Kudzorwa nokuchengetwa kunoumba musimboti wekudzora kwazvino uno, kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu namasangano vanoshanda mukati memiganhu inodzivirira fariro dzakabatana. Iyi gadziriro haisati iri ganhuriro dzemitemo asi gadziriro dzinokosha dzinochengeta nhevedzano yenzanga, kutsigira maruramiro, uye kuita migariro nokuda kwamakwikwi ane nhevedzano. Pasina mirau yakasimba nemirairo inowirirana, misika yemisika inogona kushatisa, utano hwavanhu vose hunogona kushata, uye kuvimba mumasangano kunogona kuderera. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera chimiro chakasiana chemitemo nemitemo, kunzvera nheyo dzayo dzenhau, zvinetso zvenguva inotevedzerwa, uye mirayiridzo yenguva yemberi.

Hwaro Hwokudzorerwa Kwazvino Uno

Kudzosera kunobatanidza mitemo, mipimo, uye mitemo zvakaumbwa nemitumbi yehurumende kana kuti masangano akazvimirira kuti zvitungamirire mufambiro muzvikamu. Izvi zvirongwa zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa kukundikana kwemisika, kudzivirira vanhu vasina dziviriro, uye kusimudzira zvinhu zvavose zvakadai semhepo yakachena, zvokudya zvakakotsekana, uye masangano ezvemari. Nyika yazvino uno yakatanga mukupindura kukuvadza kwemaindasitiri , miitiro yetsika dzakazvirongwa, uye kuderera kwemhoteredzo, uye kuderera kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo nenzvimbo dzepasi, uye kubvira panguva yakabva pakuna kumitengo yemichina yenyika yose, mibatanidzwa yezvo yemari, uye michina inogadzirwa.

Pakati paro, murairo unoshanda mabasa makuru anoverengeka:

  • Kuderedza mashoko asymmetry – kuvimbisa vatengi navatengi vemitengo vane mvumo kumashoko akarurama kuita zvisarudzo zvezivo.
  • Kuisa kunze [ - kumanikidza vashatisi navamwe vatambi vanokuvadza kuti vatakure ndyiko dzakazara dzemibato yavo.
  • Kutanga masangano omusikirwo [[[FLT: 1] - kudzora maindasitiri umo makwikwi asingashandi, akadai sechero nechero.
  • Kudzivirira maruramiro makuru – kubva kukotsekano yebasa kusvikira kuvandika munzvimbo dzamagetsi.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau

Gadziriro yefambiro mberi yemirau inodzorwa. Kuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20 kwakava nokukura kwemasangano anozvimirira ehurumende muUnited States, akadai seInterstate Commerce Commission (1887) neFederal Trade Commission (14). Iyi mitumbi yakaitirwa basa nokudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira mumibato yenjanji nedzinotsina. MuEurope, masangano akafanana akavamba nokutangwa kwamahofisi emotokari navashandi. Post-World War II, hurumende yeRegatection, zvikurukuru mumhoteredzo nedziviriro. Mutemo wepanyika wakaita se [[FLT:]] Decracrate Act [[FFL:]] [FLD1]] [70] na [5] vagari vemo vapamberi vatsi vatsva]

Ma 1980 na 1990 akaunza fungu rokubvisa murairo, zvikurukuru mumabasa emari nekurukurirano dzamakombiyuta, izvo vatsigiri vakarevera kuti zvaizonyandura kuvandudzwa nokubudirira. Zvisinei, njodzi yemari yenyika yose ya2008 yakasimbisa ngozi dzokusatarisira kwakakwana, kuchitungamirira kukudzorwazve kwemirairo yakatsiridzwa. Nhasi, nzvimbo inodzorwa inoratidzirwa nezvose zviri zviviri kuoma nokuchinjika, namasangano anotsamira zvikuru pamashoko uye mitoo yengozi inovakirwa kukudzika mipimo.

Marudzi Okudzorera

Kunzwisisa izvi zvikamu kunobatsira vanotarisira kubvumirana uye kuitisana nharo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemari

Gadziriro yemari inodzora kudzora, kupinda, uye makwikwi. Inobatanidza kuchengetwa kunorwisana novikwangwani kudzivisa urongwa hwenyika imwe chete nekurongeka, pamwe chete nokuisa mwero wezvinhu zvinodzivirira ruzhinji. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne Federal Energy Regural Commission[ (FLC) [FLC])] muUK nharaunda dzinotarisira idzi nzvimbo. Kudzika kwemitengo yemari inogona kuderedza mitengo, kuwedzera, uye kudzivisa kushambadzwa kwemisika.

