Mavhota aya azova chinhu chikuru chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, achipa vagari vemo mutoo wokuvhota pamibvunzo chaiyo yetsika panzvimbo pokungosarudza bedzi vamiriri. Kubva muzvisarudzo zvechinyorwa pamusoro pouchangamire hworudzi kusvikira kumitemo yomunzvimbomo, aya mavhoti anopa vavhoti inzwi rakananga mukuumba udzori hwavo. Pasinei zvapo nokukura kwavo mukushandiswa munyika yose, vagadziri, betsero, uye ngozi dzemadherendi dzinowanzonzwisiswa zvisina kufanira. Nyaya ino inogovera nhungamiro yakakwana kukunongedzera kwamabasa okudzora, basa ravo muhurumende dzazvino unosarudzwa navanhu, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kupinda nomutoo une revo mufungo mumuitiro wacho.

Kunzwisisa Zvidzidzo: Zvinodiwa Nemitemo Yakananga

Anongedzero ivhoti umo vhoti yose inokokwa kuti igamuchire kana kuti irambe chikarakadzo chakati. Chikarakadzo chingava mutemo mutsva, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti chinjo inokosha. Kusafanana neSarudzo, apo vavhoti vanosarudza vamiriri vachasarudza panhambo yakati yenhau, mahendendium anonangidzira ngwariro pamubvunzo mumwe. Nzvimbo dzinoparadzaniswa dzinonongedzera kudivi rimwe chete munzvimbo ye democracy [, achibatanidza masangano avamiriri anodzora nyika zhinjisa.

Pfungwa yacho inotangira kuAtene yekare, uko vagari vemo vakaungana kuti vavhote pamitemo. Zvisinei, maarechendim azvino uno akaumbwa zvikuru, ane mitemo yakajeka pamusoro pokuti ndiani anogona kukarakadza ani angagona kutsanangura mubvunzo, kuti mubvunzo unoda kunyorwa sei, uye kuti chikumbaridzoi chinodikanwa kuti chipfuure. Anogona kutangwa nehurumende, nesangano remitemo, kana kuti [1] zvimwe zvigaro) kupfurikidza nomuitiro unozivikanwa sechiito.

Mavara Makuru Ezvinogadziriswa

  • [ Tsitsiro imwe: Vaongorori vanosarudza pamubvunzo mumwe wakananga, kwete murwi wemitemo.
  • [ Zvisarudzo zvezvisarudzo zvakawanda: Maparera mazhinjisa anopa hungu kana kuti chisarudzo, asi mamwe anobvumira zvisarudzo zvakawanda (g., kuvhota kwakarongwa).
  • Miuyo yemitemo yevhoti inosiana nenyika namashoko akapoteredza.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvakakwirira: Zvimwe zviteshi zvinoda kutora kukurusa (umh., 60% tendero) kana kuti muvhoti muduku kuva anoshanda.

Mhando Dzemareferendendom

Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana - siyana emaparerakodhi kunokosha kuti unzwisise mabasa awo akasiyana - siyana.

  • Miuyo inomanikidzirwa pamutemo. Hurumende inofanira kushandisa muuyo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kutumira kuzvimirira kweScotland kwa2014 uye chibvumirano chorugare cha2016 Colombia serendamu.
  • Advisory Referendentums: Muuyo unogovera nhungamiro kuvagadziri vemitemo asi hakuvamanikidzi kuita chimwe chinhu. Somuenzaniso, 2011 UK serveendam on the Alternative Vote yairumbidza muuyo.
  • Consitugal Referendentums: Kunodikanwa kubvumira chinjo kubumbiro remitemo renyika. Izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvine miganhu yakakwirira yetendero yokudzivirira mitemo inokosha. Ireland nguva dzose ine mavhoti ebumbiro remitemo remitemo, akadai sevhoti yomwero yeroorano ya 2015.
  • Chinetso chakatanhamara, nenhano dzerudzi nedzemagaba:[[FT:1] Voters vamene dzinokarakadza mutemo kana kuti gadziridzo kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nhamba dzakakwana dzesiginicha. Switzerland muenzaniso wakatanhamara, nenhano dzorudzi nedzemacato.
  • [ Hurumende dzinodzorwa: Dzimwe nhau, dzakadai sezvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kana kuti kudzosa bumbiro remitemo, dzinongoerekana dzazviisa pasi pevhoti. Mitengo yakawanda yeU.S. inoda kuti nhau dzechisungo dzisaitwe.

