Table of Contents

Kunzwisisa kuti masangano emitemo ehurumende anoshanda sei kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi angada kuenda kumatare, angava seboka kumhaka, uchapupu, kana kuti kungozivawo zvake mugari wemo. inenge 90 muzana yemhosva dzose dziri mudare reUnited States dzinonzwiwa pamwero wehurumende, achiita kuti matare ehurumende ave musimboti wegadziriro yedare reUnited States. Iyi nhungamiro ine mashoko akajeka, ane udzame pamusoro pedare, mabasa, uye masangano ematare ehurumende nemitemo muUnited States yose.

Hwaro Hwemitemo yeHurumende

MuUnited States, hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe ine mitemo yadzo dzimene negadziriro dzamatare azvo zvimene, nematare ehurumende nehurumende anosiana mugadziriro nemisiano inokosha pakati pedare rehurumende nerehurumende pamwe chete nokusiana pakati pehurumende dzakasiana - siana. iyi gadziriro yamativi maviri yeruramisiro inoratidzira chimiro chehurumende yeAmerica yehurumende, umo simba rinogoverwa pakati pezviremera zvorudzi nehurumende.

Somutemo mukurusa wenyika, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoumba gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende umo simba rinogoveranwa pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, nezvose zviri zviviri hurumende yehurumende nehurumende imwe neimwe ine gadziriro dzayo dzimene dzedare.

Dare reHurumende rinorwisana neDare Rehurumende: Kunzwisisa Mhaka

Kunzwisisa kuti matare api ane simba pamhaka dzakasiyana - siyana dzemhosva, kusanganisira nyaya dzehurumende, dzakadai senyaya dzezviito, nyaya dzinonzi dzikuvadzwe nomunhu oga, nyaya dzemudare remhuri, kuda kupiwa zvinhu nenzvimbo, uye nyaya dzezvinhu, uye matare ehurumende ane chiremera chokuteerera nyaya dzomunharaunda, dzakadai sokuputswa kwemitemo yeruwa neguta.

Matare ehurumende anotonga bedzi nhau nenhau dzomutemo wehurumende, kubatanidza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, zvinhu zvoungwaru, uye mhaka kana kuti mhaka pakati pavagari vehurumende venyika mbiri dzakasiyana - siyana, uye iyi gadziriro yedare inotonga inopedzawo nharo pamusoro pezvibvumirano, mhaka dzokubhuroka, uye mutemo wehurumende.

Zvirongwa Zvedare Rehurumende

Kazhinji kazhinji dare rehurumende rinobatanidza Dare reHurumende Rapamusorosoro sedare rokupedzisira, iro rakafanana neDare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States, pasi peDare Rezvikwiro reHurumende riri pasi peDare Rezvikwidzo reUnited States rinowirirana neDare Rokukwirira riri mugadziriro yehurumende, uye mwero wakaderera zvikuru wedare ungava matare anotonga anowirirana neUnited States District Courts mugadziriro yehurumende.

Munenge hafu yenyika negadziriro yehurumende, kune maapellate edare, nedare rokutanga, iro ringava pamwero wechitatu muboka ravafundisi, rinowanzorondedzerwa sedare rapakati. Kunzwisisa ichi chimiro chenhau chakakomba kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti nhau dzinofamba sei mutsika uye kuti idare ripi rine chiremera pamusoro penhau dzakasiyana.

Dare Rokutonga: Panotanga Mhaka

Dare rokutonga rinoumba hwaro hwegadziriro yokutonga yehurumende uye ndimo umo kutonga kwakawanda kwapamutemo kunovamba. Dare rokutonga ndeuko nhau inovamba: ufakazi hunopiwa, zvapupu, uye maidi zvinosarudzwa mumutemo, uye apa ndipo apo maidi enhau yacho anosimbiswa, ufakazi hunotangwa, uye mutemo unoshandiswa kumaidi iwayo kusvika chisarudzo, nebasa redare rokutonga riri rokusarudza chaizvoizvo ndokushandisa mutemo wakafanira kumugariro iwoyo.

Dare rehurumende idare rine simba muhurumende uye mutongi wenhau dzinobatanidza bumbiro remitemo rehurumende nemitemo yehurumende, kubata nhau dzemitemo dzine chokuita nomutemo wemhuri, zvibvumirano zvezvido nenzvimbo, mhosva dzechibvumirano, mhosva dzechibvumirano, uye mhaka dzoutsotsi zhinjisa. matare aya ane chinozivikanwa se "chiremera chepakuvamba," kureva kuti matare okutanga kutonga nokusarudza mhaka.

Musiyano unokosha zvikurusa pakati pedare rinotonga nedare rokutonga ndewokuti dare rinotonga kazhinji kazhinji harisarudzi nhau dzeidi, nepo riri mudare rinotonga, idi racho richitapurwa (kazhinji kazhinji mutongi kana kuti mutongi) achawana idi, uye zvakapfava zvikuru, mubvunzi weidi achasarudza, pahwaro hwakapiwa napapo, chakaitika.

Basa Ravatongi Namariro Mumatare Okutonga

Mitongo yose iri miviri yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi inovamba mumatare okutonga, umo mutongi anotonga nyaya uye achaita rutongeso paripo ufakazi hunogona uye husingagoni kupiwa, uye pashure poufakazi hwose noufakazi hwakapiwa, mutongi anosarudza mhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka kwomukwirirwi akavakirwa pamaidi anopiwa. Mumimwe migariro, mapoka angarega kodzero yavo kutongwa nedare rinobetsera uye panzvimbo pezvo mutongi anobatira sezvose zviri zviviri muiti womutemo nomuwani weidi muzivikanwa muinozivikanwa se "dare redare redare redare".

Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, idzo dzinowanzoedzwa kudare rinobetsera vatongi, mutongi anotonga "kubharisa" vatongi pamutemo pamugumo wenhau yacho, uye vatongi ipapo vanoronga kusarudza kana mukwirirwi ane mhaka yakavakirwa pamutemo sepomerwo namaidi sezvo vatongi vanowana. Uku kutsaura mabasa (nemutongi) neanosarudza mibvunzo yapamutemo uye vatongi vanosarudza mibvunzo yechokwadi yedare reAmerica.

Matare Okutonga Ane Chienzi

Dare rehurumende rinosanganisira matare akasiyana - siyana, kusanganisira Minicilla, Hurumende, Appellate, uye Dare Repamusorosoro, uye rinoshanda pasi pezviremera zvakasiyana - siyana uye pasi pemitemo yehurumende inovadzora.

Matare Okunobhaisirwa uye Emunharaunda

Matare omunzvimbomo, anozivikanwawo sematare emanisiparati, imatare echiremera chakaganhurirwa ane chiremera pamusoro pemhosva duku uye mhaka dzisina kururama dzinoitwa mukati metaundi rakati kana kuti guta, uye mitemo inodzora matare emaninisiparati ndeiyo inogadzwa nemitemo yehurumende, uye nemhaka yaikoku, muitiro wapamutemo unosiana munyika nehurumende.