Kugadziridza Munzanga

Mitemo yenzanga inobata noutano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo. Ikoku kunobatanidza mipimo inobudiswa, nzvero dzezvokudya zvakakotsekana, uye mitemo yekotsekano kunzvimbo yebasa. [FNT] Entroronal Protection Agency [ (EPA) ne [[FLT]] Game translation [FF]]

Kudzorerwa Kwemari

Mutemo wemari unovimbisa kudzikamiswa nokutendeka kwebhangi, kusachengeteka, uye misika yeinishuwarenzi. Zvinjo dzePfter-2008 kufanana ne Dodd-Frank Act muU.S. uye mipimo yamarudzi ose inovamba zvinodikanwa zvedzimbahwe zvorumano, kuedza, uye dziviriro dzavatengi. Mabhangi eCentral nevemitengi munyika yose kubatira pamwero yokudzivirira ngozi dzegadziriro nedziviriro dzemari nedzinongedzero.

Utano Nechengeteko

Mitemo yekotsekano yebasa, mipimo yekotsekano inogadzirwa, uye tendero dzemishonga zvinowira muboka iri. Zvirongwa zvakadai se Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) zvinoitisa nzvero dzebasa, nepo Commergate Transformation Safety Commission [ (CPSC) inoyeuka zvigadzirwa zvine ngozi. Iyi miraudzo inoponesa upenyu zvakananga: somuenzaniso, OSHA’S yakaparira kuderera kukuru mumijango yebasa chifo cha 1970.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemari

Mitemo inodzivirira vatengi pakubiridzira, kushambadzira kunonyengera, uye miitiro yebhizimisi isina kururama. Federal Trade Commission [FTC] inoita kuti chokwadi chishande mumitemo yakavanzika nemitemo yakavanzika. Muzera ramagedhoni, dziviriro yavatengi yakura kuti ivande mapepa anoputsika, kunyengera kwapaIndaneti, uye rusaruro rweregoric. The European Union’s GY - reloritetion Regtion[ (GDPR) inopa mupimo wakakwana wekusvika kukodzero dzemitengo.

Kushandisa Michina

Kana pasina mutemo unoita kuti mitemo itevedzerwe, mitemo inongovawo zvayo.

Kuongorora uye Kuwedzera

Masangano anoshandisa zvishandiso zvakasiyana- siyana kuongorora kuteererwa: zvinodikanwa zvokuzvishuma, zvokuongorora zvechitatu, mazano okupfuridza mheto, uye mashoko. Somuenzaniso, Sayenzi neKomishoni yeExchange [SEC] (SEC]) zvinoshandisa maarutement akakwirira kuziva mukati memiitiro yokushambadzira. Nenzira yakafanana, vadzori vemhoteredzo vanoshandisa mifananidzo yetellitellite negadziriro dzokunzvera dzinopfuurira kushatisa.

Kuongorora Nokuongorora

Panzvero dzechimbichimbi ibwe rekudzika reindasitiri dzakakwirira. Mafekitari anogadzira zvokudya, mafekitari, uye zvivako zvenyukireya anonzverwa nguva dzose. Gadziriro dzecherekedzo dzinoparirwa nengozi dzinorongazve zvinhu zvine chokuita nenhau yokuputsa kana kuti mabasa ane ngozi. Occupational Safety and Health Ad Administration [OSA] (OS) inonzvera 30 000 gore negore muU.S.

Mari Netsanana

Apo kupunzirwa kunoitika, masangano anogona kuisa faindi yavagari vemo, marezenisi, kana kuti kunongedzera mhaka nokuda kwokurovererwa utsotsi. Muuyo wokudzivisa zvirango unotsamira paukombi hwavo nebviro yokuwana. Somuenzaniso, Eupanean Commission [ yakatora mabhiriyoni amaeuro ari mufashoni mukurwisana namakambani anorwisana noutsotsi. Zvisinei, kunyanyotsamira pamatanho echirango kunogona kusimudzira ukama hwechibvumirano chamasangano [[FLT] akawanda anoshandisa nomutoo unowedzera nzira dzokubatira pamwe sebetsero nebvumirano.

Dzidzo Nenhungamiro

Nzira yokuita kuti zvinhu zvishande inobatanidza kudzidzisa masangano anodzorwa pamusoro pemisengwa yawo. Kuronga kwezvirongwa kunobudisa magwaro enhungamiro, magwenya anotakura, uye mirayiridzo inoshanda. Mic Business Administration (SBA) inogovera zvishandiso zvinodzorwa zvinodzorwa nokuda kwevezvebhizimisi. Uku kubatira pamwe kunogona kuvandudza mwero yokuteerera inoita yakawanda kupfuura kutsinharo yorumano bedzi.