Muitiro Wereferendam: Kubva Pakuda Kuzovapo

Kuitisa appendium kunosanganisira muitiro wakarongeka wokuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvakarurama, kuoneka, uye kuva pamutemo.

Chinoyera 1: Chinotendera uye Chinotendera

Chikarakadzo chacho chinofanira kunyorwa zvakajeka uye kazhinji kazhinji kutsigirwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo kuva nechokwadi chokuti itsika yemitemo uye haisati iri isina kujeka. Munyika dzakawanda, dare kana kuti dare rinosarudzwa ringahwirudzura mubvunzo wacho wokudzivisa mutauro unotsausa.

Chikamu 2: Kushingaira uye Kushatisa Urume

Kana chikarakadzo chatenderwa, nhambo yenhimbe inovamba. Mapoka akasiyana- siyana anotsigira kana kuti anopesana nemwero, achipa nharo kupfurikidza nokushambadzira, kurukurirano dzavose, uye zvinobudisa nhau. Kuvimbisa kuva nechokwadi chenzvero yakasanozivikanwa, hurumende zhinji dzinogovera mabhukwana apamutemo anoratidzira zvibvumikiso zvamativi ose ari maviri. Somuenzaniso, UK Electoral Commission [ inobudisa nhungamiro dzisingasaruki nokuda kwemirayiridzo mikuru.

Chivako 3: Kuridza mhepo

Kuvhota kunowanzoitika pazuva rakasarudzwa, kuchishandisa zviteshi zvokuvhota zvakafanana uye miitiro sesarudzo. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira kuvhota kwokukurumidza, kuvhota, kana kuti kuvhota kwemagetsi. Nzira yokuvhota inofanira kuva yakachengeteka uye inowanika. Munharaunda dziri kure, zviteshi zvokuvhota zvinofamba nemotokari kana kuti kunyange kuvhota kwakavakirwa paInternet kungashandiswa, kunyange zvazvo funganyo dzechengeteko dzinowanzoganhurira zvisarudzo zvakadaro.

Chivako 4: Kuverenga uye Kuva Nezvakakodzera

Pashure pokunge kuvhota kwapera, mavhoti anoverengwa, kazhinji kazhinji pamberi pavacherekedzi vanobva kumativi ose ari maviri enhimbe. Miuyo inoziviswa nechiremera chevhota. Kana kuvhota kuduku kana kuti kuwanda kukuru kuchidakanirwa, chikumbaridzo ichocho chinofanira kusvitswa kuti muuyo umire. Kana pakanga pane tayi kana kuti kukakavadzana, denho dzapamutemo dzingaitika.

Chikamu 5: Kushandisa

Kana arendendam ichida kumanikidza, hurumende inofanira kuita muuyo wacho. Ikoku kungabatanidza kupfuudza mutemo, kururamisa bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti kuita chiito choumukuru wehurumende. Nokuda kweadvisory reavensums, mutevedzeri womutemo unosarudza kana kutevera muuyo wacho. Muitiro wose, kubva pachikarakadzo chokuita, unogona kutora mwedzi inoverengeka kusvikira kuinopfuura gore.

Zvinorehwa Nemarependendumu Mutsika Dzazvino Uno

Kuvhota kunopfuura kungovawo zvako muitiro wokuvhota; kunotapura zvikuru nzira iyo vagari vemo vanobata nayo noutongi.

Simba Nechibvumirano

Masangano anopa vagari vemo udzori hwakananga pazvisarudzo zvinotapura upenyu hwavo. Uku kupiwa simba kunogona kuwedzera fariro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokutora rutivi, zvikurukuru pakati pamapoka anonzwa akaparadzana nezvamatongerwe enyika zvinomirira. Apo vavhoti vanoona kuti bhadharo yavo inogona kuchinja nomutoo wakananga muitiro, ivo vanoiswa mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuvaka Mutemo Nokuvaka Makongiri

Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nokunetesa zvinowanzoita kuti vanhu vanyatsova pamutemo nokuti zvinoonekwa sezvinodiwa nevanhu. Izvi zvinogona kupedza kusawirirana mune zvematongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru panhau dzinoparadzanisa. Somuenzaniso, muchina wokuIreland wa2018 unonzi andendum kuti udzorere Sendromendment (mutemo wokubvisa chikanganiso) waionekwa kwose kwose seunopedza kurwisana kwenguva refu kwenzanga.

