengo yomubatanidzwa, yenyika, uye yomunzvimbomo. Bhizimisi rimwe ringafanira kuwirirana nezviuru zvemasangano, rimwe nerimwe rine rondedzero dzaro, nguva dzaro, uye zvimiro zvokushuma. Uku kuoma kunowedzera ndyiko dzokuteerera uye kuwedzera mikana yokuputsa kusingafungidziri. Nhamburiko dzeRempucations parameset reconformations, .Njenya dzinoita semascrom miraul, asi fambiro mberi inowanzova inononoka uye inokakavadza mune zvematongerwa enyika.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuisa Zvinhu Zvokutanga Panzvimbo Yenhando

Chinjo muutungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika dzinogona kutungamirira kudzokororwa kukuru muzvinhu zvinokosha. Kudzorwa kunoda kudzorwa kunganetesa kuchengetwa, masangano anoshaikwa, kana kuti kugadza vatungamiriri vemaindasitiri vane shamwari, nepo kudzorwa kwapashure kungachinja nzira ndokuisa mitemo mitsva. Uku kusagadzikana kungaparira kusagadzikana kwamabhizimisi, uko kunofanira kuramba kuchichinja. Kunogonawo kuderedza kutevedzerwa kwemari inotengwa kwenguva refu ichiita sechitevedzero. Ufakazi hunowirirana nebvumirano yebipartisan pazvinodzivirira zvikuru.

Nzvero Dzapanhau Dzegadziriro Dzinobudirira

Kuongorora mitumbi inobudirira inotungamirira kunotipa zvidzidzo chaizvo mune zvinoshanda uye nei.

Zvokudya Nemirimo (FDA)

FDA inotarisira kuchengeteka nokushanda kwezvokudya, mirimo, zvishandiso zvemishonga, uye zvizorwa. Muitiro wayo wapamberi pemapepa wokutendera mishonga − inopa mishonga zviitiko zvakawanda zvokurapa zvinova mupimo wendarama yenyika yose. Sangano racho rinoongororawo zvinhu kana zvasvika pamusika nechinoitika chakaoma kushuma nokuyeuka. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa miitiro yeFDA inonyanyononoka, zvisarudzo zvayo zvinoremekedzwa zvikuru uye zvinotevedzerwa nedzimwe nyika. Sangano racho rinovawo mano okuchinja kuparira njodzi, zvakadai sokubvumira kwokukurumidza kwemishonga yenhomba mukati mekushuma nokuyeuka.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA inodzika mitemo inoganhurira tsvina yemhepo nemvura, inodzora tsvina ine ngozi, uye inodzivirira mhoteredzo yazvo. Kushandiswa kwayo kweCealy Air Act kwakatungamirira kukuderera kunoshamisa mukubudiswa kwesulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, uye mutobvu. EPA inoitisawo fambiro dzengozi dzemakemikoro pasi pePucletics Control Act. Chimwe chesimba rayo guru kushandiswa kwenzvero yemari kuronga mipimo inoparira mutengo. Basa resangano mukugadziridza chinjo yemamiriro okunze kupfurikidza nemirautsi hwegasi rinodzisa rave nhau yekurukurirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika, asi nheyo dzayo dzesayenzi nedzemitemo zvinoramba zviripo.

Ubati Ushe uye Basa Rokuchinjana (SEC)

SEC inotarisira misika yezvokuchengetesa upfumi yeU.S. nokuchengetedzwa kwevachengetedzi, kuchengetedzwa kwemisika inoruramisira neinobudirira, uye kugadziridza bhizimisi. Inoda kuti makambani aparamende agadziridze mishumo yemari yenguva dzose, anodzika mitemo inorambidza kutengesa nokubiridzira, uye anodzora kutsinhana mari. Kuchengeteka kwemabhirioni eSC kwakaguma nemabhiriyoni emadhora okudzivirira zvirango nokubvisa zvirango, zvichidzivisa kusazvibata. Mano awo okuchinjira kumichina itsva yemari yakadai semichina yemagetsi nezvokutengeserana chakakwirira che-2005-guea zvinopfuurira kuedzwa, asi nheyo dzayo dzokuva nedzerwa kwokuona nokuoneka zvakanaka nokuzvidavirira zvinoonekwa zvinoshanda zvikuru.

Miitiro Inokura Nenguva Yemberi Yokudzorerwa

Zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zviri kusimbisa kuti kutarisira kuchashanda sei mumakumi emakore ari kuuya.