Matambudziko Okuvandudza Nokumanikidza

Pasinei nokuti mitemo inokosha, mitemo inodzorwa inotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinoramba zvichikanganisa kubudirira.

Kutadza Kuwana Mari

Masangano anoronga anowanzoshanda nebhajeti isingafambidzani nezvinorayirwa. Kushanda kwevashandi kunotungamirira kunzvero shomanene, kunzvera kushoma, uye mativi anodzorwa mukugadzira mitemo. Somuenzaniso, U.S. Foat and Drug Administration [FLT] [GA]) inoita basa rokutarisira zviuru zvemirimo nemidziyo yezvokurapa asi yakatarisana nokushorwa kwemibato inononotsa kutenderwa nokuongororwa. Mushumo 2023 neHofisi yeTS [FLT:] Governation Aclation Arectal Arentivement [[FLT] [[FF:3]] [GA] [GA]) yakasimbisa mikahando inopfuurira paSC inodzoro.

Kudzivisa Kugadzirwa Kwemaindasitiri Nokubatwa Negadziriro

Maindasitiri ane simba angarwisa mitemo mitsva kana kuti kutsvaka kuderedza kuchengetwa kwemitemo. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, vadzori vanogona kuva “vane simba rokuita zvinhu” nemaindasitiri avanotarisira, vachitanga vaitira kuti zvinhu zvebhizimisi zvive zvinodzivirira vanhu. Musuo unochinja pakati pehurumende neboka rebasa rinoshanda unogona kuwedzera ngozi iyi. Kurwisa kubatwa, zviito zvokuoneka senhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose nemiraudzo yerwisano yapamhizha zvikurusa zvinokosha.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa uye Kuwedzera

Mitemo yazvino uno inowanzova yakatsvinda uye yakakamukana mumasangano akawanda. Mabhizimisi angaparapatika kuita zvinodikanwa zvinorwisana zvinobva kuzviremera zvomunzvimbomo, zvenyika, uye hurumende. Uku kuoma kuoma kwemitoro kunoti iremekedze mabhizimisi maduku asina vashandi vapamutemo uye vanozviisa pasi. Kuedza kwokubatanidza, zvakadai se Office of Information and Regullation Affairs[ (OIRA) donzo rokuderedza mitemo inodzokororwa muU.S.

Pesvedzero Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nedenho Dzokutonga

Masangano anodzora haasati achidzivirirwa kudzongonyedzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chinjo muhurumende dzinogona kutungamirira kumisiano mikuru mukudzika zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, matare anowanzohwirudzura mirau, uye mirau yakaipa inogona kubvisa makore ebasa resangano. Chaffectron rence[ dzidziso, iyo yakapa masangano rusununguko rwegamuchidzanwa kududzira mitemo isinganzwisisiki, yakaganhurirwa nezvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yeU.S.

Kuchinjira Kuchinjo Yemitoo Yesayenzi Yemagetsi Inokurumidza

Ruzivo rwakafanana noungwaru hwokuisirwa, breatchain, uye kuronga majini anopfuvura mirau yegamuchidzanwa. Vadzori vanofanira kuvamba unyanzvi nokukurumidza kuti vanzwisise ngozi nemirau yakarongwa. European Commission’s Act [ kuedza kune shungu kuparira gadziriro yengozi nokuda kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira, asi kushandisa mirayiro mitsva yakadaro inoramba iri denho inotyisa.

Dzikamo Pakati Pekugadziridzwa Nokugadziridzwa

Vatsoropodzi vanowanzotaura kuti kudzora kwakanyanyisa kunodzivisa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu nokukura kwemari. Nepo mirau yakagadzirwa zvisina kugadzirwa zvakanaka inogona kuisa mitoro isati iri madikanwa zvamazvirokwazvo, ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti mitemo yakasanogadzirwa inogona kunyandura mipimo mitsva kupfurikidza nokugadzira misika mitsva. Somuenzaniso, mipimo yokushanda zvakanaka kwemotokari inonyandura magetsi inoita kuti zvinhu zvishande zvitsva mumotokari dzemagetsi. Chinokosha inzira yokudzora iyo iri inovakwa, ngozi yakavakirwa, uye ufakazi hunoumbwa .