Matare Emhuri

Matare emhuri anobata nhau dzine chokuita noukama hwomumba, kubatanidza chatanuro, kodzero yokuchengeta vana netsigiro, kurera vana, kubereka, uye kudzivirira kwamasimba masimba mudzimba.

Matare Anotonga

Dare revatongi rinotarisira kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo pashure pokunge mumwe munhu afa, kubatanidza zvibvumirano, kugadza vamiriri kana kuti vatarisiri, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvinoparadzirwa mukuwirirana nezvido zvomunhu akafa kana kuti mutemo wehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinopawo matare ehurumende dzemo dzapamutemo chiremera pamusoro pezvikepe zvinochengeta uye zvirongwa zvokuvhiya nokuda kwavakuru vasina kusimba.

Dare Riduku Rinotaura Zvaro

Dare iri rakagadzirirwa kuti riwane vanhu vasina magweta, uye kuti risabhadhare mari yakawanda kupfuura matare ehurumende.

Dare Rokubvunzurudza

Dare rokutanga rinoita serakatapurwa, iro ringava pamwero wechitatu muboka ravafundisi, rinowanzorondedzerwa sedare rapakati, uye mwero unotevera wedare rinotonga dare rinotonga dare rokupedzisira; idare rakakwirira zvikurusa uko mhaka inogona kutorwa. Hadzisi nyika dzose dzine matare apakati; munyika idzodzo dzine dare rimwe bedzi, hakuna dare rapakati, uye Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa idare pamusi wechitatu wedare ravakuru vakuru.

Masangano asingagutsikani nechisarudzo chedare redare redare rehurumende angaisa kukwirira kumatare ehurumende, uye anonzwawo mhaka dzinobatanidza dudziro dzemitemo yehurumende namabumbiro enyika. Aya matare apakati anobatira basa rinokosha mutsika yokutonga kupfurikidza nokugovera mwero wokutanga wehwirudzuro apo anoderedza mutoro wemhosva padare rapamusorosa rehurumende.

Kusiana Kunoita Matare Anotonga

Dare rinoita zvokubvunzurudza hariwanzosarudzi nhau dzechokwadi, uye dare rinoongorora zvinhu richatora zvakawanwa ndokusarudza nhau dzomutemo dzinopiwa nenhengo dzinokwirira.Uyu ndiwo musiano mukuru uyo vanhu vakawanda vanowana uchivhiringidza pavanotanga kusangana nenhau yacho.

Kusiyana nematare anotonga, matare anotonga haachinji kana kunzwa uchapupu hutsva; haanzwi zvapupu zvichipupurira; uye hapana dare rinobetsera dare rinobetsera dare rinobetsera nokusabvumirana kwapamutemo, dare rinobetsera ringasarudza maidi mukutongwa, nepo vatongi vanotonga vachisarudza nhau dzomutemo, kutongwa kunonangidzira ngwariro pakusarudza maidi nemhosva, uye kukwirira paukoshi pamusoro pokuti mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama here.

Nepo matare okutonga achibatanidza mutongi mumwe anotungamirira mhaka, anoita zvisarudzo oga, uye anodzora nhau yacho, dare rinotonga rinoshandisa boka ravatongi vatatu kuti vanzwe nhau, vaviri vachiumba voruzhinji, uye nhamba yavatongi paboka inogona kusiana. Uku kusvika kwevatongi vakawanda kunobetsera kuvimbisa kusachinjana uye kusanoita chisarudzo.

Muitiro Wokuhwirudzura

Chikumbiro hachisi kutongwazve; panzvimbo pezvo, muitiro wapamutemo umo dare rekukwirira kana kuti dare rapakati rinonzvera kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika mukati mokutonga. Basa redare redare nderokusarudza kana zvikanganiso zvakaitika mumuitiro wokutonga kana kuti kududzira kwomutongi mutemo, uko kwakatungamirira kumugumisiro wenhau, uye dare ringasarudza kuti kunyange zvazvo zvikanganiso zvaivapo, izvi hazvina kuparira rusaruro kana kuti kuparira kutonga kusina kururama, naizvozvo chisarudzo hachichinjiki.

Nhau dzekukwirira dzingabatanidza kana mutemo waishandiswa nedare rokutonga wakanga wakarurama, kana pakanga pane ufakazi hwakakwana hwakapiwa nokuda kwokuwana kweidi kuita kuwana kwechokwadi, kana kuti kana mutongi akakanganisa kupfurikidza nokuramba chikumbiro chomutongi chokupa ufakazi hwakati. Magweta anofanira kuziva mhosho dzapamutemo chaidzoidzo uye chikonzero nei zvikanganiso izvozvo zvichibvumira kuchinjwa kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwechisarudzo chedare rokutonga.

Matare Apamusorosoro Ehurumende

Mwero unotevera wedare rinotonga dare rakasiana - siana idare redare rokupedzisira; idare rakakwirira zvikurusa uko nhau inogona kutorerwa kazhinji kazhinji, uye aya matare akakwirira zvikurusa anogona kupiwa zita, "matare akakwirira". Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva ane mazita akasiana emwero yakasiana- siyana yematare ehurumende, somuenzaniso, muNew York, Dare Rapamusoro harisi dare rakakwirira zvikurusa, sezvo Supreme Court iri dare rinotonga, iro rinogona kunyonganiswa sezvo nyika zhinjisa dzinoshandisa iri zita kunongedzera kudare rapamusorosorosorosorosorosoro pehurumende, uye Dare rezvikwidzo idare rehurumende reNew York.

Dare Repamusorosoro reHurumende rine chiremera chokunzwa kusawirirana mukati mehurumende uye rinonzwa nhau dzinobatanidza dudziro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nomutemo wehurumende.

Kuongorora Nouchenjeri uye Certiorari

Mugadziriro ine dare rapakati, maruramiro akakwana omukwirirwi anodzokororwa bedzi kudare iroro rapakati, uye kana dare iroro richifanira kusarudza mhaka yake, mukwirirwi anogona kukumbira Dare Rapamusoro kuhwirudzura nhau yake, asi rinofanira kuita saizvozvo bedzi pachisarudzo charo, uye kukumbira kuhwirudzurwa kwakadaro kunonzi chikumbiro nokuda kwecertiorari.

Dare guru iroro rine chiremera chokutonga rinowanzoramba kupa zvikumbiro zvizhinjisa nokuda kwecertiorari, kuchiganhurira kuhwirudzuro dzaro kunhau dzinokosha zvikurusa, uye somuuyo, kunyange apo boka rinotonga rehurumende rine mwero mina panzvimbo pamitatu, mhaka zhinjisa dzevagari vemo kana kuti dzoutsotsi hadzisati dzichizopfuura mwero wechitatu. Uku kutonga kunobvumira matare makurusa kuisa ngwariro yazvo yakaganhurirwa panhau idzo dzinopa mibvunzo yapamutemo inokosha kana kuti rwisano mumutemo dzinoda chisarudzo.

