Sumo: Kuparadzwa Kusingaperi

Gakava pamusoro pemirau inopesana nokusatendeseka nderimwe rezvinopfuurira zvikuru uye ramanyuko ezvamatongerwe enyika. Haisi chibvumikiso chakasiana asi chigadzikiso chine simba, chinochinja mukupindura njodzi dzemari, kuvhiringidzika kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mipimo yenzanga inochinja. Pamavambo acho, kurukurirano inobvunza mubvunzo mukuru: Nderipi riri basa rakafanira rehurumende mukuumba mufambiro wemisika navatambi mukati mawo?

Uyu mubvunzo hauna mhinduro imwe, yechigarire. Mwero wakanakisisa norudzi rwekupindira kwehurumende zvinosiana zvikuru mumaindasitiri, nhambo dzenguva, uye mamiriro etsika. Nzvero inotevera inopfuudza kupfuura mativi maviri akapfava e "zvakanaka" kana kuti "hasha" murairo wokunzvera mavambo enhau, zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvemakomupikicha, uye denho dzenguva yemberi dzeiyi tsika yakaoma. Kuvadzidzi, vadzidzi, vagari vemo vakaronze, kunzwisisa iyi nzvimbo kunokosha kuti ive nenzwisiso yamasimba anoumba upfumi hwedu nenzanga.

Kurondedzera Mifungo Yamanyoro

Kufamba muiyi nzvimbo, munhu anofanira kutanga kuvaka gadziriro yakajeka. Regation inonongedzera kumiitiro yokuita mitemo nokushandisa inoshandiswa namasangano avose kudzora kana kuti kudzora mibato yezvinhu zvakavanzika. Iyi mirau inogona kuva mirau yakafara mu murairo wemari yezvoupfumi , unodzora kupinda kwomusika, mitengo, uye chibereko chebasa, uye chitaganya chakafara , iyo inoisa nharidzano yakafara soutano hwavose, dziviriro yemhoteredzo yavose, uye migariro yemitengo yebasa, mipimo yekotseko yebasa, yemiteko yemiteko yemiteko yebasa).

Kuderedza muitiro wokuderedza kana kuti kubvisa kutarisirwa kwehurumende yeindasitiri yakati kana kuti mubato. Inowanzorondwa nevavariro yemakwikwi anowedzera, kusimudzira, uye kuderedza mitengo nokuda kwavatengi. Zvisinei, kubvisa kunowanzova kubviswa kwemitemo. Inowanzobatanidza kurongwazve kunokosha kwegadziriro yemitemo.

Ikoku kunotungamirira kupfungwa ye regess. Nhau inoratidza kuti kudzorwa kwemitemo munhambo imwe kunowanzotungamirira kuzvimiro zvitsva zvemirau mune imwe sezvo miuyo yokuchinja bhizimisi inova pachena. Chinetso chetsika chazvino uno hachisi pamusoro pokusarudza pakati pomusika wakasununguka zvakakwana neanodzorwa zvizere, asi pamusoro pokugadzira mibatanidzwa inogamuchirwa [[] zvivako zvinogona kudzidza kubva muruzivo rwokuzviwanira uye kuita miuyo isingagadzirirwi.

Kurambidzwa Kwemitemo Munhau

Zvakaitika kuAmerica zvinopa muenzaniso wakasimba wokuchinja - chinja kunoita maitiro okuchinja - chinja zvinhu pazviitiko zvikuru.

Kufambira Mberi Uye Kutsva

Gadziriro huru yokutanga yemirau yehurumende yakamuka mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19 uye pakuvamba kwerechi20 sedavidzo yakananga kukunyanyisa kweChinjo yeIndustrial. Kuumbwa kweInterstate Commerce Commission (1887) uye kupfuudzwa kweSherman Antislant Act (1890) kwakanga kuri kuedza kuvambazve muzvitima zvemondizo imwe chete nezvitendiso. Uyu mudzimu wakapfuurira nokusikwa kweFod and Drug Administration (FDA) neFFRAC Comment (FFT).