Majecha Anodzora uye Mazano Okuedza

Kuti zvikwanirise matsva, mativi mazhinji akagamuchira mhoteredzo dzinodzorwa nesandboxs -- dzinodzorwa uko kutanga kunogona kuedza zvinhu zvitsva nemitemo yakasununguka pasi poutarisiri hwesangano. [FLT] MISHUMO yeMuitiro [FK] muUK) yakagadzira iyi nzira yefintech, inobvumira makambani kuedza pasina mitwaro yakazara. Majecha akatangwa nokuda kwemadhoroko, motokari dzinoshanda, uye apps dzoutano.

Kunyorwazve kwapamberi pebasa

Kudzikamiswa kwamashoko kunoreva mitoo chaiyoiyo (muremu, “munstill varindi vakakwirira masendimita".). Mitemo yakavakirwa pabasa inogadza nharidzano dzemiuyo yemiuyo yakakwirira zvikurusa inogamuchirika” uye inobvumira masangano kusarudza nzira yokuagonana nayo. Yapashure inogona kukurudzira kuvandudza ndokuderedza ndyiko dzekuteerera, asi inoda kurongedzerwa kwakasimba nokuchengetwa kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti miuyo inosvikwa chaizvoizvo.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwemitemo Munyika Yose

Kushandira pamwe kwemarudzi ose kunokosha kuti kugadziriswe zvinetso zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kusachengeteka kwemitero, uye kusachengeteka kwemakombiyuta.

Zvibvumirano Nemasangano Akawanda

Masangano akadai se World Trade Organization [WT] [WT, Kubatanidza nokuda kweNdengedzero yeMari yeConetic and Development [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Komiti yeBanki yePromita [[FLT]]] inogadza mipimo iyo nyika dziri mitezo inogamuchirwa. [[FT] Paris Requence [[FLT:]] pa mamiriro okunze] inoda kuchinja miraudzo yezvisakiso zvemari zvinowirirana nezvinoshayisa. Mako anoshandawo kupfurikidza ne [FLT]

Kutsinhirana Nokuzivikanwa Kwomumwe Nomumwe

Kuwiriranisa mirau mumativi ose anodzorwa kunoderedza mhinganidzo dzezvokutengeserana nendyiko dzinoteererwa. Musika mumwe weEuropean Union unotsamira pakuwiriraniswa kukuru kwemipimo yezvigadzirwa, nepo Asiya-Pacificial Economic Cooperation[ (APEC) inosimudzira kuzivana kwechengeteko yezvokudya nemiraudzo yemagetsi. Zvisinei, kuwiriraniswa kunogona kuderedza mipimo kuitwero yakafanana; kudzikanisa kwakarurama inhamburiko yekurukurirano inopfuurira.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Mukudzoserwa Nokumanikidzwa

Zvinhu zvakawanda zviri kuitika pachishandiswa ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu, magariro evanhu, uye zvakati kuti.

Kutevedzerwa Kwemashoko uye Kufanodeya Kutaurwa

Vadzori vanoshandisa zvikuru ungwaru hwokugadzira kuti vaongorore mikoto yemashoko, vanofanotaura kusabatanidza, uye kunzverwa kwezvisakiso nenzira inobudirira zvikuru. [[FT:0] [ITTERNAL Revenuve Service] (IRS]) vanoshandisa maaunzi omuchina kuti vadzorere mitero inodzorwa nemifungo yakakwirira yokunyengera. Vaongorori vengano vanogonawo kuziva mafekitari ari mungozi yokubudisa kushatisa kwakanyanyisa, kuchiparira kupindira kusingashandisi. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kweIS kunowedzera mirangariro pamusoro peshatiso nemuitiro wakafanira, kuchida kutarisirwa kwokungwarira kwemireza.

Kutora Rutivi Rwomugari Wemo

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kubatanidzwa muzvirongwa. Zvikuva zvokuronga mitemo zvinobvumira vagari vemo kutsinhira pamitemo inokarakadzwa zviri nyore. Kubatanidzwa kwemari uye madare anotarisira vanhu zvinogona kupa vanhu pfungwa yakananga mukuchengeta. Kuvimbisana kwakadaro kunogona kuwedzera kuva kwakarurama uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo yakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakaitika.

Kugadzikana Nenjodzi Zvakagadzirirwa

Dambudziko reCovid-19 rinofumura utera mugadziriro dzemiitiro, kubva kutenderwa kwemirimo kugovera tarisiro yakatevedzana. Kugadziridza kunoreva kugadzira mitemo inogona kugadziridzwa nokukurumidza munguva yenjodzi, apo inochengetedza. Masangano ari kutora “kushanda nesimba kunodzora” kunobvumira zvirongwa zvechinguvana kana kuti zvinogadziridza pasina kuisa dziviriro huru.