Chiremera Chinobatanidza Chezvisarudzo Zvinoda Kuitwa

Mumwe musiano pakati pokutonga nematare edare rinotonga ndewokuti murangariro wedare rinotonga unonzi "kubatanidza" chiremera, uye apo mutongi anotonga anoita chisarudzo, chisarudzo chinoshanda kumativi mumhaka iyoyo, asi hachishandi kune dzimwe nhau. Iyi nheyo yemuenzaniso, inozivikanwawo se "stare decis," inokosha kutsika yemitemo yavose uye inobetsera kuvimbisa kusachinja uye kutevedzana mumutemo.

Kunzwisisa Zvirongwa Zvepamutemo Mumatare Ehurumende

Kudzika mitemo kunoda kunzwisisa matanho akasiyana - siyana uye nzira dzinoitwa nemhosva dzinobva pakutanga kuenda pakugadzirisa.

Kuparira Mhaka

Nyaya dzepamutemo dzinotanga apo mumwe munhu anonyora gwaro repamutemo nedare. Mumhosva dzehurumende, iri gwaro rinowanzonzi "rinopa mhosva, kana kuti rinenge richinzi“ nyunyuto, ” parinenge richitongwa, muitiro wacho unotanga nokunyoreswa kwemhosva, zvimwe nemashoko anochengetwa nomuchuchisi kana kuti mhosva inodzoserwa nedare guru rinobetsera vatongi.

Kupikiswa Kwemhosva Dzehurumende

Munhau yavagari vemo, mupomeri (munhu anounza dare) anoisa nyunyuto inoonesa pomero dzechokwadi uye kutaura kwapamutemo pamusoro pomukwirirwi (munhu ari kukwidzwa). Chinyunyuto chinofanira kubatira nenzira yakafanira pamukwirwi, uyo ipapo ane nhambo yakatarwa yenguva yokunyora mhinduro, inowanzonzi "Pfit" mhinduro yacho ingabatanidza dziviriro kukutaura kwomupomeri uye ingataurawo kuti inopesana nomupomeri.

Kupikiswa Kwemhosva Dzematsotsi

Nyaya dzematsotsi dzinotanga apo kusungisa mutemo kunobata munhu anofungidzirwa kana kuti apo muchuchisi anopomera mhaka. Munhu anosungwa papomero yemhosva pakutanga achaunzwa pamberi pomutongi uyo achazivisa musungwa nezvemhosva yake, kuisa bhero, uye kuisa mhaka yomuchuchisi mubhedha kuva nechokwadi chokuti kwakakwana kuendesa kudare redare rehurumende. Mupomeri ane kodzero yokuziviswa nezvemhosva yacho, kuva nomumiririri (anogadzwa kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kuwana mari yake), uye kupinda muchikumbiro.

Kuwana Kwazvakaita

Pashure pokunge nhau yatangwa, vapambani vanopinda mumuitiro wakarongwa wokutsinhana mashoko nokuunganidza ufakazi. Maturusi okunzvera anobatanidza kubvunzurudza (mibvunzo yakanyorwa inofanira kupindurwa pasi pemhiko), zvikumbiro zvokubudiswa kwezvinyorwa, zvikumbiro zvokubvumwa, uye zvipupuriro (zvipikirwa zvakapikirwa pamberi pokutongwa).

Muitiro wokuwana unoshanda zvinangwa zvinoverengeka zvinokosha: unobvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kudzidza pamusoro poufakazi hwerumwe rutivi nezvapupu, unobetsera kuganhurira nhau dzinopesana, unopfavisa kupfurikidza nokupa mapati kurangarirwa kwapachokwadi kwesimba nezvikanganiso zvenhau dzavo, uye kunodzivisa shamisiko pamuedzo. Kuwana kunodzorwa nemitemo ine udzame inosiana nehurumende asi kazhinji kazhinji inotevera nheyo dzakafanana.

Kufamba Nekunzwa Kusati Kwaitika

Nyaya isati yatongwa, vamwe vangaisa matare anokumbira dare kuti ripe mhedziso panhau dzakananga. Kutora matanho anowanzoitwa pamberi penhau kunobatanidza kurambwa (kungotaura kuti kunyange kana tsinhiro dzomupanzi wacho dziri dzechokwadi, havatauri kutaura kwepamutemo kwapamutemo kwapamutemo), kuendesa nhambo nokuda kwerutongeso rwechipfupiso (kuzivisa kuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi reidi rezvinhu zvokunyama uye kuti papati inotakurwa ikafanirwa nerutongeso senhau yomutemo), uye kutora matanho murimine (kutsvaka kubvisa ufakazi hwakati mukutongwa).

Muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vangaronga miitiro yokudzvinyirira ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kwamaruramiro ebumbiro remitemo, kutora matanho okudzinga pomero dzakavakirwa pakushayikwa kwechisakiso chinobvira kana kuti zvimwe zvisakafanira, uye kuchinjwa kwenzvimbo kana kuziviswa kwedare kukava kusingabviri kuwana kutongwa kwakarurama munzvimbo yapakuvamba.

Kutongwa Kwaiitwa

Kana nyaya isina kugadziriswa kupfurikidza nokugadzikisa, kudzingwa, kana kuti chisarudzo chokupfupikisa, inopfuurira kutongwa. Miedzo inorongwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mativi ose ari maviri aitaura nhau yawo zvizere.

Kusarudzwa Kwajury

Muzvinoitika umo kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kwakakumbirwa uye kuchiwanika, kutonga kunovamba nokusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, kunonziwo "kuparadza. Varongi vanobvira vanobvunzurudzwa navatongi kuti vasarudze kana vachigona kuva vatongi vakarurama navasingasaruri. MaAthorney angadenha vangava vatongi vanobvira "kuitira donzo" kana pane chikonzero chakananga nei munhu asingagoni kuva asingasaruri, uye vanewo chiverengero chakaganhurirwa che "denho dzekupotera" idzo dzinovabvumira kubvisa varongi vanobvira pasina kutaura chikonzero (zvinodenha zvinopikiswa zvisingagoni kushandiswa kusarura padzinza kana kuti kuvatana).

Kutaura Kwokuzarura

Mashoko okuzarura hausi ufakazi asi panzvimbo pezvo mukana wokuti magweta ataure zvavachakarira ufakazi hwacho.

Kuratidzwa Ufakazi

Mutongi anotanga kupa nhau yake, kudana zvapupu nokusuma magwaro nohumwe ufakazi chaihwo. Chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinotanga kubvunzwa nebato rakavadana (nzvero yakananga), ipapo kubvunzwa neboka rinopikisa (kuongorora kwokunze), uye sezvingabvira kubvunzwazve neboka rinodana (nzvero yakananga). Mutongi anotonga pamusoro pezvirambidzo neufakazi zvakavakirwa pamiraudzo youfakazi.

Mumhosva dzakafanana, mukwirirwi ane kodzero yepamutemo yokusapupurira, uye muchuchisi haagoni kutsinhira chisarudzo chomukwiri wacho chokusatora chimiro.

Kutaura Kunopfiga

Kusiyana nemashoko okutanga, magweta anobvumira magweta kuti ataure pamusoro pezvinoreva uchapupu hwacho uye kuti uchapupu hwacho hunobva pamashoko okugumisa.