Kuzvidavirira Kwavamiriri

Kana vamiririri vakarasika zvikuru mumaonero evanhu, vagari vemo vanogona kutanga kuita zvinhu izvi kuti vasaita zvisarudzo zvemitemo. MuSwitzerland, mapenduru emitemo epaparamende akachinja mitemo yeparamende panyaya dzinobvira pakutama kusvika pakubhadhara mitero.

Dzidzo Nenharo Yavose

Nhambo yenhimbe inomanikidzira nzanga kutarisana nenhau dzakaoma. Kukurukurwa kwenhau dzavose, mapepa, uye mabhizimisi emashoko anodzidzisa vavhoti pamusoro penhau dzavangasafuratira. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuruzivo rukuru namanoro avagari vemo, kunyange zvazvo kunaka kwekurukurirano kunogona kusiana zvikuru.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvekutsiva

Pasinei nokuti vanokwikwidza vanhu kuti vashandise hurumende yavo, mapestendium ane zvimwewo zvinokanganisa.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kwenhau

Mibvunzo yakawanda yeheaderendum inobatanidza miuyo yemitemo kana kuti yemari yakaoma kukurukura muchimiro chakapfava chaecoo-or-no. Vadzori vangasava nenguva kana kuti unyanzvi hwokunzwisisa miuyo yakazara. Somuenzaniso, 2016 Brexit readendandim yakada vagari vemo kuyera mativi mazhinji ebhizimisi, zvinhu zvemitemo, uye zvematongerwe enyika (8kazhinji kazhinji kacho kuderedzwa kunyora zvishongo).

Kufara Nokusakendenga

Kana kudzoka kwakaderera, mugumisiro wacho ungasamirira vanhu vakawanda. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda mukana muduku kuti zviitwe kuti zvive zvakanaka. Mugore ra2005 rejekisendi reFrance paBumbiro reMitemo reEurope, 69% yakaonekwa seyakanaka, asi mabhendi akawanda enzvimbo yacho anoona kuti pasi pe30%, achimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva pamutemo.

Kunyengedzwa Nokunyengedzwa

Mapoka ezvirongwa zvemasangano enzanga angashandiswa zvikuru kufurira vanhu, kushora pfungwa dzavo uye kudzora hurumende kwe2019 kwakashorwa nokuda kwekurukurirano yavose yakaganhurirwa uye kudzora hurumende.

Kutonga Kukuru Namaruramiro Maduku

Kuda kuderedza izvi, mabumbiro emitemo anoda kuti pave nekodzero dzinopfuura dzevamwe kana kuti kodzero dzevaduku kana kuti vanhu vakakurumbira vasakwanisa kudzora kodzero dzavo.

Fundo Dzakaitika: Zvidzidzo Zvakabva Kumarandiro Echinobuda Mugungwa

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo inoratidza kuti masangano anochinja sei zvematongerwo enyika uye kuti chii chinoita kuti pave nokubudirira kana kuti gakava.

Breit Referendim (2016)

Chibvumirano cheUnited Kingdom pamusoro pemitezo yeEuropean Union chakanga chiri vhoti inobatira iyo yakaona 51.9% yavavhoti vachisarudza kuenda. Nhimbe yacho yakaratidzwa nekurukurirano huru, kupomerwa kwenhema pamusoro pemipiro yemari nekubuda munyika yeEU, uye kubuda kwakaderera pakati pavavhoti vaduku. Muuyo wakafumura mapoka makuru ezvikwata zvehurumende uye wakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva mutevedzeri wouchangamire hweparamende. Iyi nhau inoenzanisira simba rokutaura kuti pave nemigumisiro yokusvika kure noukoshiyo yokuronga paapombi.

Kuzvimirira kweScotland (2014)

Vhoti yeScotland pakuzvimirira kana yaizova nyika yakawana purovhinzi yakakwirira ya 84,6% uye muuyo we 55.3% mukurwisana nokuzvitonga. Pepa racho rakatangira kupfurikidza namakore ekurukurirano yakajeka, mubvunzo wakajeka, uye kurukurirano yavose. Yakaratidzira kuti masumo anogona sei kupedza zvinangwa zvenharaunda pasina kutungamirira kurwisano. Muuyo wakagamuchirwa kwechinguvana, kunyange zvazvo kukumbira nokuda kwerendidzvuru yechipiri kwakavapo chifo chekunge kwangoitika.

