Simba Rebumbiro Remitemo Reruramisiro Yakaenzana

Nheyo yokuenzana pasi pomutemo haisati iriwo hayo shungu chete, uye yakanatswa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mugari wemo wose, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti mugariro wemari, amire panzvimbo imwe cheteyo yepamutemo. Nyaya ino inonongedzera kumitemo yetsika yokuenzana, inonzvera rondedzero nemitemo yemabumbiro emitemo yakairondedzera, uye inonzvera denho dzinopfuurira kuumba kurwisana kweruramisiro.

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo muna 1787 havana kutanga kuvimbisa kuva vakaenzana vose. Gwaro rapakuvamba rakabvumira uranda, rakaganhurirwa maruramiro okuvhota kuvarume vachena vanoumba zvinhu, uye rakanga risina mashoko akafanana. Bva mbeu dzouenzani dzakadyarwa mudani wePregator ku "Ruramisiro" uye "kuchengeta Zvikomborero zveLiberty" mumazana maviri anotevera, nhevedzano yezvibvumirano nedudziro zvedare zvakashandura Bumbiro remitemo kuva chishandiso chine simba chokudzivirira maruramiro avagari vose. Kunzwisisa iyi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kudzivirira kana kuti kufambisira mberi donzo reruramisiro rakaenzana nhasi.

Basa Rokutanga Nemisiyano Yaro

Sumo ne “Isu Vanhu ”

Chiziviso chePregagegeti chokuti "Isu vanhu" tinogadza nokugadza Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga riri renhau nokuda kwenguva yaro. Rakataura kuti chiremera chehurumende chinobuda muvagari vemo, kwete muboka ramambo kana kuti rakakwirira. Mutauro uyu wakaisa hwaro hwouzivi hwekuenzana, kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwaishanda kwakapfupikiswa zvikuru. Mashoko okuti "Isu vanhu" takadudzirwa zvishoma, tichibvisa vanhu vakapinzwa muuranda, MaIndia eAmerica, navakadzi. Bva Pregegerio yakagovera mupimo wetsika paingayera fambiro mberi yorudzi gare gare gare gare.

Bumbiro Romutemo Rokutanga uye Kurega Kuva Muranda

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba raiva negadziriro dzinoverengeka dzaipesana zvakananga nokuenzana. Vatatu-fithth Relation (Mazita, Chikamu 2) vakaverenga vanhu vari varanda savane nhanhatu vomunhu akasununguka nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokumiririra uye zvokutera. Muranda weFugitive Claus (Article IV, Chikamu 2) aida kudzokerwa kwavaranda vanotiza kuvaridzi vavo. Uku kubvumiranisa pane zvisina kufanira kwaidzo kwairatidza mapoka makuru pauranda uye kuvimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo raizoda kugadziriswa kuti rizive kuva nohumutengo.

Pakanga pasati pari kutozosvikira nhambo yokuzvigadzirazve (pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa chemo) apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakavamba kutaura zvakajeka maruramiro akaenzana. Rwendo rwechi13, 145, uye Rwemisimirano rwechi 15, pamwe chete runozivikanwa seReconstation Amendments, kubvisa uranda, kuvimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana, uye kurambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Idzi dzi dzinogadziriswa dzinoramba dziri mavambo okuenzana kwebumbiro remitemo.

Bhuku Ramaruramiro: Dziviriro Dzapakuvamba Nokuda Kworusununguko

Bill of Rights, yakabvumirwa muna 1791, yakatanga kushandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende.

  • Mvumo yokutanga [ — inodzivirira rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, gungano, uye kodzero dzokukumbira. Kodzero idzi dzinokosha kuti mapoka akaganhurirwa ataure achishora kusaenzana uye anoronga kuchinja.
  • First Amendment — Kungwarira pakutsvaka kusina mufungo nehosha. Kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzokutsvaka kusina mwero yave iri nhau inodzokororwa munzanga dzeruvara, ichiita kuti iyi ive chishandiso chokudenha kunzvera ugari hwepasi.
  • Fith Amendment — Inogovera mutoo wakafanira, dziviriro yakaenzana (mumumuitiro wayo wakafanira wemashoko, gare gare yatambanudzirwa kunyika), uye dziviriro pakuzvidzora. Chitsama chamashoko cheFirst Amendment chakafanira chaiva manyuko apakuvamba erangariro yakaenzana pamberi peKinneth Amendment.
  • SSH Amendment [ — inovimbisa maruramiro kutongwa kwakarurama uye kwokukurumidza, dare rinosarudza, uye zano rapamutemo. Kusvika kwakaenzana kumimiriri yapamutemo kwave kuri mhinganidzo kururamisiro nokuda kwavagari vemo vakaderera vanowanwa.
  • merfectionth Amendment — Chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi, icho chakashandiswa kudenha kusawirirana kwedzinza nekwemari mukutonga.