Mirayiridzo Nekushandisa Bvumbiro

Vatongi vasati vavamba kubvisa mhaka, mutongi anorairidza vatongi pamusoro pomutemo unoshanda kunhau. Iyi miraidzo inotsanangura mipimo yapamutemo inofanira kushandiswa nedare, zvinhu zvinofanira kubvumikiswa, uye mutoro wechibvumikiso. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, muchuchisi anofanira kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka "kupfuura panikiro ine mufungo," nepo mumhaka dzehurumende, mutongi anofanira kubvumikisa nhau yavo kupfurikidza ne "kurangarira ufakazi" (kubvira zvikuru kupfuura kusadaro).

Munhau dzoutsotsi, chisarudzo chacho chinofanira kubvumira mitongo isina kujeka mune dzimwe nhau. Munhau dzehurumende, nyika dzakawanda dzinobvumira rutongeso runoitwa nemunhu mukuru pane kuda kusava nomutemo.

Kutonga uye Kutonga

Mudare, mutongo wacho unenge une mhosva kana kuti usina mhosva pamhosva imwe neimwe. Mudare rehurumende, mutongi ndiye anosarudza kuti mutongi wacho ndiye ane mhosva uye kana ari iye anenge aita zvose, mutongi wacho anozotonga mutongo wacho.

Kufamba Nokufamba Nepashure Pejeti

Pashure pomutongo, mutevedzeri anorasikirwa anganyora miitiro yapashure pokutonga achikumbira mutongi kuisa parutivi kana kuti gadziridza chisarudzo. Izvi zvingabatanidza kutora nzira nokuda kwechisarudzo (kuzivisa kuti hapana dare rinobetsera raigona kuva rakasvika chisarudzo charakaita), kutora matanho nokuda kwokutonga kutsva (kugumisa kuti mhosho mukati mokutonga kunoda kutongwa kutsva), kana kuti kutora matanho kuderedza kuvadziko (muzvinoitika zvevagari vemo umo chirango chinopiwa chinonyanyonyanyisa).

Kufadza Kunoita

Nemhaka yokuti kukwikwidza mhaka hakuwanzokundikani, mumwe wavatambi vesutu kazhinji kazhinji haafari apo chisarudzo chokupedzisira chinoziviswa, uye kana vasingafariri vachifunga kuti mutongi kana kuti vatongi vakaita chikanganiso chapamutemo, boka racho rinogona kukwidza kukwirira, uye matare anotonga haarangariri mhosho dzechokwadi.

Muhurumende dzakawanda dzeUnited States, uye mumatare ehurumende eUnited States, matare edare ari pasi peaya anobvumirwa kukwirira kumwe sokworudyi, kureva kuti mubato usingagutswi nomuuyo wokutonga ungaunza kukwikwidza kukwikwidza muuyo iwoyo, zvisinei, kukumbira kungava kunodhura, uye dare rinopa mhosho padare riri pasi apa rinofanira kuwana chikanganiso chakakanganisa chisarudzo, uye naizvozvo, chikamu chiduku bedzi chezvisarudzo zvedare rokutonga chinoguma nokukwirira.

Kunyepedzera Kuziva Kukwezva

Kukumbira kunotanga nokunyorwa kwechiziviso chokukwirira mukati menhambo yenguva yakatarwa pashure porutongeso rwokupedzisira rwedare. Kurega iyi nhambo kunogona kuguma nokurasikirwa namaruramiro okukwirira. Kuisa chikumbiro kunonzi "appeant," nepo mumwe wacho ari "allece" kana kuti "azaruri".

Chinyorwa Chokuda Kuwana

Mutongi anofanira kuronga kugadzirirwa kwechinyorwa pakukwirira, uko kunobatanidza mapepa edare rinotonga, mashoko enhau edare, uye zviratidziro zvinobvumwa. Iyi chinyorwa ndicho icho dare redare rinoita dare richahwirudzura mukusarudza kukwirira.

Zvidimbu

Mapati anopa mashoko mapfupi anonyorwa achikwikwidzana mamiriro awo. Kupfupi kwomutongi kunozivisa zvikanganiso zvinofungidzirwa uye anotsanangura chikonzero nei vachida kuchinjwa kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwechisarudzo chedare rinotonga. Mhinduro pfupi dzedare kuidzi uye anotsanangura chikonzero nei chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chinofanira kusimbiswa. Mutongi anganyora mhinduro pfupi kunharo itsva dzakamutswa mupfupi.

Nharo Dzakajeka

Muzvinoitika zvakawanda, dare redare rinoita zvokutaurirwa, apo magweta erutivi rumwe norumwe anopa nharo dzavo ndokupindura mibvunzo inobva kuvatongi. Nharo dzemiromo yamashoko dzinopfupi zvikuru kupfuura kutongwa, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoganhurirwa kumaminiti 15 kana kuti 30 kurutivi rumwe norumwe. Kukumbira kwose kunobatanidza nharo dzinotaurwa; dzimwe dzinosarudzwa "pazvidimbu" pasina mharidzo dzinotaurwa.

Chisarudzo Chokuda Kuitwa

Kazhinji kazhinji, rutongeso rwedare redare rinotonga runogovera murairo wokupedzisira wedare rokukwirira pamusoro penhau yacho yakakwirira, kuonesa nechakananga chisarudzo chedare chokuti chiito chaikumbirwa chinofanira kusimbiswa, kuchinjwa, kuchinjwa kana kuti kuchinjwa. Kana dare redare rinotonga rikawana kuti dare rakaita mhosho yapamutemo iyo yakatapura muuyo, kungashandura rutongeso, kuraira kutonga kutsva, kana kuti kudzoserazve mhaka kudare rokutonga nemirayiridzo yokumwe.

Kurondedzera Kunokosha Kwemitemo

Kunzwisisa mutauro unoshandiswa mukutonga kwepamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi aifamba nomudare.Heano mashoko makuru aunofanira kuziva:

Kubatanidzwa Kumhaka

  • [[[FORT:0] Tradiff:[ Munhu kana kuti sangano rinotanga kukwirira mhaka yavagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuisa kunyunyuta. Mupurisa anotakura mutoro wokuedza mhaka yavo.
  • [[[FOL:0] . . . Munhu kana kuti sangano rinosungirwa mhaka kana kuti anopomerwa mhaka mumhaka. Mukwiri ane maruramiro okupa dziviriro.
  • [[FOLT: 0] Appantant: Mubato uyo anokwidza chisarudzo chedare rokutonga kudare rapamusoro, achitaura kuti zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitwa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Appele/Respect: Bani rinopindura kukwirira, zvikurukuru richitaura kuti chisarudzo chedare rokutonga chinofanira kutsigirwa.
  • [[FT:0] Chitendero: Vapati vanoisa chikumbiro nedare, zvakadai sechikumbiro checertiorari kudare rapamusorosoro.
  • Revoifish: Mubato anogamuchira chikumbiro.