Kuderera Kukuru kwoUkuru hwoKuderera kwoUkuru hworuwa kuma1930 kwakatanga kechipiri, fungu guru remitemo pasi paPrezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Development. Chitendero chikuru chakanga chiri chokuti misika isina kudzorwa yakanga yakundikana nengwavaira. Iyi nhambo yakavakwa yamasangano anochinja kwezvakadai seSecurities neExchange Commission (SEC) kumapurisa yemisika yemari, Federal Depositit Inishuwation Corporation (FIC) kudzivirira mabhangi, uye National Laborty Revotion Board (NLRB) kuti zvisarudzo zvebasa. Masangano aya akaumba chiwirira chehurumende chazvino uno uno uno unoregwanwa, chakagadzirirwa kugovera chengeteko nokuchengeteko mumhoteredzo yemari inonyongano yemari.

Kumuka Kwekuchinja Kwetsika (1960s - 1970s)

Gadziriro yechitatu yakabuda muma1960 na 1970, nguva inonangidzira ngwariro kwete pagadziriro yemari asi pamiuyo yenzanga. Yakadzorwa nesangano remhoteredzo riri kuwedzera uye shambidziko yavanhu, hurumende yakagadzira masangano ane simba akadai seEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA), uye Consumer Provenuty Safety Commission (CSCCC). Nguva ino yakaratidzira kukura kukuru kwebasa rehurumende mukudzora ngozi nezvinoitika zvenzvimbo dzeindasitiri.

Zvisinei, pakupera kwama1970, kupesana kwakavamba kupesana nouremu hwakawedzerwa hweiyi mirau.Vatsoropodzi vakarangarira kuti kuisa mitemo zvakanyanyisa kwakanga kuri kudzvinyirira kutangwa, kuremedza mabhizimisi nendyiko yakakwirira yokuteerera, uye kuparira kusagadzikana kwezvemari.

Musangano Wokudzima (1970s - 1999)

Kubvisa muganhu kwakawana simba mukutonga kwaPurezidhendi Jimmy Carter uye kukurumidza zvikuru pasi paPurezidhendi Ronald Reagan. Iyi nhambo yakaratidzirwa nechitendero chakasimba mukubudirira kwemisika yakasununguka. Mutemo mukuru webipartisa wakatungamirira kukubviswa kwamaindasitiri anotsoropodza, kubatanidza mafekitari endege (1988), marori (1980), uye matrains (1996),. Muchikamu chemari, mubatanidzwa weProjekiseni reGlasss-Stagall Act muna 1999 wakabvisa mhingani dzeDepression-eralment pakati pebhangi remari.

Zvisinei, yakaisawo chikonzero chenjodzi dzomunguva yemberi nokuderedza utarisiri mune zvemari uye kuita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu okubatanidza maindasitiri makuru.

Kutamazve kwePfter-2008 uye Nguva Yazvino Uno

Kuparara kwemasangano makuru ezvemari kwakaita kuti pave nedambudziko guru rokuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu, kunyanya mamiriro ezvinhu eDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation uye Consumer Protection Act muUnited States uye Basel III yakaita kuti nyika dzakawanda dziite maererano nebvumirano.

Nhasi, shamhu iri kukweviwa nemasimba matsva. Kukwira kweBig Tech, tyisidziro yokukurumidza yokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye migumisiro youchenjeri hwokugadzira zviri kuparira nhambo itsva yekurukurirano yokudzorwa kwemitemo. Vagadziri vemitemo vari kurwisana nezvinetso zvisingawirirani zvakanaka negadziriro dzekare, kubva pakuva voga kwemashoko uye kugutsa kuva nomwero kusvikira kurumano rwemitemo necarbon.

Madimbu Anokosha Emapoka

Gakava risiri rechokwadi rinobva ratanga kufungwa nezvaro parinenge richishandiswa panzvimbo dzakati dzezvemari.

Masangano Ezvemari

Chikamu chezvemari zvimwe muenzaniso wakajeka zvikurusa wedenderedzwa rokudzokororwa. Mitemo yeNew Deance-era, se Glass-Stagellall, yakagovera makumi amakore etsiga. Kufamba kwapanguva dza 1990 kwakabvumira kusikwa kwemakonzo makuru, akabatanidza mari. Kushaikwa kwoutariri pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvenyika nepepurime inoritswa kwakaparira kuputika muna 2008.