Kubatana Kwevaviri (2015)

Ireland yakava nyika yokutanga kunyoresa pamutemo roorano yevatano nevhoti yakakurumbira. Terexanderum yakanga ine purojeti ye6 0.5% uye yakapfuudzwa netsigiro 62.

Chilean Constitution Referendum (2022)

Chile yakaita sesendimendi kuti itende bumbiro idzva remitemo rakarongwa nekokorodzano. Chikarakadzo chacho chakarambwa ne 62% yavavhoti pashure pokutsoropodzwa kwakapararira kwourefu hwaro uye zviri mukati mepfungwa. Muitiro wacho wakaratidza ngozi dzokunyora magwaro akaoma kupfurikidza negungano rakasarudzwa ndokusimbisa kudikanwa kwokuumba kubvumirana kukuru pamberi pevhoti.

Kukurudzira Kuita Uye Kuvandudza Unhu Hwokugadzirisa

Kuti masangano ashandiswe kuti aite bviro yawo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kutora rutivi kunofanira kuva kwakakwirira uye kwakaziviswa.

Nhimbe Dzedzidzo Yavose

Hurumende, nzanga yavagari vemo, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinofanira kubatira pamwe kubudisa mashoko akadzikama, anowanika pamusoro pechikarakadzo. Nhungamiro dzavakuru vakuru, vatsananguriri vepaIndaneti, uye misangano yehoro yomutaundi zvinogona kubetsera vavhoti kunzwisisa revodzi. Internationalpotent Institute for Democracy and Electoral Application (IDA) inogovera zviwanikwa pamiitiro yakanakisisa yedzidzo yevoti.

Kurava uye Kubetsera

Kufunga kuti vagari vemo vose vakakodzera vanogona kuvhota zviri nyore.Izvi zvinosanganisira kukurumidza kuvhota, mapepa okuvhota, zviteshi zvokuvhota, uye zvichida kuvhota paIndaneti kwakachengeteka nokuda kwevagari vari kure.

Gakava Rinokurudzira Rouori

Panzvimbo penhimbe dzezviziviso zvinotsamira pamazita, nzanga dzinogona kupinza majee umo nyanzvi navagari vemo vanobatanidzwa mukurukurirano yakadzikama. Izvi zvinoitika zvinosimudzira nzwisiso ndokuderedza paradzano. Nyika dzakafanana neDenmark dzakashandisa “matare apamutemo anoshamisa” kuzivisa vavhoti vasati vateverwa.

Kuronga Vaduku Mumabasa

Zvikoro zvinogona kubatanidza dzidzo yevagari vemo ine chokuita nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye kukosha kwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Nhimbe dzenzanga, kushandira pamwe nevakupesvedzera, uye zvinoitika zvinotapurwa nevechiduku zvinogona kuwedzera kuvimbisana. Somuenzaniso, “Reck the Vote” yakaita kuti vechiduku vabvume kuvhota nokubudirira.

Kuronga Mari Yemushandirapamwe Nokuudzwa Zvisizvo

Kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti mamiriro ezvinhu akarurama, hurumende dzinogona kuisa miganhu pakushandisa mapoka anenge achitsigira kurwa uye dzinoda kuti mari ishandiswe. Masangano anoongorora chokwadi uye zvikuva anogona kutsigira nhema.

Mupeto: Ukoshi Husingaperi Hwoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Yakananga

Referendondom chishandiso chine simba chinobvumira vagari vemo kuumba mitemo nemirairo inovadzora. Pavanorongedzerwa nokufunga nokusasarura, mitemo yakajeka, dzidzo yakasimba, uye kuvhota kunobhadharika (Idzodzi dzinogona kusimbisa kuva nomutemo wedemokratiki, kusimbisa vanhu, uye kupedza nhau dzinoda kurwisana. Zvisinei, vanewo ngozi yokunyanyisa, kunyengera, uye udzvinyiriri. Chinokosha chinova nechokudzikamisa kubatanidzwa nedziviriro yakananga nedziviriro dzemasangano anomiririra vamiririri vamiririri. Nokunzwisisa kuti masangano anoshanda sei uye mipimo yakakwirira yezvokudzora kwavo, vagari vemo vanogona kuvimbisa kuti izvi iratidziro yechokwadi yezvido zvakakurumbira. [DF][3]][5][5] [5]]]