Kurambana Kwematare uye Mapepa

  • Complait/Petition: Gwaro rokutanga rakaiswa kutanga kukwirira mhaka kwavagari vemo, kubudisa pomero dzemupomeri nepomero dzapamutemo.
  • [ Mhinduro:[[FLT: 1] mhinduro yomukwirirwi kunyunyuto, achibvuma kana kuti kuramba pomero dzacho ndokusimbisa dziviriro dzipi nedzipi.
  • [Motion:[ Chikumbiro chakarongwa chichikumbira dare kuita chisarudzo chakananga kana kuti murairo.
  • Nheyo dzapamutemo: Inhau yakanyorwa yakapiwa kudare, zvikurukuru yakakurumbira mukutonga.
  • [[[FOL:0] Chipupuriro chakaoma chakatorwa kunze kwedare, zvikurukuru muhofisi yegweta, sorutivi rwomuitiro wokuwana.
  • [[FOLT: 0] Subpoena: Murayiro wedare unoda kuti munhu aonekwe ndokupupurira kana kuti kubudisa magwaro.
  • Summons:[ Igwaro rinozivisa mukwiridziri kuti mhaka yatotongwa uye inoda mhinduro.

Zvisarudzo Nemagumisiro Azvo

  • Vict dict: Chisarudzo chakawanwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi (kana kuti mutongo mubhenji) pamibvunzo yeidi munhau.
  • [[FOLT:0] ` Murayiro wedare wakapinda maererano nechisarudzo kana kuti chisarudzo chedare.
  • Opinion:[ Tsananguro yakanyorwa nedare ramatongo aro, kubatanidza kurangarira kwapamutemo.
  • Afting: chisarudzo chedare rokutsigira rutongeso rwedare rakaderera.
  • Tsvakai dare rokushandura kutonga kwedare rakaderera.
  • [[FOLT:0] . . . . chisarudzo chedare redare rokudzosa mhaka kudare rinotonga nokuda kwokumwe kutongwa.
  • DISsal: Chisarudzo chedare chokugumisa mhaka pasina kutongwa pamusoro pezvinodikanwa, kazhinji kazhinji zvakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvemipimo.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Nenheyo

  • [[FORT:0] Bhibheni roUfakazi: Musengwa wokubvumikisa kutaura kana kuti tsinhiro. Munhau dzehurumende, ikoku kunowanzova "kufungisisa ufakazi"; mumhaka dzoutsotsi, i "hakuna panikiro ine mufungo."
  • juridiction: Simba redare rokunzwa ndokusarudza rudzi rwakati rwemhaka kana kuti nhau dzinobatanidza mapati akati.
  • [[FOL:0] Dare rakaipa: Simba redare rokunzwa nhau kekutanga, mukupesana nokukwirira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Appelta Juriscion: Simba redare rokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvematare akaderera.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kumira:[ Chinodikanwa chokuti boka rive nedanda rakakwana mumhaka yokuriendesa kudare.
  • Chisarudzo chakatangira dare chinoshanda sechiremera chokusarudza nhau dzakafanana munguva yemberi.
  • Stare Decisis: The legal principle that courts should follow precedent when deciding cases with similarfacts and legal issues.

Uchapupu Nemashoko

  • Ufakazi hunogamuchirika: Ufakazi hunosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvapamutemo zvokupiwa kudare rinobetsera vatongi kana kuti mutongi.
  • haanzwi: Kutaura kusiri kwedare kwakapiwa kubvumikisa zvokwadi yenhau yacho yakataurwa, kazhinji kazhinji isingabviri kutoti chakasiana chichishanda.
  • Chisakiso:[ Kuramba kwakarongwa kwakaitwa negweta kuti mubvunzo, chipupuriro, kana kuti ufakazi zvinoputsa mitemo yomuitiro kana kuti ufakazi.
  • [[[FOL:0] yaikwana: murairo womutongi unobvuma nechirambidzo.
  • [[FOL:0] Kutonga: murairo womutongi usingabvumirani nechirambidzo.
  • [[FOTION:0] Anoyera:[ Mashoko anoitwa nezvapupu zvichipika.
  • [[FFT:0] Kushatisa: Kubvunza uchapupu kunoitwa nomumiririri webato rinopikisa.

Mhando Dzemhosva Mumatare Ehurumende

State courts handle a vast array of case types, each with its own procedures and legal standards. Understanding these different categories helps clarify which court has jurisdiction and what procedures will apply.

Mhaka Dzeutsotsi

Mhosva dzakawanda nemubato woutsotsi, zvakadai sokuba, kubata chibharo, uye kuponda, kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende, uye nhau nokudaro dzinotongwa nematare ehurumende. mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinobatanidza hurumende (inopinzwa nomuchuchisi) ichipa mhaka kumunhu anopomerwa kuputsa mutemo woutsotsi.

Mifaro

Mienzaniso inobatanidza kuponda, kubata chibharo, kupamba, uye mhosva dzemirimo dzakakomba. Nhau dzechienzi dzinovamba zvikurukuru mumatare ehurumende anodzora uye dzinobatanidza miitiro mikuru zvikuru, kubatanidza kupiwa mhaka kwavakuru kwedare rinotonga kana kuti kutonga kwokutanga munyika dzakawanda.

Mahumbwe

Mienzaniso inobatanidza kudenha kuri nyore, kuba, DUI (mumaruwa mazhinji), uye mufambiro usina nhevedzano. Mhaka dzezvakaipa dzingatongwa mumatare ane chiremera chakaganhurirwa kana kuti mudare rose, zvichitsamira padare rehurumende.

Kupara mhosva Nokutyora Mutemo

Kuputswa kwemotokari ndirwo rudzi runozivikanwa zvikurusa rwokupa mhaka.

Mhaka Dzavagari Vemo

Dare rehurumende rinobatawo nhau dzehurumende; kuvadziko yomunhu oga, kusashanda zvakanaka, chatanuro, mhuri, vaduku, probate, uye bvumirano nenhau dzenzvimbo, kungodudza mishomanene bedzi, imhaka dzehurumende. Mhaka dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza gakava pakati pamapati avanhu vamwe navamwe (ingabatanidza vanhu vamwe navamwe, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano ehurumende) umo boka rimwe rinotsvaka muripo kana kuti imwe yamuro kubva kune mumwe.

Kukuvara Kwomunhu Oga Nemhosva Dzinorwadza

Zviitiko zvomunhu oga zvinobatanidza kutaura kuti mufambiro wemumwe munhu wokuregeredza kana kuti wemaune wakaparira kuvadziko kumumwe. mhando dzinozivikanwa dzinobatanidza tsaona dzemotokari, kurapa, kukanganisa kwenzvimbo (kuzvinyima nezvirwere), kuvadziko yezvigadzirwa, uye rufu rwakaipa. Izvozvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsvaka kuvadziko yemari kutsiva vakuvara nokuda kwendyiko dzekurapa, mari inorasikirwa, marwadzo nokutambura, uye kumwe kurasikirwa.

Gakava Rinorwisana

Zviitiko zvinobatanidza kupomera kuti mumwe munhu akakundikana kuita misengwa pasi pebvumirano. izvi zvingabatanidza zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi, zvibvumirano zvebasa, kutengeserana nzvimbo, zvibvumirano zvokuvaka, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvokutenga. Mitengo ingabatanidza kukuvadzwa kwemari, kushanda chaiko (kupishanisa mubato kuita chibvumirano), kana kuti kudzosera chibvumirano).