Mhinduro yacho, Dodd-Frank, yakaparira Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ndokuisa mabhangi makuru mumiedzo yefunganyo yakaoma.

Muitiro Wemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inomirira chinoitika chakatanhamara chokupindira kwehurumende kwakagadzirirwa kururamisa kundikano yomusika: kushatiswa. Spearect yeMudziyo neChrease Mvura Act zvakavandudza zvikuru utano hwavanhu nemavara emhoteredzo chifo chama 1970, zvichiratidzira simba remipimo yehurumende.

Gakava razvino uno pano rakavakirwa pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Vatsigiri vemitemo yakasimba yokutsigira kugadzirwa kwecarbon price, miganhu yokubudisa magetsi yakanyanyisa, uye kuiswa kwesimba regirini mumitengo.Vashori vanotaura kuti mitemo yakadaro inoisa mari inorema yemari, inodzivisa kugadzirwa kwesimba, uye kuti kugadzirwa kwezvoruzivo rwezvinhu, panzvimbo pezvirevo zvehurumende, kunopa nzira yakanakisisa. Inflatection Reduction Act inomirira kuchinja kwetsika, ichishandisa kurudziro dzokutsigira mari uye mitero panzvimbo pokuita kuti idzoredze kugadzirwa kwemotokari.

Kurapwa

Kutarisira utano muUnited States inzvimbo yakarongeka zvikuru, ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokonzera kusawirirana kukuru mune zvematongerwe enyika. FDA inodzora kuchengeteka uye kushanda kwezvinodhaka nezvigadzirwa. Affordal Care Act (ACA) inochinja bhizimisi reinishuwarenzi nemitemo, mari, uye kudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu anenge avapo.

Chinetso chikuru chiri pakati pechishuvo chokuwana kwakapararira, kunotengwa nokudikanwa kwokudzora ndyiko nokusimudzira. Vatsigiri vokubvisa magweta nokuda kwechinjo dzinosimudzirwa pamusika, zvakadai sokubvumira inishuwarenzi kutengeswa mumitsetse yehurumende uye kuwedzera mari yeHealth Savings, vachisimbisa kuti makwikwi achaderedza ndyiko. Vatsigiri vemitengo kusvikira kundyiko huru yokudzora yegadziriro inodzorwa uye vatsigiri nokuda kwokuwedzera mapurogiramu einishuwarenzi yavose, zvakadai seMedicaresare, kana kuti kushandisa mitoo yakananga yemitekiso pamishonga.

Ruzivo Nemidziyo

Kukura nokukurumidza kwenhamba yezvemari yeInternet kwakaparira kupera kwemitemo uko zvino kwava kuvamba kuzara. Mumazuva apakuvamba, nzira "yokukweva chiedza" yakabvumira hofori dzakadai seGoogle, Meta, uye Amazon kukura neganhuriro shoma. Zvisinei, nhevedzano yezvisakarurama zvinobatanidza kuvanza mashoko emunhu oga, mashoko asina kururama, uye simba remisika yaparira kudzokororwa kune simba.

The European Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) yazova chiratidzo chenyika yose chekuviga mashoko. MuUnited States, vaiti vemitemo vari kukwikwidza chinjo dzinorwisana novezvematongerwe enyika dzakaitirwa kuputsa simba roudzori, uyewo mitemo yokudzora zviri mumanyuko anobudisa nhau uye kujeka kwemitengo. Denho yenguva yemberi ndeyokudzivirira uye kusimudzira makwikwi asingadzoresi mavambo anoparira upfumi hwemitengo.

Mhaka Yokudzoresa

Vatsigiri vemitemo yakasimba vanotaura kuti kupindira kwehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokururamisa kukundikana kwemisika inosanotaurwa. Pasina mitemo, mabhizimisi haana kurudziro yokupa mhaka nokuda kwezvakaipa zvavanoisa panzanga, zvakadai seshatiso kana kuti ngozi yemari. Kudzorwa kuri madikanwawo kukurukura mashoko, uko vatengesi vane zivo yakawanda zvikuru pamusoro pechigadzirwa (sengozi yacho yemari) kupfuura vatengi.