Kuchinja Kweruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Neregtech

Hurumende dziri kushandisa nenzira inowedzera ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kuongorora kuteererwa, kuziva kuputswa, uye kunyorwa kwemikoto. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rweRegtech runopedza mamiriro ezvinhu akadai semiunganidzwa yemajeri anogadzirwa nemunhu, kudzidzwa kwemichina kuti dziwanwe nenzira yokunyengera, uye kuvharwa kwemichina nokuda kwokuratidza zviri kure zviri kushandiswa nezvinodzorwa zvose zviri zviviri zvinodzorwa nezvinodzorwa. Zvishandiso izvi zvinogona kuderedza mutengo, kuvandudza ururami, uye kuita kuti pave nokutarisira kwenguva inokwana inokwana nguva inokwana 06. Somuenzaniso, SEC inoshandisa majeko okutengesa zvinhu zvinonyumwiswa kuti zvionekwenwa zviri kure kutesa. Zvisinei, kuvimba nemitemo inosimudzirawo mirangariro pamusoro pezvakavanzika, kwezvakavanzika, uye kudikanwa kwekutongwa kwevanhu.

Mitemo Yenyika Yose Nokuwiriraniswa

Sezvo kutengeserana nokufambiswa kwemadzimbahwe zvinova nyika yose, kukamukana kwemitemo kunoparira ndyiko huru pamabhizimisi amarudzi akawanda. Kune shingairo inowedzera kutsinhiranisa mipimo mumiganhu yenyika ne(munharaunda) yakadai sebhangi (basel III), dziviriro yemashoko (GDPR semuenzaniso), uye kushuma mhoteredzo. Mitengo yamarudzi ose yakadai seInternational Organization of Secituraties Commissions (IOSCO) neFOR Stability Board (FSB) zvinobatira pamwe chete. Nepo kubatana kwakakwana kusingabviri nemhaka yokusiyana kwezvinokosha zvenyika, kuzivana nebvumirano zvemhoteredzo inogona kuderedza kubatana apo inochengeta mhatsano.

Kutora Rutivi Rworuzhinji Nokuona Zvakajeka

Masangano anotungamirira ari kugamuchira nenzira inowedzera zvishandiso zvokubatanidza vagari vemo mugadziriro yokuisa mitemo. Cherekedzo remazera , mirau yavose, uye zvikuva zvepaIndaneti zvinobvumira vapangi kugovera muuyo. Mamwe masangano akatanga bhajeti yemari kana kuti matare anotarisira vagari vemo nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvakati. Kuonwa kukuru kunoitwa sesangano rokubudisa mashoko, kunyoresa, uye kuisa mitemo, zvinyorwa, uye kuisa miganhuro, zvinobvumira kuti zvivimbe uye zvideredze ngozi yokubata. Somuenzaniso, .

Kuchinja uye Kuchinja

Chinjo yapakarepo yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu yakaita soungwaru hwokugadzirwa, kuronga majini, uye motokari dzinozvitonga dzinogona kushanduka nokukurumidza. Kugadzira mitemo yegamuchidzanwa, iyo inogona kutora makore, kazhinji kazhinji inononoka zvikuru. Kudzora kunochinja kunoshandisa mitemo inonangidzirwa, majecha ejecha anogara achidzikamiswa (panova neinnovators anogona kuedza zvinhu zvichitarisirwa zvakasununguka), uye kunyura kwezuva kunowedzera. Somuenzaniso, U.K.’S

mhedziso

Masangano ehurumende anokosha pabvumirano yenzanga. Anodzivirira vatengi, anochengetedza kuvimbika kwemusika, anochengetedza mhoteredzo, uye anosimudzira kuchengeteka kwevanhu. Asi mutemo haufaniri kugadzirirwa nokungwarira, kumanikidzwa, uye kugadziridzwa nguva dzose kuti vakunde zvinetso zvitsva. Kunetsana pakati pekubudirira uye kudzivirira, pakati pokudzora zvamatongerwe enyika nokuzvitonga, uye pakati pouchangamire hwenyika nokushandira pamwe kucharamba kuchiumba nharo dzinodzorwa. Kunzwisisa marudzi, kukosha, uye ganhuriro yemitemo zvinokosha kunokosha zvinokosha kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anoda kudzora upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Sakatapuko resayenzi nenzanga dzinofambira mberi, kutevera utongi hunobudirira, kuvimbika, uye kutarisira kucharamba kuri basa guru rokutonga kwoutongi hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yese.