Kupfurikidza nedzidziso ye kubatanidzwa[, Dare Rapamusoro-soro pashoma napashoma rakashandisa Bill of Rights dziviriro zhinjisa kuhurumende kupfurikidza neGumbi reMitemo reMitemo ye 144th Reformation Claus. Uyu muitiro wakavimbisa hurumende iyoyo (h_hayi hurumende yehurumende chete yehurumende yehurumende) inofanira kuremekedza maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe, nhano inokosha kukuenzana munyika yose.

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira: Kuberekwa Kutsva Kworusununguko

Penjere Yechi13 (1865)

Chibvumirano che 13 Demendition chakabvisa nenzira yapamutemo uranda nouranda zvokusazvidira, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Yakanga iri gadziriro yokutanga yebumbiro remitemo kukurukura zvakananga kutangwa kwouranda, asi simba rahwo rakatambanukira kupfuura kupfuudzwa. Chinjo yacho yakapawo Dare simba rokuita kuti gadziriro dzaro dziitwe kupfurikidza nomutemo, kuisa nheyo yemitemo yekodzero dzevagari vemo yakadai seCivil Rights Act of 1866 neCivil Rights Act of 1964. Zvisinei, "ku kunze kwechirango nokuda kwoutsotsi" chitsamatsoro chakaparira chikanganiso chakavakwa nechinonge chiri chipfuro chakashandiswa nemitemo yokunze yeSouthernogrosaidzo nokupfumba vanhu vazhinji, nhaka inopfuurira nhasi.

American Standard Version ya1868)

Mutezo weKinai weMitemo igadziriro imwe inokosha zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwokuenzana pasi pomutemo.

  • .C.C.C.C. Classic — chinozivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States vagari vemo veUnited States nehurumende kwavanogara. Ikoku kwakatendeutsa Dare reChikurusarudzo reScott v. Sandford [FLT] [[FLT] [1857] chisarudzo, icho chakanga charamba kuva mugari weAmerica.
  • .C.Equal Providence — Provites dzinotaura kubva mukuramba munhu upi noupi ari mukati moudzori hwavo "dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo." Ichi chitsama chave chiri hwaro hwezvinoitika zvisingaverengeki zvinodenha mitemo norusaruro nemiitiro, kubva kurusarirano kusvikira kuuenzani hweroorano.
  • Duzero Procession Claus — inotambanudza chinodikanwa cheFirefet Amendment chakafanira kunyika, ichidzivirira dzose dziri mbiri maruramiro etsika neanodzorwa. Dare rapamusoro rakashandisa iyi rugwaro kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzakadai sedzechivande, roorano, uye udzori hwomuviri.
  • Priviges kana kuti maImmunitunie Claus — pakutanga yakaitirwa kudzivirira maruramiro ougari hwemo hworudzi, ichi chitsama chakaiswa zvikurukuru mungozi ne Cases-Imba ye [[FLT] [1873]) uye yakaita basa rakaganhurirwa chifo che, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzichitsigira kutangwazve kwayo.

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwakadudzirwa nemwero yakasiana- siyana yokunzvera. Mitemo inosarura yakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, kana kuti rudzidziso inogamuchirwa [ nzvero yeruwa. Nhevedzo yakakwirira-sesvere-yakakwirira(idzo dzinofungidzirwa kuva dzisina kusimbwa kutobatira fariro yehurumende uye dzakagadzirwa zvishoma. Mativi akarongwa anogamuchira nzvero dzecherekedzo dzemitezo , nepo dzimwe wirirano zhinjisa dzinorangarirwa pa kuhwirudzura kupfurikidza. Iyi zvimiro zvedare zvinoyera .