Kupfuura kushanda zvakanaka kwezvemari, mitemo inoshanda munzanga inokosha. Inodzivirira vanhu vasina dziviriro pakushandiswa zvisina kunaka, inovimbisa mwero mukuru wokuchengeteka pabasa nezvinhu zvinotengwa, uye inotsigira kodzero dzevanhu.

Mhaka Yokuramba Kuchengetwa

Vatsigiri vokubvisa mhaka vanotaura kuti kupindira kwehurumende kunowanzova kwenzira dzisiri dzechokwadi, kunodhura, uye kunobatwa nyore nyore namaindasitiri amene kwainoda kudzorwa. Vanonongedzera kumurangariro wokubata [[[FLT: 0] kudzora, uko vakuru vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa mirau ine simba kuparira miganhu kupinda uko kunodzivisa makwikwi nokudzivirira mhindu dzavo.

Kupfuurirazve, ndyiko dzinowedzerwa dzokuteerera dzinogona kuva mutoro mukuru, zvikurukuru kumabasa maduku naane ruzivo rwapamusoro. Vanotsigira kutengeswa kwemitengo yakasununguka, inotungamirirwa nechisarudzo chavatengi uye bhizimisi, ine simba uye inoshanda zvikuru kupfuura dzimwe nzira ipi neipi yakarongedzerwa. Vanotsigira nhau dzebudiriro dzekuderedza, zvakadai sokuderera kunoshamisa kwemari yendege nokuwedzera kwemibato yemibatanidzwa yemari, sechiratidzo chokuti kubvisa ruoko rukuru rwehurumende kunogona kuparira kukura kwemari uye kubatsira vatengi.

Fundo Yenhau Yepanyika Mumuitiro

Kuongorora zvakaitika kare kunotipa zvidzidzo zvakajeka nezveramangwana.

Murayiro Wokudzinga Ndege wa1979

Ikoku kunowanzotaurwa senhau yebudiriro yekubvisa mutemo. Pamberi pa 1978, Civil Aeronautics Board inodzorwa zvakasimba mari nenzira, kuchitungamirira kumitengo yakakwirira nechisarudzo chakaganhurirwa. Act yakabvisa izvi zviteshi, ichibvumira ndege kukwikwidzana norusununguko pamutengo uye basa. Mugumisiro wakanga uri kuderera kunoshamisa mumari anenge anenge (anopfuura 40% apo yakagadziridzwa nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo) uye kuwedzera kukuru mukusvika kwendege nokuda kwevagari veAmericawo zvavo.

Zvisinei, nyaya yacho ine zvinetso. Makwikwi makuru akaita kuti pave nokubatana, nevanotakura zvinhu vakawanda vari kubhuroka kana kuti vari kuwanikwa. Izvi zvakaguma nokutengeswa kwendege dzakawanda nhasi, umo ndege shomanene dzine mikwikwi inodzora mikwidzo, zvichiita kuti pave nokuderera kwemakwikwi, mari yemitoro, uye kuderera kwemibato yemimwe migwagwa.

Kuderera Kwemari uye Dambudziko Rakaitika Muna 2008

Kana kubviswa kwendege iri nhau yebudiriro, kubviswa kwemari kwokupera kwama 1990 namavambo ama 2000 kunobatira sengano. Repeal of Glass-Steallall, yakabatanidzwa neCommodity Futures Moderdation Act ya 2000, iyo yakasunungura zvakajeka pamusoro pezvinobva muuwandu hwemari, yakaita gadziriro yemari yakanga yakabatana zvikuru uye yakaderera zvikuru.

Apo kuputika kwenzvimbo dzokugara kwakaputika, kushaikwa kwemikana yokuona zvakanaka mukuvadziko yemari yakaoma kudzorera kwakaparira gadziriro yose yemari kutora. Ndyiko yebhero inovapo somuuyo nokuderera kwemari yakayerwa mumamirioni emadhora. Iyi nhau inobatira sechibvumikiso chine simba nokuda kwokudikanwa kwemitemo yakasimba mumasangano akati, zvikurukuru ayo uko kukundikana kwesangano rimwe kunogona kuva nemiuyo ine ngwavaira.