Kusawirirana Nezvinhu

Zviitiko zvezvinhu zvinobatanidza gakava pamusoro penzvimbo kana kuti zvinhu zvomunhu oga. Izvi zvingabatanidza kakavadzano dzemiganhu, kukakavadzana kwokurerutsirana, nhau dzinovakwa namuridzi, zvibvumirano zvenzvimbo, uye zviito zvokuremekedza zvakanyarara.

Mutemo Wemhuri Unokosha

Mitemo yemitemo yemhuri inobatanidza ukama hwapamutemo pakati pemitezo yemhuri. Marudzi anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza chatanuro nokuparadzana kwapamutemo, kodzero yokuchengeta vana nokushanyira vana, tsigiro yavana, tsigiro yavabereki (chipo hachisi chomunhu), kurera mwana, kubereka, uye masimba masimba echisimba.

Gadzirisa Uye Nhau Dzezvikwereti

Nhau dzinobatanidza kutarisirwa kwenzvimbo dzavanhu vakafa, kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvokunyoresa, kugadza vamiriri vomunhu oga, kuyera zvinhu, kubhadhara zvikwereti nemitero, uye kuparadzira zvinhu kuvadyi venhaka kana kuti vanobetserwa. matare anodzora angabatawo zvikepe zvinodzivirira uye zvirongwa zvokugadziridza vanhu vasina simba, uye mune dzimwe nyika, kuchinjwa kwamazita.

Nhau Dzakaoma

Dare reJuvenile rinobata mhaka dzinobatanidza vaduku (sezvinganzi vanhu vari pasi pezera 18). Idzi dzinobatanidza mhaka dzousindimari (uko mwana anopomerwa mufambiro ungava utsotsi kana ukaitwa nomunhu mukuru), mhaka dzenzvimbo (mufambiro usiri wapamutemo bedzi nemhaka yezera romunhu wacho, zvakadai sokusawirirana kana kuti kuti kutiza), kutsamirana nokuregeredzwa (papo hurumende inotsvaka kudzivirira mwana pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuregeredzwa), uye mune dzimwe nyika, mhaka dzomumugwagwa dzinoitwa navaduku.

Kuramba kunoitwa kunowanzosimbisa kugadziridzwa pane kurangwa uye kazhinji kacho kunoitwa nemhosva dzevakuru.

Kodzero Nedziviriro Mumatare Ehurumende

Bumbiro Remitemo reUnited States nebumbiro remitemo zvinogovera maruramiro anokosha nedziviriro nokuda kwemitezo mukutonga kwedare.

Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Mumhosva Dzematsotsi

Vanotsigira mhosva dzeutsotsi vane mitemo yakawanda inodzivirira, kusanganisira:

  • Akarurama Kuzano: The Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro kumugweta mumatare okurovera mhaka. Kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kubhadhara gweta, munhu anofanira kugadzwa pandyiko yehurumende apo kuiswa mutorongo kuri chirango chinobvira.
  • [[FT:0] Kururama Kuramba Vakanyarara: Mhedziso yeshanu inodzivirira pakuzvipopotera. Vadziviriri havagoni kugombedzerwa kuzvipupurira vamene, uye kunyarara kwavo hakugoni kushandiswa kwavari.
  • Kurudyi kuJury Tridge: The Sixth Amendment inovimbisa maruramiro okutonga dare rinobetsera vatongi mukutonga mhaka dzoutsotsi nokuda kwemhosva dzinorangwa kupfurikidza nokuiswa mutorongo kwemwedzi inopfuura mitanhatu.
  • Ruramisiro KuZvapupu Zvakapopoterwa:[[FLT: 1] Pession yechiSixth Reformation inovimbisa maruramiro okunangana uye kupupurira pamusoro pomukwirirwi.
  • Kudzivirirwa Pakunzverwa kweMazano Enhema neSeizures: Pedersion yeChina inoda kuti nzvero nepfari zvive zvine mufungo uye kazhinji kazhinji inoda bviro yakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira.
  • Kurudyi Kumuitiro Wakafanira: Gadziro yeshanu nerechigumi namana dzinovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kutorera munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.
  • Kudzivirirwa Pakudzivisa Kuviri: Penzura reChishanu rinorambidza kuedza munhu nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kaviri pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka kana kuti atenderwa.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kukutonga Kwekurumidziro Nekwevanhu vose:[ Pe Amendment yechiSixth Inovimbisa kutonga kwokukurumidza nokwevoruzhinji.

Kodzero Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo

Nepo vatsigiri vehurumende vasina dziviriro dzose dzebumbiro remitemo dzakafanana savapomeri veutsotsi, vane maruramiro anokosha:

  • [ Mapati anofanira kugamuchira ziviso yezvinoitika nebanza rokunzwiwa asati anyimwa zvinhu kana kuti dzimwe maruramiro.
  • Kurudyi ku Jury Trip Trime: Munhau dzakawanda dzevagari vemo, mapoka ane maruramiro kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, kunyange zvazvo iyi maruramiro asati akafara somumhaka dzeutsotsi uye angarambwa.
  • Akarurama Kuzano: Nepo pasina maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo okugadza zano munhau dzehurumende, masangano ane maruramiro okupinza gweta kana achigona kuritenga.
  • Access kuMatare: Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa kupinda kune revo kumatare, uko kungada pokugara nokuda kwekuvadziko, kududzira mutauro, kana kuti kubhadharisa nokuda kwepati dzinonetsa.

Kugadzirisa Kumwe Kusawirirana

Gadziriro yegakava rokutsiva (ADR) inogovera dzimwe nzira dzokupedza nadzo rwisano dzayo, kazhinji kazhinji nokukurumidza zvikuru uye dzinodhura zvikuru kupfuura kupfupikisa.

Kushanda

Kutaurirana kunobatanidza rutivi rwechitatu rusingatori rutivi (murevereri) uyo anobetsera mapoka kukurukura uye kutaurirana kunzvimbo yokuzvidira. Murevereri haaiti zvisarudzo kana kuti kuisa zvigadzikiso asi panzvimbo pezvo anoyamura kurukurirano uye anobetsera vanhu kuziva nzvimbo imwe. Mediation haisi kutoti mapoka asvika chibvumirano, icho ipapo chinogona kuitwa kuti chigadzirwe mubvumirano yokugarwa.

Kutaurirana kunogona kubudirira zvikuru kana vanhu vacho vachinetsana, zvakadai senyaya dzemhuri, nyaya dzevavakidzani, kana kuti kudyidzana mubhizimisi.

Kubvisa Muropa

Kutora kunobatanidza kuisa gakava kurutivi rwechitatu rusingatori rutivi (mutongi) uyo anonzwa ufakazi nenharo zvinobva kumativi ose ari maviri uye ipapo anoita chisarudzo. Kusafanana nechisarudzo, kubvisa mhaka kunoguma nechisarudzo chinobata (muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa) chine simba rechisarudzo chedare.