Gadziriro Yamarudzi Ose Yokutonga

Sezvo denho dzenyika yose dzakadai senhenda nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze zvinowedzera, kudikanwa kwemirau inowirirana yamarudzi ose kuchakura. World Health Organization [WHO] uye International International Organization nokuda kweExplogation[ (ISO) inogovera zvikuva zvokubatanidza. Zvisinei, kusawirirana kwezvemajingatsi kungaputsa batira pamwe inodzokororwa. Kuchengeta chivimbo nokujeka zvichava zvinokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta muchinjikwa.

Nzvero Dzakaitika Mukudzoreswa Kunobudirira Nokumanikidzwa

Mienzaniso yakananga inoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzakasanoumbwa dzinoita sei miuyo inooneka.

Kudzorwa Kwemari: Mutemo weDodd-Frank uye Chinjo dzapashure-2008

Pakapera dambudziko remari ra2008, United States yakapfuudza Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act. Iri mutemo wakakwana wakatanga Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), wakaisa zvinodikanwa zvemari inorema zvikuru pamabhangi, uye waida kuti zviteshi zvezvisimbwa zvishandiswe pakuchinjana. Kunyange zvazvo vatsoropo zvichipikisa kuti mamwe mabhangi anoremedza nzanga, kunzvera ne Federal Reserve [ inoratidzira kuti zvivako zvemadzimbahwe zvakawedzera kuva nesimba zvikuru. Mibato yemitengo yekubhangi yakadzo yakadzo yakaitwa neSECC neCT inorwisana nomufambiro usina kururama yakadzosa mabhiriyoni evendizi mabhiriyoni.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemhoteredzo: Nyaya Yokuti Mhepo Yakachena Yakabudirira

U.S. Act yeEmor yeScreat, inodzorwa neNzvimbo inodzivirira njodzi yeMoyer, yakaderedza zvikuru kushatisa mhepo kubvira pakuitwa kwayo. Pakati pa 1970 na 2020, hwerengedzo yezvinoshatisa zvitanhatu zvakadonha zvakadonha ne 78% apo chibereko chikuru chepamusha chakakura ne256%. Zvirongwa zvokugadzira zvinhu, zvakadai sechikamu chechimbishinganiso chemotokari, chinenge chanyandurwa. Kunzvera 2023 kubva ku National Bureautary of Anformation of Economic Research inofungidzira kuti betsero dzeNhambo dzakachena dzemorey Acts dzinopfuura ndyiko dzemari inopfumba gumi apo zvinova nechinoitika nokuda kwoutano.

Kudzivirira Vatengi: GDPR uye Kodzero DzeDhiyamo

Nhlangano weEurope yeTS General Data Protection Regation [GDPR], inobudirira 2018, yakatanga gadziriro huru yedziviriro yemitengi yomunhu oga. Inopa vanhu kodzero dzokupinda, kururamisa, uye kubvisa mazita avo, uye inoisa faindi yeda kusvika ku 4% yepetrover yenyika yose nokuda kwokupunza. Kudzorwa kwemitengidziro nezviremera zvemichina yemichina yetepi. Nepo mamwe mabhizimisi achinyunyuta pamusoro pendyiko huru dzokuteerera, mao anoratidzira kuti vagari vemo vanonzwa vapiwa simba pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvavo. GDPR yazova bhegiro renyika yose, inonyandura mitemo yakafanana muBrazil, India, uye U.

mhedziso

Kudzorwa nokuchengetwa zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokudzivirira vagari vemo nokuva nechokwadi cheruramisiro munyika iri kuramba ichioma. Hazvifaniri kubatana; zvinofanira kushanduka neruzivo rwezvigadzirwa, tarisiro dzezvikwata, uye kubatana kwenyika yose. Kudzikamiswa kwemitemo kunoshanda nokuchinjika, kuchengetedzwa nedzidzo, uye uchangamire hwenyika pamwe chete nebatira pamwe. Sezvo tichitarisana nedenho kubva kuuchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu zvichichinja mamiriro okunze, kunaka kwegadziriro dzedu dzokudzora kuchasarudza kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anenge aita zvakanaka. Kuvandudza kupfuurira, kunozivikanwa nemashoko uye kuvimbisana kwavose, kunokosha kuti pave nehurumende dzinodzora dzinoshanda zvakanaka uye dzakakodzera. Pakupedzisira, chinangwa chemitemo hachisi chokudzora rusununguko asi kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu achaita kuti rusununguko mumigariro apfuure.