Kugadzirwa Kwemari Nokudzorerwa Kwebasa

Kukwira kwezvikuva zvakadai seUber, Lyft, uye GwayDash kwaita nzvimbo yehondo yazvino uno inodzorwa nemitemo. Makambani aya akakanganisa tekisi neindasitiri dzezvokufambisa zvine mirayiridzo mikuru, achipa basa rakapfava nemitengo yakaderera. Vakataura kuti vatyairi vavo vakanga vari vagadziri vakazvimirira, kwete vashandi, vachibvumira kudzivisa mari shomanene yomuri, nguva yomuraudzo, inishuwarenzi yokushairwa basa, uye muripo wavashandi.

Uku kurongeka kwakatungamirira kuhondo huru dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. SaCalifornia akapfuudza mitemo (AB5 yakananga pakurongazve vashandi vanoshanda savashandi, bedzi kuona vavhoti vachitendera mwero webhorati (Profiti 22) kusunungura vatyairi vakavakirwa paapp. Kurukurirano itsika dukusa yedenho huru: nzira yokushandisa nayo mirau yamabasa yapakati ye 20 yakagadzirirwa upfumi hwefekitari kunzvimbo yakavakirwa pa 21 yakavakirwa pagiramu. Muuyo uchava netapuro huru nokuda kwenguva yemberi yebasa nereti rekotsekanwo yenzanga.

Kusarudza Ramangwana: Kudzora Kunochinja

Gakava rekare pakati pemirau nokubvisa muganhu riri kuva rechinyakare. Denho dzakaoma dzezana ramakore rechi21 (kuvambira pauchenjeri hwokuisika kusvikira kumugariro wokunze kusvikira kudzoreswa kwechadenga) kusvikira kutomutoo mutsva, wakaoma zvikuru. Nharidzano yacho haifaniri kuva kuva kuva kuva kuva kuva kuva kuva nehurumende yakawanda kana kuti shoma, asi kuvaka miitiro inoshanda, inochinjika, uye inochinjika.

Ikoku kunobatanidza nheyo huru dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, kunyorwa kwemitemo yakavakirwa pa kunofanira kutsiva hondo dzepfungwa. Kunzvera kwokudzikamisa kunofanira kunzvera zvakakomba zvose zviri zviviri ndyiko nebetsero dzemitemo mitsva. Chechipiri, mirau inofanira kugadzirirwa kuva yakanyorwa, negadziriro dzokunyura kwezuva uye nzira dzokuongorora nadzo kuti igogadziridzwa sezvo ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nemisikachaidzo ichigona kugadziridzwa.

Chechitatu, majekiseni ejecha anodzorwa anobvumira vagadziri kuti vaedze zvinhu zvitsva mumhoteredzo inodzorwa mugadziriro yemitemo yakareruka, kupa vadzori mamiriro ezvinhu kuti vadzidze pamberi pegadziriro zvechigarire. Pakupedzisira, kubatana kwenyika dzose kunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwezvinetso zvisingaremekedzi miganhu, zvakadai sokuyerera kwemitero, kudzivisa mutero, uye kubudisa carbon.

mhedziso

Mubvunzo wenzira yokudzora nayo misika haisati iri mumwe unogona kupedzwa kamwe chete nokusingaperi. Ndiyo muitiro unopfuurira wokuwana, kugadziridza, uye kurukurirano. Kuchinja kwemiitiro kuchapfuurira kupindura mukuita kuti njodzi itsva uye kudzidza kutsva zvishande. Nharidzano yokudzora inobudirira ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti uyu musiyano hausati uchichinja kuva musiyano unoparadza.

Kupfurikidza nokufunda chinyorwa chenhau, kubatanidzwa nemhatsa dzakati, uye kubatanidzwa mugadziriro yokudzidza inopfuurira, tinogona kuvaka gadziriro iyo iri zvose zviri zviviri nesimba uye inosimba, ichishandisa simba remisika nepo ichidzivirira fariro yavose. Mugari wemo akadzidza, anogona kubatanidzwa neiyi mifungo yakajeka, ndiye chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa mugadziriro iyi.