Mutezo Wechigumi Nezvishanu (1870)

Gemende yechi15 rakarambidza hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota mugari wemo "nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Yakanga iri nhanho huru kukuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, asi yakakurumidza kusekeswa nemitemo yedare rapamusoro, kubatanidza kuongorora kunyora nokunyora, mitero, uye kutyisidzira kwamasimba masimba. Chipikirwa chokuchinja hakuna kuzivikanwa zvizere kutozosvikira pakubvumira Voting Rights Act ye6565, iyo yakarambidza miitiro yokuvhotera. Chisaruvanze chapamusoro cha 2013 mu County v. Hanger

Kuwedzera Kuenzana: 19, 24, uye 26 Amendments

Penjerero Yechigumi Nechipfumbamwe (1920)

Pashure pamakumi amakore okuvhota nokusawirirana kweboka ravakadzi. Chibvumirano cheLectic Amendment chakapa vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota. Rugwaro rwokunatsiridza nderwechipfupi: "Kodzero yavagari veUnited States yokuvhota haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kuiswa mutongo neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano. Kuzvidzwa kwayo kwakaratidzira rukundo rukuru nokuda kwouenzani hwevarume nevakadzi, asi haina kuvimbisa kodzero dzakaenzana mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Rudzi rwekodzero dzekodzero (ERA), rwokutanga rwakakarakadzwa muna 1923, ruchigere kutenderwa zvizere, kusiya vatano nemunhurume kunze kwetsana kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwedare reGejimeta. Chine gumi navaviri vakarega kurwisana navakadzi verudzi rwenyika yeAmerica; vakadzi veEndine matare eAmerica uye vakadzi vakazowedzera kudarika matare edare.

Penjeredziso yechimakumi maviri nemana (1964)

Chibvumirano chamakumi maviri namana chakabvisa mitero yokuvhota muvhoti dzehurumende. Mitero yokusarira yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzeMadokero kubvisa vavhoti veAfrica, avo vaiwanzosagona kubhadhara mutero. Kugadziriswa kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga kuCivil Rights Movement uye yakateverwa nechisarudzo cheDare gurusa ra1966 mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Evocts[, iyo yakadzosa mitero yokuvhotera muvhoti sechitokisi yeSangano rehurumende sechinoputsa chikwarati yeFolectal Claus Estecius.

Mubatanidzwa Wezvikamu Makumi Maviri Nezvitanhatu (1971)

Kusimbiswa mukupindura kuHondo yeVietnam, uko vatengesi vemakore 18 vakanyoreswa kundorwa kurwa asi vaisagona kuvhota, Kuchinja kwamakumi maviri namatanhatu kwakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18. Kwakawedzera wirirano yezvamatongerwe enyika kumamirioni avagari vaduku. Kukwidziridza kwapamhene inokatyamadza .Condorfert kwakapfuudza kuti kuitwe muna March 1971, uye kwakasimbiswa pakasvika July 1971. Rubudiriro rwayo rwakaratidzira mano orudzi rwokupindura nokukurumidza kunhau dzeruramisiro neuenzani.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapanyika Dzakarondedzera Dziviriro Yakaenzana

Ferguson (1896) — Kukundikana Kuparadzana Asi Kwakaenzana

Mu Plassible v. Ferguson, Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira dzinza pasi pedzidziso ye "kupesana asi yakaenzana". Nhau yacho yaibatanidza mutemo weLouisiana unoda motokari dzakasiana nokuda kwavatema navachena. Mutongi Henry Billings Brown akanyora kuti Ivhuramisi yeMitemo ye 144 yaiitirwa kumanikidzira wirirano yemadzinza maviri pamberi pomutemo, asi muchimiro chezvinhu zvaisagona kuva akaitirwa kubvisa kusarurana kwakavakirwa paruvara, kana kuti kusimbisa kuva nomwero munzanga. Uku kutonga kwamakumi amakore emitemo yakatanga kusaenzana kwetsika kwedzidzo, dzidzo, zvokufambisa, zvokufambisa, uye pokugara vanhu vose. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira [FLD] v.BBBBBBBBBB. Dare reDhinekeromedzo reD reDhingidzo.[F]

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) — Ending School Secounting

Mu Brown v. Dare Rapamusoro rakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende kwakaputsa Mudzivisi weMutongi Earl Warren. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "kuparadzanisa zvivako zvedzidzo hazvina kuvimbika. Chisarudzo chakakurirwa [[[FLT:]] Platesyv. Ferguson[[FLT:]][FLT]] [3] [3] akava fandesheni yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vagari vemo. Murangariro weSayenzi yakaratidzira ufakazi hwemagariro hwetsika hunoratidza kuvadziko pavana vechitema. [[FLT] [FLD]] haadisss [maturome]