Kutora kungadikanwa nebvumirano (zvakadai somuzvibvumirano zvakawanda zvebasa nezvibvumirano zvemitengo yavanhu) kana kuti kungasarudzwa nokuzvidira namapati. Kutora kunowanzova kusingadzorwi zvikuru kupfuura kutongwa kwedare uye kungakurumidza uye kungadhura zvishoma, kunyange zvazvo mapoka achipa maruramiro akati, kubatanidza maruramiro kukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi uye kazhinji kazhinji maruramiro okukwirira.

Misangano Yokugara Munzvimbo

Dare rakawanda rinoita misangano yokugamuchidza, uko mutongi kana kuti mejasitiriti anosangana namapoka namagweta avo kuti vakurukure mikana yokugadzikiswa. Nepo misangano yokugarisa ichiitwa nomutongi uyo angagovera kurangarirwa kwenhau yacho uye muuyo unobvira kana ichienda kukutonga.

Kurangarira Kunoshanda Kwematare Ehurumende Anotonga

Kufamba nenzira inobudirira mudare rehurumende kunoda zvinopfuura kungonzwisisa bedzi marongerwe nemaitiro aro.Hezvino zvinhu zvinoshanda nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukutonga kwedare.

Kukosha Kwokumirira Mutemo

Nepo mapati ane maruramiro okuzvimirira amene (anooneka "pro se"), kuoma kwemiitiro yapamutemo nomutemo wapamberi penzvimbo kuchiita kuti kumirira kwapamutemo kuve kwakafanira zvikuru muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa. Vatekuri vanonzwisisa miitiro yedare, mitemo youfakazi, uye gadziriro dzapamutemo munzira idzo vasati vari vatendi vemitemo havawanzodaro. Kunyange muzvinoitika umo mufananidzo wakazara usingatengiki, ratidziro yakaganhurirwa kana kuti kurovedza kwapamutemo kungawanika.

Mitengo Yedare Nemhondi

Kutora rutivi mugadziriro yedare kunobatanidza ndyiko dzakasiana - siana, kubatanidza mibhadharo yokubhadharisa mari, mitero yemitero yemibato, mari nokuda kwokuwana marekodhi nezvinyorwa, mari yokupupurira yenyanzvi, uye mari yemitengo yegweta. Iyi mitero inogona kuva yakawanda uye inofanira kurangarirwa pakusarudza kana kuronda kana kuti kudzivirira mhaka. Mamwe matare anopa vabhadhari vemari yemari yemari yemari yemari mumhosva dzehurumende, uye vapomeri veutsotsi avo vasingagoni kuwana zano rakagadzwa.

Kufunga Nezvenguva

Nyaya dzemitemo dzinotora nguva yakareba kupfuura zvinotarisirwa nevanhu vakawanda. Kunyange nyaya dziri nyore dzingatora mwedzi yakawanda kuti dzigadziriswe, nepo nyaya dzakaoma dzinogona kutora makore. Mitemo yeganhuriro inoisa miganhu yokuronga mamwe marudzi enhau, uye mitemo yetsika inoisa nguva yakakomba nokuda kwemapepa akasiyana - siyana nemhinduro. Kurega iyi miganhu inogona kuguma nokurasikirwa nekodzero dzinokosha.

Kunzwisisa Kukosha Kwedare

Matare igadziriro dzakarongwa dzine mitemo yakananga yomufambiro. Mufambiro wakafanira wedare unobatanidza kupfeka nounyanzvi, kusvika panguva, kumira apo mutongi anopinda kana kuti mashizha, kudana mutongi se "Kukudza Kwako," kutaura bedzi apo unopiwa mvumo, uye kudzima serura. Kukundikana kutevera tsika dzapamutemo dzedare kunogona kuguma nokushorwa kwedare.

Kuchengeta Manyoro

Kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakarongeka kunokosha munhau ipi neipi yepamutemo.Izvi zvinobatanidza kuchengeta makopi ezvikamu zvose zvedare, tsamba, ufakazi, uye zvinonyorwa zvekurukurirano namagweta namamwe mapoka. Kuchengeta zvinyorwa kwakanaka kunobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mashoko anokosha anowanika apo anodikanwa uye anogona kuva anotsoropodza kana mhaka yakakwidzwa.

Kusiyana Kwematare Ehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo magariro ematare ehurumende achigoverana mativi mamwe chetewo, pane mhatsa huru pakati pehurumende mumarongerwe nemaitiro amatare awo nokushandiswa.

Mitoo Yokusarudza Nayo Kutonga

Nyika dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana- siyana pakusarudza vatongi, kubatanidza kusarudza kwokuvhota kwevatongi (panotonga semitezo yebato rezvematongerwe enyika), kusarudza kusiri kwebato (kunovatongi vanotonga pasina kuva pabato), kwakafanira kusarudzwa kana kuti "Missouri Plan" (uko mumiriondi wevadanho uye gavhuna anogadza kubva kuvanemine, nokuchengeta sarudzo gare gare), uye kugadzwa kwemitemo. Mutoo mumwe nomumwe une betsero nedzipiwiro mumiganhuro yokutonga, kuzvidavirira, uye kunaka.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwemavanze

Dzimwe nyika dzakabatanidza gadziriro dzedare nedare rimwe rokutonga rehurumende yose, nepo dzimwe dzine marudzi akasiana - siana ematare edare anotonga ane miganhu yakasiana - siana. Nhamba yemipimo yedare redare reapellate inosiyanawo, nedzimwe nyika dzine dare gurusa bedzi nepo dzimwe dzine matare apakati. Mazita edare anosianawo zvikuru pakati pehurumende, izvo zvinogona kuparira nyongano.

Misiyano Inooneka

Nepo nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchira mitemo yemuitiro yakavakirwa paFederal Miles of Civil Procediture and Federal Rules of Criminal Procediture, pane misiano mikuru mumitemo yetsika pakati pehurumende.iyi misiano inogona kutapura chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuti nhau dzinotangwa sei kumiitiro yokuwana kumufambiro wokuedza.

Ukama Huri Pakati PeHurumende Nematare Ehurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti matare ehurumende anobata sei nematare ehurumende kunokosha pakunzwisisa mufananidzo wakakwana wegadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica.

Kurayira Kwenguva Yacho

Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, matare ose ari maviri ehurumende neomubatanidzwa ane simba pamusoro penhau.Iyi inonzi tsinhirano. Somuenzaniso, nhau dzinobatanidza mibvunzo yehurumende dzingaunzwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende, uye mhaka dzinobatanidza mativi anobva munyika dzakasiana - siana (kudzora kwehurumende) dzingapinzwa mugadziriro ipi neipi kana chitsama chiri mugakava chinopfuura chikumbaridzo chomubatanidzwa.