Rudo Virginia (1967) — Kodzero Yokuroora Ani naani Waunosarudza

Mildred naRichard Loving, mukadzi Mutema nomurume muchena, vakapiwa mhaka muVirginia nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nehurumende. Dare rapamusoro rakaputsa mitemo yose yehurumende inorambidza roorano yedzinza, ichitonga kuti roorano ikodzero huru uye kuti nhevedzano yedzinza mumitemo yeroorano yakaputsa zvose zviri zviviri Kudzivirira Claus neGungano reBasa. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora, "Pasi reBumbiro reMitemo, rusununguko rwokuroora, kana kuti kusaroora, munhu worumwe rudzi anogara nomunhu uye haagoni kudziviswa neHurumende. [FL:] Virginia V[FLD]

Kuwana Nguva Yokuva Woga uye Kuenzana Kwevanhu

Mu .Roe v. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuva voga, anotangira muNhevedzo yeMitemo ye 144, anodzivirira chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri. Nepo mhaka yacho inowanzokurukurwa mumashoko echivanda uye kuva nomuviri wakasiyana. Kubereka kusingatedzerwi kunokanganisa zvikuru mikana yedzidzo nezvemari yavakadzi, uye kukwanisa kubvisa pamuviri kwave nhau huru mukurwisa kwavakadzi kutora rutivi rwakazara munzanga. Dare rinotonga pamusoro penhau [FLT]] [FLT] [FF:3] [F] [F] [5]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — Kuenzana kweroorano nokuda kwevakaroorana veSagaro kana kuti vese

Muchisarudzo cha5-4 chenhau, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti maruramiro okuroora ane maruramiro makuru anovimbiswa kuvakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano kuzvose zviri zviviri Chiteshi chaMaitirwo Claus neMutemu Areal Protection Clause of the 14neth Amendment. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akanyora kuti "kodzero yokuroora ikodzero huru iri murusununguko rwomunhu. [[FLT:] maruramiro akavakirwa pa [[FLT]] [200] [200], akarovanya mitemo. [FLT:] uye nhau dzapakuvamba dzinobatanidza maruramiro eLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe, se [FLT:] LGN] LT] [2].V [FLT] [3] [inenge] [inoshandiswa zvikuru muiyi migariro migariro yehondo yehondo] [5] [FFFF] [5] dzinomirira mutemo mukuru pamusoro peregirome iri pamusoro pezvipo]

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichinetsa Zvokururamisira

Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo nemitemo yemabumbiro emitemo, kuenzana pasi pomutemo kunoramba kuri basa risina kupedzwa.

Rusaruraganda Rwegadziriro Mururamisiro Youtsotsi

Kuparadzana kwedzinza mumwero yokusungwa, urefu hwetongero, uye mwero yokusungwa zvinosanyorwa. Kusiiwa kweHweruweti yeChirango semhosva kwakaparira kusungwa kukuru kwevaAmerica vechiBlack nechiHispanic. Hondo pamirimo, mitsetse miduku yapamutemo, uye nhevedzano yedzinza iri pakati pezvinhu zvinoparira gadziriro yeruramisiro. Nepo Supreme Court yakatonga padzimwe nhau dzomuenzaniso, kurova tsiva dzinza muchisarudzo chedare dare redare redare ( Batson v. Kentucky], 1986])

Kusaenzana Kwemari uye Kukwanisa Kururamisirwa

Kodzero kugweta inovimbiswa nokuda kwemitongo yemhosva inotenderwa mu Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), asi kunaka kwedziviriro yavose kunosiyana zvikuru. Vakwirirwi vanonyanyotarisana navadziviriri voruzhinji namari inoperevedza. Ruyamuro rwapamutemo rwapamutemo rwakatoganhurirwa zvikuru, kureva kuti vagari vemo vazhinji vanosvika havagoni kumanikidzira maruramiro avo emitemo mudzimba, basa, kana kuti dare remhuri. Chisimurenga pamutemo chemari nokudaro chinotapura mano okuwana dziviriro yeBumbiro remitemo.

Kubudisa Kodzero Nedzvinyiriro Yezvikwata Zvevanhu

Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakanga iri mumwe wemitemo yavanhu inobudirira zvikurusa munhau, asi chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosa mu Shelby County v. Hoker (2013) yakanetesa miitiro inokosha yokudzikamisa (2013). Nenzira yakadonongodza chinodikanwa chokuti hurumende nenhau yekodzero dzavanhu dzinowana nhevedzano yehurumende isati yachinja mitemo yokuvhota. Mumakore akatevera, nyika dzakawanda dzakapfuudza mitemo yevhoti yemivhoti, kubvisa mavhoti, uye kuvhota pakuvamba, kazhinji kazhinji munzira idzo dzinotapura kuvhota vanhu vashoma. Kuyera pamusoro pekuvhota kunoenderera mberi, nokutaura kuti zviito zvakadaro zviri madikanwa kudzivisa kunyengera uye vamwe kuti idzoro yemitero yazvinotengwa nazvinoongororwa.