Kubviswa uye Kudzorerwa

Apo mhaka inoiswa mudare rehurumende asi ingagona kuva yakachengetwa mudare rehurumende, mukwirirwi angakwanisa ku "remove" nhau yacho kudare rehurumende. Nenzira yakapesana, kana mhaka yacho ikaiswa zvisina kufanira kudare rehurumende, inganzi idzorerwe kudare rehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Zvisarudzo Zvehurumende

Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro zvinosunga matare ose ehurumende, uye zvinosungirwa pamatare ehurumende pamusoro penhau dzeBumbiro remitemo nomutemo wehurumende, uye nhau inobva kudare rapamusorosoro rehurumende ingakwidzwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro kana kune mubvunzo wapamutemo womubatanidzwa. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinohwirudzura bedzi chikamu chiduku chezvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende, zvikurukuru bedzi izvo zvinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha yehurumende yebumbiro remitemo.

Kushandiswa Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Dare rehurumende rinoshandisa nguva dzose ndokududzira mutemo womubatanidzwa, kubatanidza mitemo yehurumende negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. matare ehurumende anosungwa nedudziro dzeDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States dzomutemo wehurumende asi angadudzira mutemo womubatanidzwa muchiitiko chokutanga apo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinenge risina kukurukura nhau yacho chaiyo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nezviito Zvomunguva Yemberi

Matare ehurumende anoramba achichinja - chinja achiitira kuti zvinhu zvichinjike, zvichichinja - chinja, uye magariro evanhu.

Ruzivo Mumatare

Matare anoshandisa ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kuwedzera kuti zvivandudze kururamisira. Gadziriro dzemakombiyuta dzinobvumira vanhu kuti vasarudze magwaro paIndaneti panzvimbo pemunhu. Vhidhiyo inobvumira mashoko neuchapupu zvinogonesa kutemwa mudare, izvo zvakanyanya kukosha munguva yedenda reCHOVID19 uye zvinoramba zvichishandiswa pazvimwe zviitiko.

Kusvika Kururamisiro Kunotanga

Nyika dzakawanda dzakaita mapurogiramu okuvandudza magadziro eruramisiro nokuda kwemapati emari inoiswa pasi. Aya anobatanidza mafomu nemitoo yakapfava, nzvimbo dzinobatsira, mapurogiramu okuratidza zvinhu, uye zvishandiso zvemashoko zvepaIndaneti. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita masangano matsva enyanzvi dzepamutemo, akadai senyanzvi dzepamutemo dzakaganhurirwa, kuti dzigovere rubatsiro rwapamutemo rusingadhuri.

Matare Ane Chienzi Nematare Anogadzirisa Zvinetso

Masangano akawanda akagadzira matare akananga kugadzirisa nyaya dzakati kana kuti vanhu vapoka. matare ezvinodhaka, matare ezvoutano hwepfungwa, matare emhare, uye matare asina misha anoshandisa nzira dzokurapa uye anobatanidza vatori rutivi nemabasa panzvimbo pokungovimba nemhinduro dzemagamuchidzanwa dzemhosva.

Kuchinja Kweruramisiro Youtsotsi

Hurumende dzakawanda dziri kuchinja gadziriro dzadzo dzoutsotsi kuti dzipedze itiro hanya pamusoro pokusungwa kwavazhinji, kusabatana kwedzinza, uye kubatwa kwemhosva dzakaderera. Chinjo dzinobatanidza kugadziridza mari (kubvisa rutsamiro pabhei remari), kutongera kugadziridza (kubvisa mitsetse miduku inosungirwa napanowedzerwa panzvimbo dzokusungwa), uye kubvisa chinjo (kukuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kujekesa marekodhi outsotsi).

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka mashoko okuwedzera pamusoro pegadziriro dzapamutemo dzehurumende, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika:

Mawebsite eDare

Masangano mazhinjisa edare rehurumende anochengeta mawebsite ane mashoko pamusoro pemarongerwo edare, miitiro, zvirongwa, uye mitemo. Mawebsite aya anowanzobatanidza zviwanikwa zvokuzvibatsira pachazvo nokuda kwezvipo zvinomiririrwa. National Center for State Courts anopa manyuko edare uye mashoko ehurumende anoenzaniswa pamusoro pemasangano edare.

Masangano Ezvekurapa Apamutemo

Masangano eyamuro yapamutemo anogovera betsero yapamutemo yapachena kumunhu anowana mumhaka dzavagari vemo. SAUNICEF purogiramu dzemari dzeyamuro yapamutemo munyika yose uye anochengeta kabhii repurogiramu dzomunzvimbomo.

Kushamwaridzana Neshamwari

Masangano ehurumende neomunzvimbomo anowanzogovera masangano egweta ezvokushandisa, mashoko epamutemo, uye masangano eprobono akawanda anopa mapurogiramu edzidzo nezvinyorwa pamusoro penhau dzemitemo nokuda kwavose vari vaviri magweta nevoruzhinji.

Maraibhurari Omutemo

Matare edare akawanda ane maraibhurari omutemo akazarurirwa vanhu, uye mamwe mativi akatsaurira maraibhurari omutemo.vatarisiri vemitemo vanogona kubetsera kuwana zviwanikwa zvapamutemo namashoko, kunyange zvazvo vasingagoni kugovera zano rapamutemo.

Zviwanikwa Zvedzidzo

Masangano akawanda anogovera zviwanikwa zvedzidzo pamusoro pegadziriro yemitemo. matare anoshandisa zviwanikwa zvedzidzo anobatanidza mashoko anoshanda kumatare ehurumende uyewo. Zvisakafanira namakoreji enzanga zvinowanzopa makosi patsika dzepamutemo nokuda kwavasiri vatendi vemitemo.

mhedziso

Masangano emitemo ehurumende anoumba musimboti wegadziriro yokutonga yeAmerica, kubata mativi makuru ekakavadzano dzapamutemo uye kubata upenyu hwamamirioni avanhu gore rimwe nerimwe.

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende imwe neimwe inobatanidza matare okutonga umo mhaka dzinovamba uye maidi zvinosarudzwa, matare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvedare zvemhosho dzapamutemo, uye dare gurusa iro rinogovera chisarudzo chokupedzisira chemibvunzo yapamutemo mukati mehurumende. aya matare anobata mhatsa hurusa yenhau, kuvambira pakuputswa kwemigwagwa kusvikira kukuponda kukwiriranwa, kubva kukutaura kuduku kusvikira kupfuudzirano yezvokutengeserana, kubva kuchatanuro yehurumende kuenda kubhishopi.

Gadziriro yapamutemo inobatanidza nhanho dzakawanda, kubva pakuwana kwokutanga, muitiro wokufamba, kutongwa, uye kukwirira kungabvira. Padanho rimwe nerimwe, miitiro yakananga nemirau inoshanda, uye mapati ane maruramiro anokosha nemisengwa. Nepo gadziriro yacho ichigona kuva yakaoma kutungamirira, zvishandiso zvinowanika kuti zvibetsere, kubatanidza magweta, mapurogiramu edare eyamuro yepamutemo, uye zvinhu zvedzidzo.

Matare ehurumende anoramba achichinja, achigadzira zvinhu zvitsva, achiita kuti pave nokuchinja kuti pave nokururamisira, uye anotanga nzira itsva dzokugadzirisa zvinetso zvenzanga.

matare anokosha muvanhu vaanobatira, uye vanhu vanoziva zvinokosha kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu izvi zvinoshanda zvakanaka, nenzira yakanaka, uye nenzira yakarurama.