Gender neLGBTQ+ Kuenzana

Nepo Expandment yechi 19 yakachengeta chibvumirano chavakadzi ne Obergefell [ yakawana chiverengero chemitengo yeroorano, rusaruro rwechirume navakadzi runopfuurira mukubhadhara, basa, maruramiro okubereka, uye kumirira. Kodzero dzeTsempire dzekodzero dzechiNgezi hadzina kuwedzerwa kuBumbiro reMitemo, uye 20222 maDobs [ chisarudzo chakaparira basa rakaoma rokubvisa mimba munyika yose. Transgender, zvikurukuru nokuda kwepwere, anodenhwa mumitemo inorambidza tarisiro yevatano nerokutora rutivi rwevatano mumitambo. Izvi zvinoratidzira kuti dziviriro yomutemo haifaniri kumira kumira kumira nokukasa.

Dzidzo, Kubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano, uye Nguva Yemberi Yokuenzana

Kudzidzisa Kodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo Muzvikoro

Dzidzo yakakwana muhurumende nenhau yebumbiro remitemo inokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda. Vadzidzi vazhinji vanopedza kudzidza pasina nzwisiso huru yeBill of Rights, Gemendment ye145, kana kuti nzira yokutora rutivi nayo mumuitiro wapamutemo. Zvikoro zvinogona kukurukura ikoku kupfurikidza nokubatanidza zvidzidzo panhau dzenhau dzinooneka zvikuru dzeDare Gurusa, kushandisa manyuko makuru akadai sorugwaro rwemitemo nemirangariro yedare, uye kurukurirano dzinopa kurukurirano pamusoro penhau dzekuenzana dzapanguva ino. Mitemo yakadai se "Isu Vanhu" dzidzo namakwikwikwi okuedza kwokunyengedza yakaratidzwa kuwedzera zivo yehurumende nebvumirano.

Kukurudzira Kushingaira Kwougari Hwomunyika Kupfuura Kudzidza

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzomunhu inhano yokutanga bedzi. Vagari vanofanirawo kuva vakagadzirira kushandisa maruramiro iwayo kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kuva mufundisi, uye, kana kuri madikanwa, kurongeka. Vanhu vaduku vanogona kukurudzirwa kutorawo mumibato yokunyoresa yapamutemo, kupinda musangano wechikoro nedare reguta, uye kukumbanira masangano anoshanda panhau dzekodzero dzevanhu. Masangano enzanga nemidziyo yemichina yekombiyuta zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuronga nokubudisa manzwi, asi vanodawo kufunga kwokungwarira kusiyanisa mashoko akavimbika namashoko asina kururama. Nokubatanidza kunyoresa mutemo wemitemo yemitemo nounyanzvi hunoshanda, vadzidzi vanogona kushongedzera chizvarwa chinotevera kuti chidzivirire nokuwedzera chiyero pasi pomutemo.

mhedziso

Kuenzana pasi pomutemo hakusati kuri chipikirwa chokuzvideredza. Kunoda kududzira kunopfuurira, kusimbisa, uye kudzora. Bumbiro remitemo rinogovera gadziriro ya(kubva pazango) kubva pachiratidzo chePregagent kusvikira kuReconstmentments yeDare Gurusalvement kuTsitsi rePromong jurisprudence) asi vanhu vanofema upenyu mumashoko iwayo. Zvizvarwa zvose zvinotarisana nedenho itsva kukuenzana, kubva kurudzi rwetsika nekusaruramisira kwezvemari kutyisidziro dzinorwisana nekodzero dzokuvhotera uye maruramiro omunhu oga. Chidzivirikiso chakanakisisa nokuda kwokuva vagari vanoziviswa kunzwisisa Hurumende, chinoraira kuzvidavirira kuvatungamiriri vayo, uye zvinoramba zvichichengetwa kunheyo yokuti vanhu vose vakafanirwa nokudzivirirwa kwemitemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Dare reMitemo rinonatsiridza dziviriro yakaenzana yaClaus, chisarudzo chakazara muna Brown v. Boka reDzidzo[[FLT]], uye Nhoroondo yeNational Archives of the Demendimendimenti [. Kunzwisisa izvi zviwanikwa inhanho kukuva nechokwadi chokuti donzo retsika rokuenzana rinova chinhu chaichoicho chipenyu.